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British capture of Tobruk

Coordinates:32°4′34″N23°57′41″E/ 32.07611°N 23.96139°E/32.07611; 23.96139
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See also:Axis capture of Tobruk

British capture of Tobruk
Part of theWestern Desert Campaignof theSecond World War

Men of the Australian2/11th Battalion,6th Australian Division after the capture of Tobruk
Date6–22 January 1941
Location
Tobruk,Libya
32°4′34″N23°57′41″E/ 32.07611°N 23.96139°E/32.07611; 23.96139
Result Allied victory
Belligerents
Italy United Kingdom
Australia
Commanders and leaders
Fascist ItalyRodolfo Graziani
Fascist ItalyGiuseppe Tellera
Kingdom of ItalyEnrico Pitassi Mannella(POW)		 United KingdomHenry Wilson
United KingdomRichard O'Connor
AustraliaIven Mackay
Strength
22,000 troops
Casualties and losses
3,048 killed or wounded
20,000 POW
1 cruiser scuttled		 400 killed or wounded

TheBritish capture of Tobrukwas a battle fought between 21 and 22 January 1941, as part ofOperation Compass,the first offensive of theWestern Desert Force(WDF) in theWestern Desert Campaignof theSecond World War.After defeating the Italians in theBattle of Bardia(3–5 January 1941), the6th Australian Divisionand the7th Armoured Divisionpressed on and made contact with the Italian garrison inTobrukon 6 January.

The Italians had fortified Tobruk, their only naval base in EasternCyrenaica,before the war but after being routed at theAttack on Nibeiwa,theBattle of Sidi Barraniand theBattle of Bardiathe Italian10th Armyhad lost eight of its nine divisions and had only the61st Infantry Division "Sirte"and stragglers to defend the port.

The Tobruk garrison suffered 2,048 casualties and 20,000 men were taken prisoner for 400 Australian and British casualties. The WDF continued its westwards advance towardsDernaandMechili.

Background

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Operation Compass

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In September 1940 theItalian invasion of Egypthad begun but stopped after 62 mi (100 km) atSidi Barraniwhere the Italians dug in. At first the British prepared to resist an Italian advance onMersa Matruhbut when this did not occur a raid by theWestern Desert Force,with the possibility of exploiting success, was planned on the Italian positions around Sidi Barrani. The raid,Operation Compass,began on 9 December 1940 with the surpriseAttack on Nibeiwawhere the Italian brigade-sizedMaletti Group,the only Italian armoured formation in Egypt, was annihilated. On 10 December the Western Desert Force engaged the three divisions of the Italian Libyan Divisions Group and the64th Infantry Division "Catanzaro"at theBattle of Sidi Barraniand defeated them by 11 December.[1]

Map showing the Italian advance into Egypt and Operation Compass, 13 September 1940 to 7 February 1941

With the63rd Infantry Division "Cirene",the last Italian division on Egyptian soil, retreating towards Libya, the 7th Armoured Division pressed on and by 15 December had cut the road between Bardia and Tobruk. At Bardia the Italians had concentrated the XXIII Corps (GeneralAnnibale Bergonzoli) comprising the1st CC.NN. Division "23 Marzo",2nd CC.NN. Division "28 Ottobre",62nd Infantry Division "Marmarica"and the 63rd Infantry Division "Cirene". Further units were four light tank battalions, remnants of the "Catanzaro" division, and the XXI Corps Artillery Regiment.[2]After careful preparation the British attacked and defeated the Italian defenders from 3 to 5 January 1941.[3]

On the morning of 5 January, while Australian forces were still mopping up the southern cauldron at Bardia, Wavell ordered the7th Armoured Brigadeof the 7th Armoured Division to advance west, pass Tobruk and cut it off. By 6 January the brigade had reached El Adem (nowTobruk Airport). By 7 January the bulk of the British forces had arrived and cut off Tobruk.[4]The19th Australian Brigadegroup placed itself opposite the eastern defences of Tobruk and the16th Australian Brigadegroup took over on the western side. The 4th Armoured Brigade moved to the west of the city, the 7th Support Group blocked the western exits and the 7th Armoured Brigade screened the force from interference from the west.

