British Jews

British Jews

Total population
United Kingdom: 277,613 – 0.4% (2021/22 Census) England:269,283 – 0.5% (2021) Scotland:5,847 – 0.1% (2022) Wales:2,044 – 0.07% (2021) Northern Ireland:439 – 0.02% (2021)Other Estimates: Core Jewish population: 290,000 (2018) Enlarged Jewish population(includes non-Jewish relatives of Jews):370,000 (2018)
Regions with significant populations
London,Greater Manchester,Leeds,Gateshead,Brighton,St Albans,Southend;alsoHertsmere,Epping ForestandEast Renfrewshire
Languages
PrimarilyEnglish;alsoYiddish,largely spoken byHassidic Jews;historicallySpanishandPortugueseamongSephardim;immigrant languages include or have includedHebrew,Arabic,RussianandFrenchamongst many others
Religion
Judaismorirreligion
Related ethnic groups
OtherJews

British Jews(often referred to collectively asBritish JewryorAnglo-Jewry) areBritish citizenswho areJewish.The number of people who identified as Jews in theUnited Kingdomrose by just under 4% between 2001 and 2021.

History

Main articles:History of the Jews in England (1066–1290),History of the Jews in England,History of the Jews in Scotland,History of the Jews in Wales,andHistory of the Jews in Northern Ireland

The first recorded Jewish community inBritainwas brought toEnglandin 1070 by KingWilliam the Conquerorwho believed the Jewish population’s commercial skills would make his newly won country more prosperous. At the end of the 12th century, a series ofblood libelsand fatalpogromswere perpetrated in England, particularly on the east coast. Notably, on 16 March 1190, during the run up to theThird Crusade,the Jewish population of York was massacred at the site whereClifford's Towernow stands,and KingEdward I of Englandpassed theStatute of the Jewry(Statutum de Judaismo) in 1275, restricting the community's activities, most notably outlawing the practice ofusury(charging interest).Fifteen years later when Edward found that many of these provisions were ignored, heexpelled the Jews from England.The Jewish population emigrated to countries such asPoland which protected themby law.A small English community persisted in hidingdespite the expulsion. Jews were not banned fromScotland,which was an independent kingdom until 1707; however, there is no record of a Jewish presence in Scotland before the 18th century. Jews were also not banned in Wales at the time, but England eventually annexed Wales underHenry VIII.When Henry VIII's England annexed Wales, the English ban on Jews extended to Wales. There is only one known record of a Jew in Wales between 1290 and the annexation, but it is possible individuals did persist there after 1290.

A small community ofconversoswas identified in Bristol in 1609 and banished. In 1656,Oliver Cromwellmade it clear that the ban on Jewish settlement in England and Wales would no longer be enforced, but when RabbiManasseh Ben Israelbrought a petition to allow Jews to return, the majority ofthe Protectorate Governmentturned it down. Despite the Protectorate government's rejection of the Rabbi's petition, the community considers 1656 to mark the readmission of the Jews to England and Wales. In mid-nineteenth century British-ruled Ireland,Daniel O'Connell,known as "The Liberator" for his work onCatholic Emancipation,worked successfully forthe repeal of the "De Judaismo" law,which prescribed a specialyellow badgefor Jews.Benjamin Disraeli(1804–1881), of Jewish birth although he joined theChurch of England,served in government for three decades, twice asprime minister.

The oldest Jewish community in Britain is theSpanish and Portuguese Jewish community,which traces back to the 1630s when it existed clandestinely in London before the readmission and was unofficially legitimised in 1656, which is the date counted by the Jewish community as the re-admittance of the Jews to England (which at the time included Wales). A trickle of Ashkenazi immigration primarily from German countries continued from the late 17th century to the early 19th century. As for the second wave of Ashkenazi immigration, a large wave ofAshkenaziJewish immigrants fleeing persecution in theRussian Empiredue topogromsand theMay Lawsbetween 1880 and the imposition of tighterimmigration restrictionsin 1905 sought their way to the Isles. Many German and Polish Jews seeking to escape theNaziHolocaustarrived in Britain before and after theSecond World War.Around 80-90% of British Jews today are Ashkenazi.

Following de-colonisation, the late twentieth century sawYemeni JewsIraqi JewsandBaghdadi Jewssettle in the United Kingdom.A multicultural community, in 2006, British Jews celebrated the 350th anniversary of the resettlement in England.

