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Brent Scowcroft

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Brent Scowcroft
Scowcroft in 1973
Chair of the President's Intelligence Advisory Board
In office
October 5, 2001 – February 25, 2005
PresidentGeorge W. Bush
Preceded byWarren Rudman
Succeeded byJim Langdon
Chair of the Intelligence Oversight Board
In office
January 20, 1993 – May 26, 1994
PresidentBill Clinton
Preceded byJames R. Thompson
Succeeded byAnthony S. Harrington
8th and 16thUnited States National Security Advisor
In office
January 20, 1989 – January 20, 1993
PresidentGeorge H. W. Bush
DeputyBob Gates
Jonathan Howe
Preceded byColin Powell
Succeeded byTony Lake
In office
November 3, 1975 – January 20, 1977
PresidentGerald Ford
DeputyWilliam G. Hyland
Preceded byHenry Kissinger
Succeeded byZbigniew Brzezinski
7thDeputy National Security Advisor
In office
January 4, 1973 – November 3, 1975
PresidentRichard Nixon
Gerald Ford
Preceded byAlexander Haig
Succeeded byWilliam G. Hyland
Personal details
Born(1925-03-19)March 19, 1925
Ogden,Utah,U.S.
DiedAugust 6, 2020(2020-08-06)(aged 95)
Falls Church,Virginia,U.S.
Resting placeArlington National Cemetery
Political partyRepublican
Spouse
Marion Horner
​
​
(m.1951; died 1995)​
Children1 daughter
EducationUnited States Military Academy(BS)
Columbia University(MA,PhD)
Military service
AllegianceUnited States
Branch/serviceUnited States Air Force
Years of service1947–1975
RankLieutenant general

Brent Scowcroft(/ˈskoʊkrɒft/;March 19, 1925 – August 6, 2020) was aUnited States Air Forceofficer who was a two-timeUnited States National Security Advisor,first under U.S. PresidentGerald Fordand then underGeorge H. W. Bush.He served asMilitary Assistantto PresidentRichard Nixonand as Deputy Assistant to the President for National Security Affairs in the Nixon and Ford administrations. He served as Chairman of thePresident's Foreign Intelligence Advisory Boardunder PresidentGeorge W. Bushfrom 2001 to 2005, and advised PresidentBarack Obamaon choosing his national security team.

Early life and education[edit]

Lieutenant Brent Scowcroft (seated second from left) with other members of the82nd SquadronatGrenier Airfieldin 1948

Scowcroft was born March 19, 1925, inOgden, Utah,the son of Lucile (née Ballantyne) and James Scowcroft, a grocer and business owner.[1]He was a descendant of early 19th-century British immigrants from England and Scotland, along with immigrants fromDenmarkandNorway.He elaborated upon his relationship withthe Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saintsin a 1999 oral history: "I have close personal ties to some of the church leadership. They would not consider me a goodMormon.I don't live by all of the rules the Mormons like—I like a glass ofwineand a cup ofcoffee.But yes, I do consider myself a Mormon. It's part of a religious and a cultural heritage. "[2]

Scowcroft received his undergraduate degree and commission in theUnited States Army Air Forcesfrom theUnited States Military AcademyatWest Point, New York,in June 1947. With the establishment of an independentUnited States Air Forcein September 1947, his commission transferred to the USAF. Scowcroft subsequently earned anMA(1953) andPhD(1967) ininternational relationsfromColumbia University.[3]

Career[edit]

Brent Scowcroft upon receiving his third star aslieutenant generalon August 17, 1974
Deputy Assistant For National Security Affairs Brent Scowcroft discusses the Vietnam War with Vice PresidentNelson A. Rockefeller(l) and Central Intelligence Agency DirectorWilliam Colby(r) during a break in a meeting ofthe National Security Councilin April 1975.
PresidentGerald Fordconfers withHenry Kissingerand Scowcroft in October 1974.