Prelude

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Italian preparations

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After the encirclement of Tobruk, Graziani informed Mussolini that

This morning the investment of the position by enemy armoured vehicles has begun. After which the various episodes of the new drama are easily predictable. (Stamani si è iniziato l'investimento della Piazza da parte dei mezzi corazzati nemici. Dopo di che i vari episodi del nuovo dramma sono facilmente prevedibili.)

Graziani informed Mussolini that the 34 mi (54 km)-long Tobruk perimeter was manned by only 22,000 men with 340 guns, a number wholly inadequate for the task.[5]On 9 January, Graziani informed the garrison commander, GeneralEnrico Pitassi Mannella,that there would be no attempt at relief. Graziani ordered Tellera to fall back with the60th Infantry Division "Sabratha",his last division, to a line betweenDernaandBerta,while directing theBabini Group(Special Armoured Brigade) toMechili.[6]After being informed by Graziani that he was on his own Mannella had the bridge at Sidi Daud on the Bardia road and the bridge at Wadi es Sahel on the Derna road destroyed.[6]

Order of battle

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Tobruk garrisonDetails taken from Montanari (1990) unless specified.[7]

  • XXII Corpsheadquarters (Enrico Pitassi Mannella)
    • 61st Infantry Division "Sirte"
      • 69th Infantry Regiment (3 × battalions, 1 × battery with65/17 mod. 13mountain guns)
      • 70th Infantry Regiment (3 × battalions, 1 × battery with 65/17 mod. 13 mountain guns)
      • 43rd Artillery Regiment, 2 × groups with75/27 mod. 06field guns, 1 × group with100/17 mod. 1914howitzers
      • LXI Machine Gun Battalion
      • LXI Mixed Engineer Battalion
      • LXI Replacements Battalion
      • 51st Bersaglieri Motorcycle Company
      • 61st Anti-Tank Company, with47/32 mod. 1935anti-tank guns
      • 61st Mortar Company, with 81 mm mortars
    • 4th Tank Infantry Regiment
      • I Medium Tank Battalion, withM11/39 tanks
      • LXIII Light Tank Battalion, withL3/35tankettes
    • 10th Army Corps Artillery Regiment
    • 22nd Army Corps Artillery Regiment
    • 25th Army Corps Artillery Regiment
    • Blackshirt Battalion"Volontari della Libia"(Libyan Volunteers)
    • CXL Blackshirt Battalion
    • 22nd Bersaglieri Motorcycle Company
    • 25th Anti-Tank Company, 47/32 mod. 1935 anti-tank guns
    • 141st Mortar Company, with 81 mm mortars
    • 142nd Mortar Company, with 81 mm mortars
    • 55th Signal Company
    • Royal Italian Navy:
    • Guardia alla Frontiera
      • Infantry: 2,300 men
      • Artillery: 2 × groups
    • Service, quartermasters and supply units

Although Pitassi Mannella had thirty-two L3/35 tankettes and thirty-nine M11/39 tanks, only seven of the latter were operational and in three weeks of attempts to repair the M11/39s only three were serviceable enough to move in an engagement. After it had become obvious in the autumn of 1940 that the L3/35 was obsolete and the M11/39 badly designed and prone to break down, the XXI Light Tank Battalion and part of the I Medium Tank Battalion had departed forBenghazito be re-equipped with the newM13/40 tank.Pitassi Mannella had received no spares or fuel for the tanks and had the lightly armed and thinly armoured L3/35 and the M11/39s buried in the sand as strong points.

Fortifications

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Pitassi Mannella divided the defensive perimeter in two sectors, five sub-sectors and 16 strong points.[8]

  • Eastern Sector(Brigadier Umberto Barberis)
    • Sub-sector A, from the sea to Bir Junes to block the road from Bardia, with four strong points
    • Sub-sector B, to block the road fromEl Adem,with two strong points

The first line of the Eastern Sector was manned by the troops of theGuardia alla Frontierareinforced with four companies from the 69th Infantry Regiment. Expecting the main attack from this direction, Pitassi Mannella established a second line of defence 2–4 mi (4–6 km) behind the strong points, based on a small hill at the junction of theEl Ademand Bardia roads. At the second line under command of the 4th Tank Infantry Regiment, every available tank was dug in as a strong point. Between this position and the sea the III Battalion, 69th Regiment dug in.