Demographics

Population size

Historical British Jewish population

Year	Pop.	±%
1734	6,000	—
1800	17,500	+191.7%
1881	60,000	+242.9%
1900	250,000	+316.7%
1933	300,000	+20.0%
1938	370,000	+23.3%
1945	450,000	+21.6%
1980	330,000	−26.7%
2001	266,740	−19.2%
2011	269,568	+1.1%
2021	277,613	+3.0%
Source: Data from 2001 onwards derived from the UK Census Data prior to 2001 based on estimates; these come from the Jewish Encyclopedia of 1901-1906, the US Holocaust Museum, and Jews in Britain-Origin and Growth of Anglo Jewry (1943)

According to the2021 United Kingdom census,there were 271,327 Jews inEngland and Wales,or 0.5% of the overall population,whilst in the 2021 Northern Irish census, there were 439 self-identified Jews comprising just 0.02% of the population, but marking a 31% increase in numbers since the census of 2011.According to the 2011 census, 5,887Jews lived in Scotlandfor a total of 277,653 self-identified Jews in the United Kingdom. This does not include much smaller communities in theCrown DependenciesandOverseas Territories;notably, there are Jewish communities inGibraltar,JerseyandBermuda,amongst others. However, this final figure is considered an undercount. Demographers David Graham and Stanley Waterman give several reasons as for why: the underenumeration for censuses in general; the question did not record secular Jews; the voluntary nature of the question; suspicion by Jews of such questions; and the high non-response rate for large numbers of Haredi Jews.By comparison, theJewish Virtual Libraryestimated a Jewish population of 291,000 (not limitedto adherents of Judaism) in 2012, making Britain's Jewish community the fifthlargest in the world.This equates to 0.43% of the population of the United Kingdom. The absolute number of Jews has been gradually rising since records began; in the2011 census,263,346 people in England and Wales answered "Jewish" to the voluntary question on religion, compared with 259,927 in of 2001.

The2001 Censusincluded a (voluntary) religion question ( "What is your religion?" ) for the first time in its history;266,740 people listed their religion as "Jewish".However, the subject ofwho is a Jewis complex, and the religion question did not record people who may be Jewish through other means, such as ethnically and culturally.Of people who chose Jewish as their religion, 97% put White as their ethnic group. However, a report by theInstitute for Jewish Policy Research(JPR) suggests that, although there was an apparent option to write down "Jewish" for this question, it did not occur to many, because of "skin colour" and nationality bias, and that if "Jewish" was an explicit option, the results—only 2,594 respondents were Jewish solely by ethnicity—would have been different.The religion question appeared in the2011 Census,but there was still no explicit option for "Jewish" in the ethnic-group question. The Board of Deputies had encouraged all Jews to indicate they were Jewish, either through the religion question or the ethnicity one.

From 2005 to 2008, the Jewish population increased from 275,000 to 280,000, attributed largely to the high birth rates ofHaredi (or ultra-Orthodox) Jews.Research by theUniversity of Manchesterin 2007 showed that 75% of British Jewish births were to the Haredi community.Ultra-Orthodox women have an average of 6.9 children, and secular Jewish women 1.65.In 2015, theInstitute for Jewish Policy Researchreported that in England the orthodox community was growing by nearly 5% per year, while the non-haredi community was decreasing by 0.3% per year.It has been also documented that in terms of births, between 2007 and 2015, the estimated number of Strictly Orthodox births per annum increased by 35%, rising from 1,431 to 1,932. Meanwhile, the estimated number of ‘Mainstream’ (non-Strictly Orthodox) births per annum increased to a lesser extent over the same period, going from 1,844 to 1,889 (+2.4%).

Historical population

Going into the 19th century, the Jewish population was small, likely no more than 20,000 individuals. However, the population quadrupled in just a few decades after 1881 as a large number of Jews fled oppression in the Russian Empire. The population increased by as much as 50% between 1933 and 1945, with the United Kingdom admitting around 70,000 Jews between 1933 and 1938, and a further 80,000 between 1938 and 1945. The late 1940s and early 1950s proved to be the high point, numerically speaking, for British Jewry. A decline followed, as many of the new arrivals moved to Israel, moved back to Europe, or emigrated elsewhere, and many other individuals assimilated. The decline continued into the 1990s, but has since reversed. The estimates given before the 2001 Census are likely not directly comparable to the Census, as the Census is based purely on self-identification, whereas the estimates are based on community membership, and it is probably the decline from 450,000 to 266,740 is more like a decline from 450,000 to somewhere between 300,000 and 350,000 going by the metrics of the estimators. Contemporary Jewish demographers like Sergio DellaPergola give figures around 300,000 for the British Jewish population in the early 2010s, since when it has grown.