Having envisioned life as a fighter pilot followingWorld War II,Scowcroft completed his pilot training in October 1948 following his commissioning as an Air ForceSecond Lieutenantin 1947 and received his Air Force Command Pilot Wings.[4]However, on January 6, 1949, while on flight training with aNorth American P-51 Mustang,his aircraft experienced engine trouble after taking-off fromGrenier Army Airfield,causing the plane to crash-land. Although his injuries were not critical, Scowcroft assumed that he would never fly again and considered another career within the Air Force.[4]He served in a variety of operational and administrative positions from 1948 to 1953. In the course of his military career, he held positions at theJoint Chiefs of Staff,headquarters of theUnited States Air Force,and the Office of the Assistant Secretary of Defense for International Security Affairs. His other assignments included: faculty positions at theUnited States Air Force Academyand theUnited States Military Academy,andAssistant Air Attachéin theAmerican EmbassyinBelgrade,Yugoslavia.[4]

As a senior officer, General Scowcroft was assigned to Headquarters U.S. Air Force in the office of the Deputy Chief of Staff, Plans and Operations, and served in the Long Range Planning Division, Directorate of Doctrine, Concepts and Objectives from 1964 to 1966. He next attended theNational War CollegeatFort McNair,followed by assignment in July 1968 to the Office of the Assistant Secretary of Defense for International Security Affairs. In September 1969, he was reassigned to Headquarters U.S. Air Force in the Directorate of Plans as Deputy Assistant for National Security Council Matters. In March 1970 he joined theJoint Chiefs of Stafforganization and became the Special Assistant to the Director of the Joint Staff.[5]

National Security AdvisorLieutenant General Brent Scowcroft with PresidentGerald Fordand Secretary of StateHenry Kissingeron-boardAir Force Oneon November 17, 1975
PresidentGeorge H. W. Bushexamines papers withDick Cheneyand Scowcroft in April 1989.
Scowcroft in October 2009, at theU.S. State DepartmentinWashington, D.C.
External videos
video iconBooknotesinterview with Scowcroft and George H. W. Bush onA World Transformed,October 4, 1998,C-SPAN
video iconAfter Wordsinterview with Scowcroft and Zbigniew Brzezinski onAmerica and the World,September 20, 2008,C-SPAN
Scowcroft withSecretary of DefenseRobert Gates

Scowcroft was appointedMilitary Assistant to the Presidentin February 1972; and was reassigned asDeputy Assistant to the President for National Security Affairsin January 1973.[6]He was promoted tolieutenant generalon August 16, 1974, and retired from active duty at that rank on December 1, 1975. He had, just a month earlier, during theHalloween Massacre,become theUnited States National Security Advisor(for him, the first time), replacingHenry Kissinger.[7][8]Scowcroft's continued service in the Air Force would have been contingent on reconfirmation of his rank by the Senate, a distinction that National Security AdvisorH. R. McMasterelected to pursue in 2018.[8]

His military decorations and awards included theAir Force Distinguished Service Medal,theLegion of Meritwith oak leaf cluster and theAir Force Commendation Medal.[9]

On the 24th anniversary of theUSSLibertyincident(in 1991), approximately 50Libertysurvivors, including CaptainWilliam McGonagle,were invited to theWhite Houseto meet with PresidentGeorge H.W. Bushin a meeting set up by former CongressmenPaul FindleyandPete McCloskey.[10][11]After waiting for over 2 hours, President Bush waved at them as he passed by in his limousine, but did not meet with them in person.[12][13]Many of the survivors were reportedly disheartened and disappointed with this.[14]Instead, Scowcroft and White House Chief of StaffJohn H. Sununugreeted them.[10][15][16]Rear AdmiralThomas A. Brooks,who had spoken out in favor ofLibertysurvivors previously, presented them with aPresidential Unit Citationthat had been signed by PresidentLyndon B. Johnsonbut never awarded.[10][17]FormerChairman of the Joint Chiefs of StaffAdmiralThomas H. Moorer,a longtimeLibertyadvocate, was also in attendance.[12][18]This meeting was objected to by theAnti-Defamation League.[19][20]