  • Western Sector(Brigadier Vincenzo dalla Mura)
    • Sub-sector A, in the desert to the South of Tobruk with four strong points
    • Sub-sector B, to block the road fromAcroma,with three strong points
    • Sub-sector C, to block the road fromDerna,with three strong points

Sub-sectors A and B were defended by a battalion each from the 70th Infantry Regiment, while Blackshirt Battalion"Volontari della Libia"(Libyan Volunteers) manned sub-sector C. Behind the first line of defence were five strong points manned by the III Battalion, 70th Infantry Regiment which doubled as the reserve unit for the three battalions in the first line. The commander of the 69th Infantry Regiment received the reserves Pitassi Mannella could muster, an understrength tank company with seven M11/39s and two ad hoc formations, consisting of oneBersaglieriMotorcycle company, one infantry company, one machine gun platoon, an anti-tank platoon and an anti-aircraft section each. In front of the strong points 11 mi (18 km) of anti-tank ditch was cleared out, 7,000 tripwire mines and 16,000 pressure mines laid. To make up for the lack ofanti-tank minesPitassi Mannella had 2,200 26 lb (12 kg) bombs and 800 33 lb (15 kg) bombs, left behind by theRegia Aeronautica(Royal Italian Air Force), buried upright in the desert, in the hope that a British tank passing over them would trigger the impact fuze.[9]

Artillery

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Pitassi Mannella organised the artillery into three groups, two for the Eastern Sector with 123 guns and one for the Western Sector with 97. Assuming (correctly) that the Commonwealth troops would attack from the south, Pitassi Mannella sent the II/43rd and III/55th groups with 75/27 mod. 11 field guns, and the CV/25th and CXXX/25th groups with149/13 mod. 14heavy field howitzers and the 2nd Battery of the XV Group with75/46 mod. 34anti-aircraft guns (used as anti-tank guns) into that area. For long-range artillery-fire, Pitassi Mannella relied on the cruiserSan Giorgioin Tobruk harbour which had two twin254 mm (10.0 in)/45 guns and four twin190 mm (7.5 in)/45 guns. TwoRegia Marina(Royal Italian Navy) shore batteries had twin120 mm (4.7 in)/40 naval guns and two mobile149/35heavy guns of theGuardia alla Frontiera.[10]

With no air reconnaissance, Pitassi Mannella was unaware of the British artillery positions and as most British artillery had a longer range than the Italian artillery, mostly ofFirst World War-vintage there, was little chance of effective counter-battery fire.[10]Pitassi Mannella decided to employ every gun capable ofdirect fireas anti-tank artillery and managed to assemble 110 anti-tank guns; thirty-two 37 mm guns in the buried M11/39s, forty-three 47/32 mod. 1935 anti-tank guns, thirteen 65/17 mod. 13 mountain guns, eleven 75/27 mod. 11 field guns, ten77/28 mod. 5field guns and one76/40 mod. 16naval gun (found in the naval stores); armour-piercing ammunition was available only for the 37 mm and 47 mm anti-tank guns.[9]

British preparations

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BritishMatilda IIinfantry tank during Operation Compass

After surrounding Tobruk, the WDF had exhausted the ample Italian supplies captured at Capuzzo and Sollum; O'Connor directed that the supplies flowing through the port of Sollum (350 long tons (356 t) per day in early January and 500 long tons (508 t) daily late in the month) to the 10th and 11th Field Depots he had set up about 43 mi (70 km) east of Tobruk. Concerned mostly about not having enough fuel and supplies for the offensive after the fall of Tobruk, O'Connor delayed the attack to accumulate more supplies. As the 7th Armoured Division had suffered more losses than the 6th Australian Division, O'Connor decided that the Australians would lead the attack. The two most depleted units, the8th King's Royal Irish Hussarsand the6th Royal Tank Regiment,were withdrawn and their equipment distributed to the other four regiments of the armoured brigades.[11]The first wave of the attack was to be the 16th Australian Brigade and the7th Royal Tank Regiment,followed by the17th Australian Brigadeand the 19th Australian Brigade. The 7th Armoured Division would attack along the Western and perimeter to pin down the defenders. On 19 January theRoyal Air Force(RAF) dropped leaflets calling on the Italians to surrender but Pitassi Mannella took no notice.[12]