Migration

The great majority (83.2%) of Jews in England and Wales were born in the UK.In 2015, about 6% of Jews in England held an Israeli passport.In 2019, theOffice for National Statisticsestimated that 21,000 people resident in the UK were born in Israel, up from 11,890 in 2001. Of the 21,000, 8,000 had Israeli nationality.In 2013, it was reported thatantisemitic attacks in Franceled to an exodus ofFrench Jewsto the UK. This has resulted in some synagogues establishing French-languageShabbat services.

In 2018, 534 Britonsemigrated to Israel,representing the third consecutive annual decline. The figure was one third down on 2015 and was the lowest for five years. Meanwhile, immigration of Jews from Israel is consistently higher than emigration of Jews to Israel, at a ratio of about 3:2, meaning the British Jewish community has a net gain of Jewish immigrants, to the point Israelis now represent around 6% of the British Jewish community.

Ethnicity

Jews in England and Wales by ethnic group and nationality

Ethnic group	2001		2011		2021
	Number	%	Number	%	Number	%
White	249,483	96.82	241,356	92.37	230,399	85.56
–British	216,403	84.00	200,934	76.90	180,325	66.96
–Irish	1,134	0.44	1,116	0.43	927	0.34
–Irish Traveller			241	0.09	161	0.06
–Roma					178	0.07
–Other White	31,946	12.40	39,065	14.95	48,808	18.12
Mixed	3,038	1.18	4,209	1.61	6,029	2.24
– White and Asian	828	0.32	1,229	0.47	1,190	0.44
– White and Black Caribbean	379	0.15	778	0.30	780	0.29
– White and Black African	181	0.07	424	0.16	442	0.16
– Other Mixed	1,650	0.64	1,778	0.86	3,617	1.34
Asian	1,968	0.76	2,750	1.05	1,526	0.57
–Indian	663	0.26	816	0.31	557	0.21
–Chinese	104	0.04	324	0.12	159	0.06
–Pakistani	353	0.14	433	0.17	261	0.10
–Bangladeshi	124	0.05	222	0.08	83	0.03
– Other Asian	724	0.28	955	0.37	466	0.17
Black	893	0.35	1,591	0.61	1,611	0.60
–Caribbean	535	0.21	611	0.23	649	0.24
– African	236	0.09	499	0.19	709	0.26
– Other Black	122	0.05	481	0.18	253	0.09
Other		11,376		29,719
–Arab			564	0.22	422	0.16
– Other Ethnic group	2,289	0.89	10,812	4.14	29,297	10.88
TOTAL	257,671	100.0	261,282	100.0	269,293	100.0

Geographic distribution

The majority of the Jews in the UK live in southeastern England, particularly in and aroundLondon.Around 145,480 Jews live in London itself - more than half the Jewish population of the entire country - notably the North London boroughs ofBarnet(56,620),Hackney(17,430),Camden(10,080),Haringey(9,400),Harrow(7,300),Redbridge(6,410),Westminster(5,630),Brent(3,720),Enfield(3,710),Islington(2,710) andKensington and Chelsea(2,680). There are also 30,220 Jews living in districts that are not quite London, but are outside the boundaries of London itself, of which 21,270 are in southern Hertfordshire and 4,930 are in southwestern Essex, giving a total population of 175,690 Jews in London and the districts and boroughs immediately surrounding it, as compared to 95,640 in the rest of England and Wales combined.

In total, including communities some distance from London, just under 46,000 Jews live in the six counties bordering Greater London, of which two-thirds live in areas immediately adjacent to London. There are, in total, more than 26,400 Jews inHertfordshire,of which 18,350 are in the borough ofHertsmerein southwestern Hertfordshire adjacent to Jewish areas inBarnetandHarrow.Towns and villages in Hertsmere with large Jewish populations includeBorehamwood(6,160),Bushey(5,590), andRadlett(2,980). Some 30% of Radlett's population is Jewish, as is 20% of Bushey's and 17% of Borehamwood's, 21% of neighbouringShenley's and 36% of nearbyElstree,which has a Jewish plurality. Further afield from London, there is also a significant community inSt Albans,as well as other smaller communities throughout the county.There are over 10,300 Jews inEssex,of which 4,380 live in the district ofEpping Forest,in the county's southwest. There is also a significant community inSouthend.In total, London and the counties around it are host to 70.56% of England and Wales' Jewish population, as of 2021.