Before joining the Bush administration, Scowcroft was vice chairman ofKissinger Associates.He had a long association withHenry Kissinger,having served as his assistant when Kissinger was the National Security Adviser underRichard Nixon,from 1969.[21]

Scowcroft was long sought after as a respected, professional and largely apolitical or nonpartisan expert (within the standards of fellow White House veterans) and chaired and served on a number of policy advisory councils, including the President's General Advisory Committee on Arms Control, the President's Commission on Strategic Forces, thePresident's Blue Ribbon Commission on Defense Management,theDefense Policy Board,and the President's Special Review Board (Tower Commission) investigating theIran–Contra affair.He also served on the Guiding Coalition of the nonpartisanProject on National Security Reform.He was appointed Co-Chair of theBlue Ribbon Commission on America's Nuclear Futurefrom 2010 to 2012 alongsideLee Hamilton.[22]

On the morning ofSeptember 11, 2001,Scowcroft was in anE-4Baircraft, also known as the National Airborne Operations Command Center (NAOC), on the taxiway, waiting to takeoff forOffutt Air Force Base,when the first hijacked airliner hit theWorld Trade Center(WTC). Scowcroft's aircraft was en route to Offutt when the second hijacked airliner struck the WTC. Scowcroft was involved in observing the command and control operations of both PresidentGeorge W. BushinFlorida,and Vice PresidentDick Cheney,who was at theWhite House.[23]

Scowcroft was the founder and president ofThe Forum for International Policy,athink tank.He was also president ofThe Scowcroft Group,an internationalbusiness consultingfirm. He was co-chair, along withJoseph Nye,of theAspen Strategy Group.He was a member of theInter-American Dialogue,Trilateral Commission,and theCouncil on Foreign Relationsand a board member of theCenter for Strategic and International Studiesand theAtlantic Council.[24]

Scowcroft was a leadingRepublicancritic of American policy towardsIraqbefore and after the2003 invasion,which war critics in particular have seen as significant given Scowcroft's close ties to former President George H. W. Bush.[25][26][27][28]He drew attention for reports of remarks critical of Bush – which he did not deny when reported byThe Washington Postciting his view that "Bush is 'mesmerized' by Israeli Prime MinisterAriel Sharon,thatIraqwas a 'failing venture' and that the administration's unilateralist approach has harmedrelations between Europe and the United States."[citation needed]Despite his public criticism of the decision to invade, Scowcroft continued to describe himself as "a friend" of the Bush administration.[29]He also strongly opposed a precipitous withdrawal, arguing that a pull-out from Iraq before the country was able to govern, sustain, and defend itself "would be a strategic defeat for American interests, with potentially catastrophic consequences both in the region and beyond".[30]Scowcroft went on to stress that the U.S. must "secure the support of the countries of the region themselves. It is greatly in their self-interest to give that support.. unfortunately, in recent years they have come to see it as dangerous to identify with the United States, and so they have largely stood on the sidelines."

External videos
video iconHBO History Makers Series: A Conversation with Brent Scowcroft,October 3, 2007,Council on Foreign Relations

He backed theinvasion of Afghanistanas a "direct response" to9/11terrorism, awarthat would go on to last about 20 years.[31]

PresidentGeorge H. W. Bushpresented him with thePresidential Medal of Freedomin 1991. In 1993, he was created an HonoraryKnight Commander of the Order of the British EmpirebyQueen Elizabeth IIatBuckingham Palace.In 1988, he received the Golden Plate Award of theAmerican Academy of Achievement.[32]In 2005, Scowcroft was awarded theWilliam Oliver BakerAward by theIntelligence and National Security Alliance.[33]