Attack

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Night 20/21 January

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Tobruk, 21 January 1940 (in Bulgarian)

From midnight to2:00 a.m.on 21 January theRoyal NavymonitorHMSTerrorand three smaller ships bombarded Tobruk, while destroyers waited further out to attackSan Giorgio,if the crew tried to escape. For the rest of the night RAFWellingtonbombers attacked port installations, defensive positions and drowned out the sound of the British tanks assembling for the attack.[13][14]

Morning

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At5:40 a.m.the British artillery opened fire along the entire line, concentrating on an area about 2,187 yd (2,000 m) by 766–875 yd (700–800 m) rectangle where the sub-sectors A and B of the Eastern Sector met. Under cover of night Australian sappers and the British artillery-fire cleared a path through the thin Italian minefield in the area and at first light the2/3rd Australian Battalionattacked. Within the hour the Australians had created a breach 1 mi (2 km) wide. At 7:00 a.m., 18Matilda IItanks passed through the breach, three of which veered left with the 2/3rd Australian Battalion, while another three veered right with the2/1st Australian Battalionto expand the breach. At the same time, the rest of the Matildas advanced with the2/2nd Australian Battaliontowards Tobruk. The first unit to be overrun by the 2/2nd was the CV/25th Artillery Group, which had no time to lay their guns for direct fire before they were overrun.[15]

The lack of radios of the Italian units proved to be a severe disadvantage; telephone lines had been cut by the British aerial and artillery bombardment and Pitassi Mannella only received notice of the British attack at around8:30–8:45 a.m.from a despatch rider. By9:10 a.m.the Australian 2/2nd Battalion had reach Sidi Mahmud and the 2/1st Battalion was at Sidi Daud; the 17th Australian Brigade with the2/6th Australian Battalionand2/7th Australian Battalionhad captured the Italian artillery positions between the two points. By 10:30 a.m. the Australians had overrun four of the Italian strongpoints and destroyed six of the ten artillery groups in the area.[16]At8:30 a.m.the 19th Australian Brigade supported by A Squadron of the6th Australian Division Cavalry Regimenthad set off and towards the 4th Tank Infantry Regiment. The Australian brigade was supported by 78 field guns, which moved in turns 219 yd (200 m) forward every two minutes. The 19th Australian Brigade struck the III Battalion, 69th Infantry Regiment, which was quickly overrun. ABersagliericompany and threeM11/39tanks that tried to plug the gap in the second line were defeated within minutes, the three M11/39s being knocked out.[17]

Air power

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By11:50 a.m.Pitassi Mannella had informed Graziani that the Eastern Sector had been destroyed and only isolated positions held out. All Graziani could do was to send threeCR.30fighters to Tobruk, which the RAF quickly shot down. Between12:00 p.m.and2:00 p.m.the 19th Australian Brigade attacked the position of the 4th Tank Infantry Regiment with such ferocity that 70 per cent of the officers, including both battalion commanders, and 50 per cent of the troops were killed in action.[18]During the day, Blenheims of 55 and 113 squadrons flew56 sortiesagainst Tobruk and theGloster GladiatorsandHawker HurricanesofNo. 3 Squadron RAAF,No. 73 Squadron RAFandNo. 274 Squadron RAFhad patrolled to the west.[19]

Afternoon

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San Giorgioburning after being scuttled

At1:00 p.m.,Pitassi Mannella ordered the mobile reserve, with the seven operational M11/39s, to attack the Australian left flank from behind an artillery barrage. Two Australian anti-tank guns and two tanks destroyed five of the seven M11/39s and when Australian infantry pushed forward the mobile reserve surrendered.[18]At4:00 p.m.the2/8th Australian Battalionattacked the Pilastrino position, while the2/4th Australian Battalionhad reached and surrounded the Italian headquarters at the abandoned Fort Solaro. Pitassi Mannella and his staff retreated into the cellars but by6:30 p.m.Pitassi Mannella ordered his staff to surrender.[18]At the same time the 6th Divisional Cavalry Regiment had reached the outskirts of Tobruk but then been stopped by fire fromSan Giorgio.Soldiers from the 2/4th Australian Battalion moved down the cliffs and used3-inch mortarsagainstSan Giorgio.Having lost contact with forces outside of Tobruk, AdmiralMassimiliano Vietinaorganised the defence of the harbour with the few men at his disposal. Graziani had denied his request to make a sacrificial attack on the Royal Navy ships outside the harbour and Vietina began systematically to destroy the harbour and its stores.[18]