The next most significant population is in Greater Manchester, a community of more than 28,000, mostly in Bury (10,730), Salford (10,370), Manchester (2,630), and Trafford (2,410).There are also significant communities in Leeds (6,270),Gateshead (2,910),Brighton (2,460),St Albans (2,240),andSouthend(2,060).Some historically sizeable communities likeLiverpool,BournemouthandBirminghamhave experienced a steady decline and now number fewer than 2,000 self-identifying Jews each; conversely, there are small but growing communities in places likeBristol,OxfordandCambridge.

The most Jewish county in the UK is Hertfordshire, which is 2.23% Jewish; this is followed by theCity of London,at 2.06%, and then Greater London at 1.63%. Greater Manchester is 1.00% Jewish, Essex is 0.70% and East Sussex is 0.65%. No other county is as much as 0.50% Jewish. The least Jewish county or principal area in England and Wales isMerthyr Tydfil,which is less than 0.01% Jewish despite once having had a significant community.HertsmereandBarnetcouncils are the most Jewish local authorities in England, with Jews composing one in six and seven residents respectively.Finchley and Golders Greenis the political constituency with the largest Jewish population in the UK.

The Scottish population is concentrated inGreater Glasgow,which counts around 2,500 Jews. Around 30% of theScottish Jewishpopulation, or around 1,510 people, resides in East Renfrewshire, largely in or around the Glasgow suburb ofNewton Mearns.Glasgow itself has around 970 Jews.Edinburghcounts 1,270 Jews; the remaining 35% of Scottish Jewry is scattered throughout the country. The largestWelshcommunity is inCardiff,with almost 700 Jews, comprising about a third of the Welsh Jewish population and 0.19% of the population of Cardiff itself. The only synagogue in Northern Ireland is inBelfast,where the community has fewer than 100 active members,although 439 people recorded their religion as Jewish in the Northern Irish census of 2021; despite remarkable growth since the previous census in 2011, this still leaves the Northern Irish community as the smallest of the fourHome Nationsboth in overall numbers and percentage terms. There are small communities throughout the Channel Islands, and there is an active synagogue inSt Brelade,Jersey,although the Jewish population of the island is only 49.There is only a small number of Jews on the Isle of Man, with no synagogue.

Age profile

Two boys withkippotat a bus stop inHendon,north London

The British Jewish population has an older profile than the general population. In England and Wales, the median age of male Jews is 41.2, while the figure for all males is 36.1; Jewish females have a median age of 44.3, while the figure for all females is 38.1.About 24% of the community are over the age of 65 (compared to 16% of the general population of England and Wales). In the 2001 census, Jews were the only group in which the number of persons in the 75-plus cohorts outnumbered those in the 65–74 cohort.

Education

About 60% of school-age Jewish children attend Jewish schools.Jewish day schoolsandyeshivasare found throughout the country.Jewish cultural studiesand Hebrew language instruction are commonly offered at synagogues in the form of supplementary Hebrew schools or Sunday schools.

The majority of Jewish schools in Britain are funded by the government. Jewish educational centres are plentiful, large-scale projects. One of the country's most famous Jewish schools is the state-fundedJFSin London which opened in 1732 and has about 2100 students. It is heavily over-subscribed and applies strict rules on admissions, which led to a discrimination court case,R (E) v Governing Body of JFS,in 2009.In 2011, another large state-funded school opened in North London namedJCoSS,the first cross-denomination Jewish secondary school in the UK.

TheUnion of Jewish Studentsis an umbrella organisation that represents Jewish students at university. In 2011 there were over 50 Jewish Societies.

British Jews generally have high levels of educational achievement. Compared to the general population, they are 40% less likely to have no qualifications, and 80% more likely to have "higher-level" qualifications.With the exception of under-25s, younger Jews tend to be better educated than older ones.However, dozens of the all-day educational establishments in the Haredi community ofStamford Hill,which are accused of neglecting secular skills such as English and maths, claim not to be schools under the meaning of the Department for Education.

