Brenner, South Tyrol
 | This articleneeds additional citations forverification.(March 2008) |
Brenner | |
|---|---|
| Gemeinde Brenner Comune di Brennero | |
 The main street | |
 Coat of arms | |
Location of Brenner  | |
  Brenner Location of Brenner in Italy  Brenner Brenner (Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol) | |
| Coordinates:47°0′N11°30′E/ 47.000°N 11.500°E | |
| Country | Italy |
| Region | Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol |
| Province | South Tyrol(BZ) |
| Frazioni | Brennerbad (Terme di Brennero), Gossensaß (Colle Isarco), Pflersch (Fleres) and Pontigl (Ponticolo) |
| Government | |
| • Mayor | Martin Alber |
| Area | |
| • Total | 114.1 km2(44.1 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 1,372 m (4,501 ft) |
| Population (Nov. 2010)[2] | |
| • Total | 2,085 |
| • Density | 18/km2(47/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+1(CET) |
| • Summer (DST) | UTC+2(CEST) |
| Postal code | 39041 |
| Dialing code | 0472 |
| Patron saint | Saint Valentine |
| Saint day | February 27 |
| Website | Official website |
Brenner(German pronunciation:[ˈbrɛnɐ];Italian:Brennero[ˈbrɛnnero];Ladin:Prëner) is acomuneand a village inSouth Tyrolin northernItaly,located about 60 km (37 mi) north ofBolzanoon the border withTyrol,Austria.
Geography[edit]
Territory[edit]
Brenner lies about 60 km (37 mi) north of the city ofBolzano.The municipality is named after theBrenner Pass,whose summit marks the border between Italy andAustria.
Brenner borders the following municipalities:Pfitsch(Italy),Ratschings(Italy),Sterzing(Italy),Gries am Brenner(Austria),Gschnitz(Austria),Neustift im Stubaital(Austria) andObernberg am Brenner(Austria).
Frazioni[edit]
The municipality of Brenner contains thefrazioni(parishes) of Brennerbad (Terme di Brennero), Gossensaß (Italian:Colle Isarco), Pflersch (Fleres) and Pontigl (Ponticolo).
Gossensaßis the main village andadministrative centre.It dates back 4000 years, reflecting its position as a place to prepare for the Brenner Pass. In the 15th and 16th century, Gossensaß prospered due tosilvermining. Today, Gossensaß benefits from tourism, especially during the winter when the ski resort inLadurnsis open.
History[edit]
Origin[edit]
TheBreuniwere a people who lived in theEisacktaland in the Brenner region on both sides of the pass until the 9th century. The place, after the Roman Conquest in 15 BC, was called "Vibidena", and the only road was a track. The Romans built a military road in the 2nd century, milestone ofMarcus Aurelius,Septimius SeverusandCaracallaperiod were found in the region and in the 3rd century the Romans completed the Retica road.[3]In 565Venantius Fortunatusmentioned in his writings the "Saint Valentine" temple that later became a church; in the Middle Ages it was restored in Romanesque style, in 1500 in Gothic, then in Baroque. In the period of the barbaric migrations, approximately in 590 the region was invaded byBaiuvarii,the place declined, however 66 German Sovereigns of theHoly Roman Empire,from 960 to 1530 and among them, in 1154,Frederick I,also known as Barbarossa (meaning Red Beard), passed through Brenner as he headed towards the Pope in Rome.
In about 1000 A.D., a permanent village was settled with the name of "Oberes Mittewald" while "Prenner" is mentioned in 1288.[4]During the 14th and 15th centuries the village was busy with the traffic and the trade connected with the pass and a new carriage was built in 1314[5]while in 1414 the Count of Tyrol established a Customs in order to check the goods in transit. The two historic inhabited places of the village were the "Saint Valentine" church, the "Post Hotel" and few other houses on the south side, the "Kerschbaumer Hotel", "Griesberg" and "Venn" on the north, nowadays in Austria. The old carriage was enlarged and the tracing modified in 1740 in order to have a comfortable road;Goethe,on 8 September 1786, on his journey to Italy stopped in Brenner at "Post Hotel".[4]
The construction of theBrenner railway,between Innsbruck and Bolzano through theBrenner Pass,began on 23 February 1864 at Bergisel (Innsbruck) and the building involved the village with hundreds of workers who lived there for three years. The railway transformed the planimetry of the village; some houses were destroyed to make room for a new area, 600 meters long, regarding the station and the other infrastructures connected with the railway itself. On 25 July 1867 at 8.05 the first train departed fromBrenner stationdirected to Bozen though the official opening would be August 24; the railway opened a new era for the village with the arrival of travellers and tourism. At Brenner Bad (Thermal baths), few miles south of the village, a "Grand Hotel", with a train stop, was built and attracted a new class of tourists until the beginning of the first World War.