In 1998, he co-wroteA World Transformedwith George H. W. Bush. This book described what it was like to be in theWhite Houseduring the end of theCold War,as theSoviet Unioncollapsed in the early 1990s. Notably, both figures explained why they didn't go on toBaghdadin 1991: "Had we gone the invasion route, the United States could conceivably still be an occupying power in a bitterly hostile land."[34]In 1994, Scowcroft co-authored the opinion-editorial "The Time for Temporizing is Over" urging PresidentBill Clintonto order apreemptive strikeonNorth Korea'sYongbyon nuclear facilityunless it readmittedInternational Atomic Energy Agencyinspectors.[35]

His discussions of foreign policy withZbigniew Brzezinski,led by journalistDavid Ignatius,were published in a 2008 book titledAmerica and the World: Conversations on the Future of American Foreign Policy.[36]

Scowcroft was a member of the Honorary Council of Advisors forU.S.-Azerbaijan Chamber of Commerce(USACC).[37]Critics have suggested that Scowcroft was unethical in his lobbying for the Turkish and Azeri governments because of his ties toLockheed Martinand other defense contractors that do significant business withTurkey.[38] He was also a member of the board of directors of theInternational Republican Institute,[39]and served on the Advisory Board forColumbia University'sSchool of International and Public Affairs[40]and for America Abroad Media.[41]

Scowcroft endorsedHillary Clintonin the run-up for the2016 United States presidential election.[42]

Evaluation[edit]

Scholarly evaluations of Scowcroft's performance have been generally favorable. For exampleIvo Daalderand I. M. Destler quoting other scholars, conclude:

"Brent Scowcroft was in many ways the ideal national security adviser—indeed, he offers a model for how the job should be done." His "winning formula" consisted of gaining the trust of the key principals of U.S. foreign policymaking, establishing "a cooperative policy process at all levels," one both transparent and collegial, and keeping an "unbreakable relationship with the president," thanks to their close friendship and mutual respect. The result was that Scowcroft "proved to be an extraordinarily effective national security adviser" in comparison with others who have held the office, particularly in light of the difficult and transformative period in which he held office.[43]

Other evaluations from colleagues and national security veterans in both parties echo similar points.

In a largely laudatory obituary, The New York Timesnoted "his appeal for public service was a classic reminder of a less partisan age, when presidents often reached out to experienced talent, regardless of party loyalties."

TheAtlantic Councilprovided an assessment, with quotes from several experts after Scowcroft's death, that noted "Looking back on his time working with Scowcroft in the Nixon administration, former US Secretary of State Henry Kissinger explained that 'in a period when America was tearing itself apart,' Scowcroft’s 'steadiness had a calming influence then as did his faith in his country’s ultimate purposes.' Former US Secretary of DefenseRobert Gatesargued that what 'set Brent apart as National Security Advisor was that he played fair…he did not take advantage of his close relationship with the president to disadvantage others.'John Deutch,former Director of Central Intelligence, recalled that “Brent had the ideal temperament to lead the country. He was smart, deceptively articulate with a calm demeanor that often masked his strategic thinking.'"[44]

Scowcroft award[edit]

Scowcroft was the inspiration and namesake for a special presidential award begun under theGeorge H. W. Bushadministration. According to Gates, the award is given to the official "who most ostentatiously falls asleep in a meeting with the president". According to Gates, the president "evaluated candidates on three criteria. First, duration—how long did they sleep? Second, the depth of the sleep. Snoring always got you extra points. And third, the quality of recovery. Did one just quietly open one's eyes and return to the meeting, or did you jolt awake and maybe spill something hot in the process?"[45]According to Bush himself, the award "gives extra points for he/she who totally craters, eyes tightly closed, in the midst of meetings, but in fairness a lot of credit is given for sleeping soundly while all about you are doing their thing."[46]Scowcroft had gained a reputation for doing such things to the extent that it became arunning gag.[47]