The annualLimmudfestival is a high-profile educational event of the British Jewish community, attracting a wide range of international presenters.

Economics

The 2001 UK Census showed that 30.5% of economically active Jews were self-employed, compared to a figure of 14.2% for the general population. Jews aged 16–24 were less likely to be economically active than their counterparts in the general population; 89.2% of these were students.In a 2010 study, average income per working adult was £15.44 an hour. Median income and wealth were significantly higher than other religious groups.In a 2015 study, poverty has risen the fastest per generation than other religious groups.

The 2021 census for England and Wales recorded 72.3% of Jews either owning their home with a mortgage (32.5%) or outright (39.8%). 20.9% rent privately or live rent free and the remaining 6.8% live insocial housing.

Marriage

In 2016, theInstitute for Jewish Policy Researchreported that theintermarriagerate for the Jewish community in the UK was 26%. This was less than half of the US rate of 58% and showed little change from the rate in the early 1980s of 23%, though more than twice the 11% level of the end of the 1960s. Around one third of the children of mixed marriages are brought up in the Jewish faith.

Religion

There are around 454synagogues in the country,and it is estimated that 56.3% of all households across the UK with at least one Jew living within them heldsynagoguemembership in 2016.The percentage of households adhering to specific denominations is as follows:

• Orthodox( "consisting of theUnited Synagogue,theFederation of Synagoguesand independent Orthodox synagogues ") – 42.8%
• Strictly Orthodox( "synagogues aligned with theUnion of Orthodox Hebrew Congregationsand others of a similar ethos ") – 23.5%
• Reform(Movement for Reform JudaismandWestminster Synagogueand Chaim V'Tikvah and Hastings and District Jewish Society) – 19.3%
• Liberal(Liberal Judaism andBelsize Square Synagogue) – 8.2%
• Masorti(Assembly of Masorti Synagogues) – 3.3%
• Sephardi– 2.9%

Those in the United Kingdom who consider themselves Jews identify as follows:

• 34% Secular
• 18% Ultra Orthodox
• 14% Modern Orthodox
• 14% Reform
• 10% Traditional, but not very religious
• 6% Liberal
• 2% Conservative
• 2% Sephardi

TheStanmore and Canons Park Synagoguein theLondon Borough of Harrowsaid in 2015 that it had the largest membership of any single Orthodox synagogue in Europe.

Culture

Media

There are a number ofJewish newspapers,magazines and other media published in Britain on a national or regional level. The most well known isThe Jewish Chronicle,founded in 1841 and the world's oldest continuously published Jewish newspaper.Other publications include theJewish News,Jewish Telegraph,Hamodia,theJewish TribuneandJewish Renaissance.In April 2020,The Jewish Chronicleand theJewish News,which had announced plans to merge in February and later announced plans for a joint liquidation, continued as separate entities after the former was acquired by a consortium.

Food

Cookbooks grew in popularity in Britain during the mid 1800s and shaped the overall cuisine that British Jews experienced by teaching and inspiring housewives how to cook. The shaping of Jewish food overtime told the story of their frequent migration throughout Europe. There was a lot of influence from Eastern European and Ashkenazi food. This resulted in the common staples of Anglo-Jewish women to keep bread, bagels, and potatoes consistently in their homes. Since, they had a history filled withDiaspora,dishes varied heavily and included fish, meat, spaghetti, pudding, or soup.

Politics

Benjamin Disraeliin 1878, the only Prime Minister who was Jewish by birth; he was otherwise a practicing Christian.

Before the2015 general election,69% of British Jews surveyed were planning to vote for theConservative Party,while 22% would vote for theLabour Party.A May 2016 poll of British Jews showed 77% would vote Conservative, 13.4% Labour, and 7.3% Liberal Democrat.An October 2019 poll of British Jews showed 64% would vote Conservative, 24% Liberal Democrat, and only 6% Labour.

Jews are typically seen as predominantly middle-class, though historically many Jews lived in working-class communities of London. According to polling in 2015, politicians' attitudes towardsIsraelinfluence the vote of three out of four British Jews.

As per a 2023 survey, four out of five British Jews identify asZionists.