On 26 April 1915 theTreaty of Londonassigned to Italy theSouth Tyrol,from Trent to Brenner, and on 10 November 1918, at the end of the war, Italian troops arrived at Brenner. TheTreaty of Saint-Germain-en-Layewas signed on 10 September 1919 and just at Brenner the new boundary line was traced.[6]
Coat-of-arms[edit]
The shield isparty per pale:the first is a miner holding a hammer in his right hand and a lamp in his left, on averthill with agulesbackground; the second part istierced per fessinargent,azureandor.The emblem was adopted in 1906.[7]
Climate[edit]
| Climate data for Brenner, South Tyrol (1971–2000) | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 9.2 (48.6) |
12.4 (54.3) |
16.5 (61.7) |
19.5 (67.1) |
24.8 (76.6) |
26.8 (80.2) |
29.4 (84.9) |
30.3 (86.5) |
25.9 (78.6) |
21.9 (71.4) |
15.9 (60.6) |
10.8 (51.4) |
30.3 (86.5) |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | −0.3 (31.5) |
1.1 (34.0) |
4.4 (39.9) |
7.4 (45.3) |
13.1 (55.6) |
16.3 (61.3) |
19.1 (66.4) |
18.9 (66.0) |
15.2 (59.4) |
10.1 (50.2) |
3.1 (37.6) |
0.2 (32.4) |
9.1 (48.4) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | −3.9 (25.0) |
−3.3 (26.1) |
−0.4 (31.3) |
2.5 (36.5) |
7.7 (45.9) |
10.7 (51.3) |
13.1 (55.6) |
12.8 (55.0) |
9.4 (48.9) |
5.1 (41.2) |
−0.5 (31.1) |
−3.1 (26.4) |
4.2 (39.6) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | −6.5 (20.3) |
−6.4 (20.5) |
−3.6 (25.5) |
−0.9 (30.4) |
3.7 (38.7) |
6.4 (43.5) |
8.6 (47.5) |
8.7 (47.7) |
5.8 (42.4) |
2.1 (35.8) |
−3.0 (26.6) |
−5.6 (21.9) |
0.8 (33.4) |
| Record low °C (°F) | −24.1 (−11.4) |
−19.0 (−2.2) |
−20.0 (−4.0) |
−12.5 (9.5) |
−8.0 (17.6) |
−1.1 (30.0) |
0.0 (32.0) |
0.3 (32.5) |
−5.3 (22.5) |
−10.5 (13.1) |
−16.8 (1.8) |
−21.2 (−6.2) |
−24.1 (−11.4) |
| Averageprecipitationmm (inches) | 36.6 (1.44) |
30.6 (1.20) |
47.2 (1.86) |
68.8 (2.71) |
97.6 (3.84) |
137.6 (5.42) |
137.2 (5.40) |
124.1 (4.89) |
102.3 (4.03) |
81.1 (3.19) |
66.8 (2.63) |
46.8 (1.84) |
976.7 (38.45) |
| Average snowfall cm (inches) | 27.5 (10.8) |
33.4 (13.1) |
37.2 (14.6) |
33.5 (13.2) |
6.0 (2.4) |
0.5 (0.2) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.5 (0.2) |
6.7 (2.6) |
36.8 (14.5) |
29.1 (11.5) |
211.2 (83.1) |
| Average precipitation days(≥ 1.0 mm) | 7.7 | 7.0 | 9.0 | 11.0 | 12.8 | 14.4 | 13.7 | 12.9 | 10.2 | 8.9 | 9.0 | 8.9 | 125.5 |
| Averagerelative humidity(%)(at 14:00) | 64.7 | 60.0 | 55.4 | 56.3 | 54.0 | 55.3 | 51.3 | 52.5 | 54.7 | 60.9 | 67.4 | 68.3 | 58.4 |
| Mean monthlysunshine hours | 2.1 | 51.8 | 129.4 | 125.8 | 158.6 | 152.4 | 180.9 | 166.4 | 139.3 | 71.6 | 4.6 | 0.0 | 1,182.9 |
| Source:Central Institute for Meteorology and Geodynamics[8] | |||||||||||||
Main sights[edit]
Religious architecture[edit]
Brenner Parish church “Hl. Valentin und Maria am Wege”[edit]
The new modern church was built between 1958 and 1962 on project of Luis Plattner. The altar piece is a creation by Max Spielmann and represent “Saint Mary of the road” to whom the church is dedicated. The font and the way of the Cross are by Maria Delago while the stained glass windows were created by Hans Prünster.