22 January

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Tobruk 22 January 1940 in Russian

By nightfall half of the Tobruk fortified area had been captured and at4:15 a.m.on 22 January, Vietina orderedCaptainStefano Pugliese to blow up the magazines ofSan Giorgioto deny it to the British. General Iven Mackay ordered a general advance for the morning of 22 January. At 8:30 a.m. Vietina surrendered to GeneralHorace Robertsonof the 19th Australian Infantry Brigade, followed shortly afterwards by General Della Mura, who surrendered with the remnants of the Pilastrino position. At 4:00 p.m. the last strongpoint surrendered and Tobruk had fallen.[19]

Aftermath

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Analysis

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Most of the demolitions had been of stores rather than installations; the Inshore Squadron of the Royal Navy began mine sweeping immediately and opened the port on 24 January.[20]

Casualties

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The Italians suffered more than 24,000 casualties, 18 officers and 750 soldiers had been killed, 30 officers and 2,250 men had been wounded and more than 20,000 men had become prisoners of war. The British captured208 gunsand87 tanks.[21]XIII Corps (the new name of the WDF) suffered400 casualties,355 of themAustralian.[20]

Subsequent operations

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By the surrender O'Connor's divisions had already pressed on, the 7th Armoured Division reaching Mechili and fighting theaction at Mechilion 24 January, while the 6th Australian Division had reached the Italian forward positions at Derna on the same day.[citation needed]

See also

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Footnotes

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  1. ^Playfair 1954,p. 270.
  2. ^Montanari 1990,pp. 265.
  3. ^Playfair 1954,pp. 284–287.
  4. ^Montanari 1990,pp. 283.
  5. ^Montanari 1990,pp. 284.
  6. ^abMontanari 1990,pp. 288–289.
  7. ^Montanari 1990,pp. 294.
  8. ^Montanari 1990,pp. 293–296.
  9. ^abMontanari 1990,pp. 299.
  10. ^abMontanari 1990,pp. 297.
  11. ^Montanari 1990,pp. 303–304.
  12. ^Montanari 1990,pp. 304.
  13. ^Playfair 1954,p. 291.
  14. ^Montanari 1990,pp. 306.
  15. ^Montanari 1990,pp. 307.
  16. ^Montanari 1990,pp. 308.
  17. ^Montanari 1990,pp. 309.
  18. ^abcdMontanari 1990,pp. 310.
  19. ^abMontanari 1990,pp. 314.
  20. ^abPlayfair 1954,p. 293.
  21. ^IOH 1979,p. 376.

References

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  • La prima offensiva britannica in Africa settentrionale (ottobre 1940 – febbraio 1941)[The First British Offensive in North Africa (October 1940 – February 1941) Annex 32] (in Italian). Vol. I. Rome: Esercito. Corpo di stato maggiore. Ufficio storico. 1979.OCLC6863876.
  • Montanari, Mario (1990).Le Operazioni in Africa Settentrionale: Sidi el Barrani (Giugno 1940 – Febbraio 1941) Parte Prima[Operations in North Africa: Sidi el Barrani (June 1940 – February 1941) First Part]. Vol. I (2nd ed.). Roma: Esercito Italiano Ufficio Storico.OCLC885609741.Retrieved27 November2019– via issuu (online scan).
  • Playfair, I. S. O.;with Stitt, G. M. S.; Molony, C. J. C. & Toomer, Air Vice-Marshal S. E. (1954).Butler, J. R. M.(ed.).The Mediterranean and Middle East: The Early Successes Against Italy (to May 1941).History of the Second World War, United Kingdom Military Series. Vol. I. HMSO.ISBN978-1-84574-065-8.

Further reading

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Wikimedia Commons has media related toLibya in World War II.
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