Personal life[edit]

Scowcroft married Marian Horner in 1951. His wife, aPennsylvanianative, was trained as a nurse at St. Francis School of Nursing in Pittsburgh and graduated from Columbia University. They had one daughter, Karen Scowcroft. Marian Horner Scowcroft, adiabetic,died on July 17, 1995, atGeorge Washington University Hospital.[48]

In March 1993, when Scowcroft was given an honoraryKBEby Queen Elizabeth II, his daughter was also received by the Queen.[49]

Death[edit]

On August 6, 2020, Scowcroft died at his home inFalls Church, Virginia,at age 95.[50][51]On January 29, 2021, Scowcroft was buried atArlington National Cemetery.[52]

Honors[edit]

Honorary degrees[edit]

Location Date School Degree
District of Columbia 1989 George Washington University Doctor of Laws(LL.D)[59]
Utah April 24, 1992 Brigham Young University Doctor of Public Service (DPS)[60]
Virginia 2000 College of William & Mary Doctor of Humane Letters(DHL)[61]
New York May 18, 2005 Columbia University Doctor of Laws(LL.D)[62]
Utah December 10, 2010 Weber State University Doctor of Humane Letters(DHL)[63]

See also[edit]

References[edit]

  1. ^"Brent Scowcroft".Center for Strategic and International Studies.2012.RetrievedJune 9,2012.
  2. ^"Brent Scowcroft Oral History".Miller Center of Public Affairs.October 27, 2016.RetrievedAugust 8,2020.
  3. ^"Brent Scowcroft".Aspen Institute.RetrievedAugust 8,2020.
  4. ^abcMcFadden, Robert D. (August 6, 2020)."Brent Scowcroft, a Force on Foreign Policy for 40 Years, Dies at 95".The New York Times.RetrievedAugust 7,2020.
  5. ^"LIEUTENANT GENERAL BRENT SCOWCROFT".www.af.mil.
  6. ^Charlton, Linda (November 4, 1975)."Deputy in Kissinger's Place".The New York Times.ISSN0362-4331.RetrievedApril 25,2020.
  7. ^Gelb, Leslie H. (November 4, 1975)."Ford's Timetable Upset in Shakeup".The New York Times.ISSN0362-4331.RetrievedApril 25,2020.
  8. ^abWeaver, Dustin (March 7, 2017)."Senate panel approves Trump adviser keeping his military rank".TheHill.
  9. ^"Biographies: Lieutenant General Brent Scowcroft".Af.mil. Archived fromthe originalon October 21, 2012.RetrievedNovember 26,2012.
  10. ^abc"SPY SHIP BROUGHT IN FROM THE COLD".Washington Post.February 28, 2024.ISSN0190-8286.RetrievedFebruary 29,2024.
  11. ^https://www.usslibertyveterans.org/pdfs/LVANewsletter2017-04.pdf
  12. ^ab"SPY SHIP BROUGHT IN FROM THE COLD".Washington Post.February 28, 2024.ISSN0190-8286.RetrievedMay 15,2024.
  13. ^https://www.usslibertyveterans.org/pdfs/LVANewsletter2017-04.pdf
  14. ^https://www.usslibertyveterans.org/pdfs/LVANewsletter2017-04.pdf
  15. ^https://www.usslibertyveterans.org/pdfs/LVANewsletter2017-04.pdf
  16. ^https://www.wrmea.org/1992-june/israel-s-attack-on-the-uss-liberty-cracks-in-the-25-year-cover-up.html
  17. ^https://www.wrmea.org/1992-june/israel-s-attack-on-the-uss-liberty-cracks-in-the-25-year-cover-up.html
  18. ^https://www.wrmea.org/1992-june/israel-s-attack-on-the-uss-liberty-cracks-in-the-25-year-cover-up.html
  19. ^"Questions Surround Ceremony for Survivors of Uss Liberty".March 20, 2015.
  20. ^"Sununu and the Jews".Newsweek.July 7, 1991.
  21. ^"Kissinger Becomes Secretary of State".U.S. Department of State.RetrievedAugust 8,2020.