In London, most of the top constituencies with the largest Jewish populations voted Conservative in the2010 general election- these are namely,Finchley and Golders Green,Hendon,Harrow East,Chipping Barnet,Ilford North,andHertsmerein Hertfordshire. The exceptions wereHackney North and Stoke NewingtonandHampstead and Kilburn,which both voted Labour in the election. Outside the region, large Jewish constituencies voted for Labour, namelyBury SouthandBlackley and Broughton.

Jewish MPs by election 1945–1992
Election	Labour	Conservative	Liberal/Alliance	Other	Total	% of Parliament
1857			1		1	0.2
1859			3		3	0.5
1865					6	0.9
1868
1874		1
1880		1	4		5
1885		3	6		9	1.3
1886					9	1.3
1892
1895
1900		7	2		9	1.3
1945	26	0	0	2	28	4.4
1950	23	0	0	0	23	3.7
1951	17	0	0	0	17	2.7
1955	17	1	0	0	18	2.9
1959	20	2	0	0	22	3.5
1964	34	2	0	0	36	5.7
1966	38	2	0	0	40	6.3
1970	31	9	0	0	40	6.3
1974 Feb	33	12	1	0	45	7.2
1974 Oct	35	10	1	0	45	7.2
1979	21	11	1	0	32	5.0
1983	11	17	2	0	30	4.6
1987	7	16	1	0	24	3.7
1992	8	11	1	0	20	3.1
2017	8	11	0	0	19	2.9
2019	5	11	0	0	16	2.5

Some MPs, such asRobert JenrickandKeir Starmer,while not Jewish themselves, are married to Jews and have Jewish children.

Antisemitism

Main article:Antisemitism in the United Kingdom

The earliest Jewish settlement was recorded in 1070, soon after theNorman Conquest.Jews living in England at this time experienced religious discrimination and it is thought that theblood libelwhich accused Jews of ritual murder originated in Northern England, leading tomassacresand increasing discrimination.^[2]The Jewish presence continued untilKing Edward I'sEdict of Expulsionin 1290.^[3]

Jews were readmitted into theCommonwealth of England, Scotland and IrelandbyOliver Cromwellin 1655, though it is believed thatcrypto-Jewslived in England during the expulsion.^[4]Jews were regularly subjected to discrimination and humiliation which waxed and waned over the centuries, gradually declining.^[5]

In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, the number of Jews in Britain greatly increased due to the exodus fromRussia,which resulted in a large community forming in theEast End of London.^[6]Popular sentiment against immigration was used by theBritish Union of Fasciststo incite hatred against Jews, leading to theBattle of Cable Streetin 1936, when the fascists were forced to abandon their march through an area with a large Jewish population when the police clearing the way were unable to remove barricades defended by trade unionists, left wing groups and residents.^[7]

In the aftermath of theHolocaust,undisguised racial hatred ofJewsbecame unacceptable inBritish society.Outbursts of antisemitism emanating fromfar right groupscontinued, however, leading to the formation of the43 Groupled by Jewish ex-servicemen which broke up fascist meetings from 1945 to early 1950.

Records of antisemitic incidents have been compiled since 1984, although changing reporting practices and levels of reporting make comparison over time difficult. TheCommunity Security Trust(CST) was formed in 1994 to "[protect] British Jews from antisemitism and related threats".It works in conjunction with the police and other authorities to protect Jewish schools, Synagogues, and other community institutions.

Polling data from theCampaign Against Antisemitismreveals that almost half of British Jews have contemplated leaving the UK since the2023 Hamas attack on Israeldue to rising antisemitism.

Communal institutions

British Jewish communal organisations include:

• Anglo-Jewish Association
• Association of Jewish Refugees
• Board of Deputies(1760)
• CCJO René Cassin
• Community Security Trust
• Institute for Jewish Policy Research
• Jewish Board of Guardians
• Jewish Book Council
• Jewish Care
• Jewish Council for Racial Equality
• Jewish Genealogical Society of Great Britain
• Jewish Leadership Council
• JW3– a London venue
• Kisharon
• League of British Jews
• League of Jewish Women
• Leo Baeck Institute London
• Liberal Judaism
• Limmud
• London Jewish Forum
• London Jewish Cultural Centre
• Maccabaeans
• Mitzvah Day International
• Movement for Reform Judaism
• Norwood
• Scottish Council of Jewish Communities
• Tzelem
• UCL Institute of Jewish Studies
• UK Jewish Film Festival
• Union of Jewish Students
• United Restitution Organization
• United Synagogue
• Union of Jewish Women
• World Jewish Relief