Gossensaß Parish church “Maria Unbefleckte Empfängnis”[edit]
The church is dedicated to theImmaculate Conceptionand was built in 1750 on the same place of the old gothic church erected in 1471 and dedicated toSaint Georgeof which remains the bell tower. The church was built on design ofde:Franz de Paula Penzin baroque, it is possible a former project by Johann G. D. Grasmair. The church was consecrated on July 4 and 5, 1754 by bishop Leopold von Spaur. The front shows the portal of the old church and the three niches in which are placed the statues of the Immaculate Conception,JoachimandSaint Anne.The nave has a cross shape with two arms forming four lateral chapels. The high altar is rich in golden shades and at the centre of the throne is placed the statue of the Immaculate with the child was installed on April 23, 1752 by Josepf Stapf. The four statues are: St. George, St. Stephen, St. Lawrence and St. Florien. To the left side, between the two lateral chapels, is the baroque pulpit of 1777 positioned in a central site. To the right side between the two lateral chapels is aCrucifixby Bartlmä Kleinhans. The first right lateral altar is dedicated toOur Lady of Sorrowsencircled by the statues ofMary Magdalene,Saint Elisabeth and Saint James works of 1750. The second right lateral altar is dedicated toFrancis Xavierand two Bishops:Saint IngenuinusandSaint Albuincoming from the old Saint George church. The first left lateral altar is theFlagellation of Christat the column and the Saints Peter and John on each side. To the second left lateral altar is Saint Leonard, by side are the statues of Saint Sylvester, Saint Gregory and Saint Barbara coming from the old church. The eastern dome fresco is works by Matthäus Günther and represents the Christ crowning Mary and Saint George throwing the pierced dragon downwards.
Pflersch Parish church “Hl. Antonius Abt”[edit]
The first church was mentioned the first time in 1418 and was dedicated toSt. Anthony Abbot.The church was enlarged in 1482, restored in 1740 and underwent major changes in 1810 when it was removed theGothic style.The church was re-built once again between 1880 and 1888 inRomanesque style.The church has a single nave and two lateral altars beside the high altar. The first priest was assigned in 1737, a curate in 1755 and became an autonomous parish in 1891.
Society[edit]
Linguistic distribution[edit]
According to the 2011 census, 80.86% of the population speakGerman,18.64%Italianand 0.50%Ladinas first language.[9]
|
Demographic evolution[edit]
Population over time:
Notes and references[edit]
- ^"Superficie di Comuni Province e Regioni italiane al 9 ottobre 2011".Italian National Institute of Statistics.Retrieved16 March2019.
- ^"Popolazione Residente al 1° Gennaio 2018".Italian National Institute of Statistics.Retrieved16 March2019.
- ^Grande Dizionario Enciclopedico, Unione Tipografica - Editrice Torinese, 1962
- ^abCon-fine Brennero, Editrice Athesia, 2006,ISBN88-8266-410-4
- ^Guide d'Italia, Trentino Alto Adige, Editrice TCI, 1976
- ^Con-fine Brennero, Editrice Athesia, 2006,ISBN88-8266-410-4
- ^"Heraldry of the World: Brenner".Archived fromthe originalon 2011-05-14.Retrieved2011-04-13.
- ^"Klimadaten von Österreich 1971–2000 – Tirol-Brenner"(in German). Central Institute for Meteorology and Geodynamics.Archivedfrom the original on 12 October 2019.Retrieved20 October2019.
- ^ab"Volkszählung 2011/Censimento della popolazione 2011".astat info(38). Provincial Statistics Institute of the Autonomous Province of South Tyrol: 6–7. June 2012.Retrieved2012-06-14.
- ^Oscar Benvenuto (ed.):"South Tyrol in Figures 2008", Provincial Statistics Institute of the Autonomous Province of South Tyrol,Bozen/Bolzano 2007, p. 16, table 10
External links[edit]
Media related toBrennerat Wikimedia Commons
- (in German and Italian)Homepage of the municipality
| International | |
|---|---|
| National | |