  22. ^Scowcroft, Brent; Hamilton, Lee (December 12, 2011)."[Letter from Lee H. Hamilton and Brent Scowcroft of the Blue Ribbon Commission for America's Nuclear Future to President Barack Obama Regarding Nuclear Waste Disposal and the Fiscal Year 2013 Budget]".Homeland Security Digital Library.
  23. ^Brzezinski, Zbigniew; Scowcroft, Brent (2008).America and The World: Conversations on the future of American Foreign Policy.Basic Books.ISBN978-0-465-01501-6.
  24. ^[1]ArchivedAugust 6, 2007, at theWayback Machine
  25. ^"Double Warning Against Iraq War".Commondreams.org. August 5, 2002. Archived fromthe originalon September 21, 2012.RetrievedNovember 26,2012.
  26. ^"Interviews – Brent Scowcroft | Gunning For Saddam | FRONTLINE".PBS. November 20, 2012.RetrievedNovember 26,2012.
  27. ^Kessler, Glenn (October 16, 2004)."Scowcroft Is Critical of Bush".The Washington Post.RetrievedApril 26,2010.
  28. ^Priest, Dana; Wright, Robin (January 7, 2005)."Scowcroft Skeptical Vote Will Stabilize Iraq".The Washington Post.RetrievedApril 26,2010.
  29. ^Rice, Andrew (September 6, 2004)."Brent Scowcroft Calls Iraq War" overreaction "".The New York Observer.RetrievedJune 20,2014.
  30. ^Scowcroft, Brent (January 4, 2007)."Getting the Middle East Back on Our Side".The New York Times.RetrievedJune 20,2014.
  31. ^Goldberg, Jeffrey (October 24, 2005)."Breaking Ranks".The New Yorker.RetrievedAugust 7,2020.
  32. ^"Golden Plate Awardees of the American Academy of Achievement".www.achievement.org.American Academy of Achievement.
  33. ^"William Oliver Baker Award Recipients – INSA".
  34. ^vanden Heuvel, Katrina (October 19, 2004)."Scowcroft Blasts W."The Nation.RetrievedAugust 7,2020.
  35. ^Cha, Victor D. (2013).The Impossible State: North Korea, Past and Future.Internet Archive. New York: Ecco. p. 287.ISBN978-0-06-199850-8.LCCN2012009517.OCLC1244862785.
  36. ^Kakutani, Michiko (September 22, 2008)."A Dialogue and a Discourse on America's Global Role".The New York Times.
  37. ^"USACC. Brent Scowcroft".Archived fromthe originalon April 11, 2009.RetrievedApril 22,2010.
  38. ^"Kissinger, Iraq, BNL".Pinknoiz.com.RetrievedNovember 26,2012.
  39. ^"International Republican Institute web site, accessed July 16, 2010".Archived fromthe originalon April 28, 2010.
  40. ^"SIPA: School of International and Public Affairs".Sipa.columbia.edu. Archived fromthe originalon December 21, 2012.RetrievedNovember 26,2012.
  41. ^"Brent Scowcroft | AMERICA ABROAD MEDIA".Archived fromthe originalon July 16, 2014.RetrievedJune 16,2014.
  42. ^Blake, A.78 Republican politicians, donors and officials who are supporting Hillary Clinton..The Washington Post.December 7, 2016.
  43. ^Ivo Daalder and I. M. Destler,In the Shadow of the Oval Office: Profiles of the National Security Advisers and the Presidents They Served—From JFK to George W. Bush(2009), p. 170.
  44. ^"Celebrating the 'impeccable integrity and unbounded courage' of Brent Scowcroft".Atlantic Council.September 10, 2020.RetrievedOctober 8,2020.
  45. ^Wilkie, Christina (May 12, 2010)."Fall asleep in the Oval Office? You could win a 'Scowcroft award'".The Hill.RetrievedSeptember 12,2013.
  46. ^"The Boss Lauds a Champion Sleeper".The New York Times.January 18, 1990.RetrievedSeptember 12,2013.