See also

• List of British Jews
• List of Jewish communities in the United Kingdom
• History of the Jews in England
• History of the Jews in Scotland
• History of the Jews in Ireland
• History of the Jews in the Isle of Man
• Emancipation of the Jews in the United Kingdom

Sources

• "Report of the All-Party Parliamentary Inquiry into Antisemitism"(PDF).Archived fromthe original(PDF)on 22 August 2013.(430 KB).All-Party Parliamentary Group against Antisemitism.September 2006. Accessed 1 April 2011. 24 November 2010. Seeinquiry website.
• "The Future of Jewish Schools"(PDF).(995 KB).Jewish Leadership Council.2008. Accessed 4 April 2011.
• Graham, David; Schmool, Marlena; Waterman, Stanley (18 May 2007),Jews in Britain: A Snapshot from the 2001 Census(PDF),Institute for Jewish Policy Research,archived fromthe original(PDF)on 26 July 2011,retrieved22 July2011,4.93 MiB. SeewebpageArchived2018-04-03 at theWayback Machine.
• Graham, David; Vulkan, Daniel (13 May 2010),Synagogue membership in the United Kingdom in 2010(PDF),Institute for Jewish Policy Research,archived fromthe original(PDF)on 26 July 2011,retrieved3 April2011,2.68 MiB. SeewebpageArchived2017-12-01 at theWayback Machine.
• Casale Mashiah, Donatella; Boyd, Jonathan (14 July 2017),Synagogue membership in the United Kingdom in 2016,Institute for Jewish Research

Further reading

• Anti-Semitism Worldwide 1999/2000.Stephen Roth Institute.Distributed by theUniversity of Nebraska Press.pp. 125–135.
• Cesarani, David(1994).The Jewish Chronicle and Anglo-Jewry, 1841–1991.Cambridge University Press.
• Cesarani, David."British Jews". Liedtke, Rainer; Wendehorst, Stephan. (eds) (1999).The Emancipation of Catholics, Jews and Protestants: Minorities and the Nation State in Nineteenth-Century Europe.Manchester University Press.pp. 33–55.
• Endelman, Todd M. (2002).The Jews of Britain, 1656 to 2000.University of California Press.
• Spector, Sheila A. (ed) (2002).British Romanticism and the Jews: History, Culture, Literature.Palgrave Macmillan.
• Valins, Oliver; Kosmin, Barry; Goldberg, Jacqueline."The future of Jewish schooling in the United Kingdom".Institute for Jewish Policy Research.31 December 2002. Accessed 4 April 2011.
• London, Louise (2003).Whitehall and the Jews, 1933–1948: British Immigration Policy, Jewish Refugees and the Holocaust.Cambridge University Press.
• Schreiber, Mordecai; Schiff, Alvin I.; Klenicki, Leon. (2003).The Shengold Jewish Encyclopedia(3rd edition).Schreiber Publishing.pp. 79–80.
• Wynne-Jones, Jonathan; additional reporting by Jeffay, Nathan."Is this the last generation of British Jews?".The Daily Telegraph.26 November 2006. Accessed 1 April 2011.
• Shindler, Colin. "The Reflection of Israel Within British Jewry". Ben-Moshe, Danny; Segev, Zohar (eds) (2007).Israel, the Diaspora, and Jewish Identity.Sussex Academic Press.pp. 227–234.
• Butt, Riazat."Faith in numbers".The Guardian.20 November 2007. Accessed 4 April 2011.
• Lawless, Jill."London's Jewish Museum reopens after major facelift".Associated PressviaUSA Today.17 March 2010. Accessed 1 April 2011.
• Graham, David; Boyd, Jonathan."Committed, concerned and conciliatory: The attitudes of Jews in Britain towards Israel"(PDF).Archived fromthe original(PDF)on 6 June 2011.(1.64 MB).Institute for Jewish Policy Research.15 July 2010. Accessed 4 April 2011. 22 July 2011. Seewebpage.
• Brown, Mick."Inside the private world of London's ultra-Orthodox Jews".The Daily Telegraph.25 February 2011. Accessed 1 April 2011.
• "Publications on British Jews from the Berman Jewish Policy Archive @ NYU Wagner".

External links

• Anglo-Jewish Archives.University of Southampton