  47. ^Roberts, Argetsinger, Roxanne, Amy (December 14, 2011)."Brent Scowcroft and the art of sleeping through the meeting".The Washington Post.RetrievedSeptember 12,2013.{{cite news}}:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  48. ^"Marian Horner Scowcroft – St. Francis Hospital (Pittsburgh) School of Nursing Memorial Site".Lindapages.com. July 18, 1995. Archived fromthe originalon September 10, 2012.RetrievedNovember 26,2012.
  49. ^"Court Circular – People – News".The Independent.March 18, 1993.RetrievedNovember 26,2012.
  50. ^"Longtime presidential adviser Brent Scowcroft dies at 95".NBC News.Associated Press. August 7, 2020.RetrievedAugust 7,2020.
  51. ^McFadden, Robert D. (August 7, 2020)."Brent Scowcroft, a Force on Foreign Policy for 40 Years, Dies at 95".The New York Times.ISSN0362-4331.RetrievedAugust 7,2020.
  52. ^Source -https://www.nationalguard.mil/coronavirus/videoid/782086/,Video -https://www.dvidshub.net/video/embed/782086,caption - Lt Gen Brent Scowcroft Arlington National Cemetery Interment, Air Force Television Pentagon (SAF/PAI), Jan. 29, 2021, 2:36, text - Lt Gen Brent Scowcroft was a United States Air Force officer who was a two-time United States National Security Advisor under presidents Gerald Ford and George H. W. Bush. He was given military funeral honors at Arlington National Cemetery on 29 Jan, 2021.
  53. ^abcSparrow, Bartholomew (January 27, 2015).The Strategist: Brent Scowcroft and the Call of National Security.PublicAffairs.ISBN978-1586489632.
  54. ^ab"Longtime Public Servant Brent Scowcroft Dies".Texas A&M Today.August 7, 2020.RetrievedAugust 7,2020.
  55. ^abcBrent Scowcroft | The Scowcroft Group,biography
  56. ^"Remarks Honoring Brent Scowcroft with the DOD Distinguished Public Service Award".U.S. DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE.
  57. ^"Vabariigi President".www.president.ee.RetrievedDecember 4,2018.
  58. ^"General Scowcroft awarded Grand Cordon of the Order of the Rising Sun – The Scowcroft Group".www.scowcroft.com.RetrievedDecember 4,2018.
  59. ^"Honorary Degree Recipients – GW Libraries".library.gwu.edu.RetrievedDecember 4,2018.
  60. ^"SCOWCROFT SAYS NOW IS TIME TO HELP SHAPE WORLD
    "    .Deseret News.April 24, 1992.RetrievedDecember 4,2018.
  61. ^"Lieutenant General Brent Scowcroft".Bush School of Government and Public Service.Texas A&M University.RetrievedAugust 7,2020.
  62. ^"Complete List of Recipients (1945–Present) – Office of the Secretary of the University".secretary.columbia.edu.RetrievedDecember 4,2018.
  63. ^"Former National Security Advisor to Receive Honorary Degree".www.weber.edu.RetrievedDecember 4,2018.

Further reading[edit]

Primary sources[edit]

External links[edit]

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Brent Scowcroft
Political offices
Preceded by Deputy National Security Advisor
1973–1975 		Succeeded by
Preceded by National Security Advisor
1975–1977 		Succeeded by
Preceded by National Security Advisor
1989–1993 		Succeeded by
Government offices
Preceded by Chair of thePresident's Intelligence Advisory Board
2005–2009 		Succeeded by
Chair of theIntelligence Oversight Board
2005–2009
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