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Bucharest

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Coordinates:44°25′57″N26°6′14″E/ 44.43250°N 26.10389°E/44.43250; 26.10389
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(Redirected fromBucurești)
Not to be confused withBudapest.

Bucharest
București
Capital city and municipality
City of Bucharest
Bucharest's skylineandUniversity Square
Romanian Athenaeum
Palace of Parliament
Central University Library
Palace of Justice
Floreasca
CEC Palace
King Michael I Park
Bucharest Old Town
City Gate Towers
Flag of Bucharest
Flag
Coat of arms of Bucharest
Coat of arms
Official logo of Bucharest
Logo
Nicknames:
Paris of the East / Little Paris
Motto(s):
Patria și dreptul meu
(The Homeland and my right)
Bucharest highlighted red in Romania
Bucharest highlighted red in Romania
Bucharest is located in Romania
Bucharest
Bucharest
Location of Bucharest in Romania
Bucharest is located in Balkans
Bucharest
Bucharest
Bucharest (Balkans)
Bucharest is located in Europe
Bucharest
Bucharest
Bucharest (Europe)
Coordinates:44°25′57″N26°6′14″E/ 44.43250°N 26.10389°E/44.43250; 26.10389
CountryRomaniaRomania
Development regionBucurești – Ilfov
CountyMunicipality of Bucharest
First attested1459
Founded byVlad the Impaler
Sectors6 sectors
Government
• TypeStrong Mayor–Council
•MayorNicușor Dan(Ind.)
• LegislatureGeneral Council
•EPBucharest constituency
Area
[1]
•Capital city and municipality240 km2(93 sq mi)
• Metro
1,803 km2(696 sq mi)
Elevation
55.8–91.5 m (183.1–300.2 ft)
Population
(2021 census)[3]
•Capital city and municipality1,716,961
• Estimate
(January 2023)[2]
1,739,297
• Rank1st in Romania(8th in the EU)
• Density7,277/km2(18,850/sq mi)
•Metro
2,304,408 (Bucharest-Ilfov)[2]
• Metro density1,278/km2(3,310/sq mi)
DemonymsBucharester (en)
bucureștean,bucureșteancă(ro)
GDP(2024)
[4]
•Capital city and municipality€ 88.18 billion (25.4% of Romania)
• Metro€ 97.74 billion (28.2% of Romania)
•Per capita(City)€ 50,751[4]
Time zoneUTC+02:00(EET)
• Summer (DST)UTC+03:00(EEST)
Postal code
0100xx-0201xx, 0201xx-0300xx, 0365xx
Area code+40 31
HDI(2024)0.963[5]–very high
Rapid transitsystemMetro
International Airports
Websitewww.pmb.roEdit this at Wikidata

Bucharest(UK:/ˌbuːkəˈrɛst/BOO-kə-REST,US:/ˈbuːkərɛst/-⁠rest;Romanian:București[bukuˈreʃtʲ]ⓘ) is the capital and largest city ofRomania.The metropolis stands on the RiverDâmbovițain south-eastern Romania. Its population is officially estimated at 1.76 million residents within a greatermetropolitan areaof 2.3 million residents, which makes Bucharest the8th most-populous cityin theEuropean Union.The city area measures 240 km2and comprises 6 districts (Sectoare), while the metropolitan area covers 1,811 km2.Bucharest is a betaglobal city,a major cultural, political and economic hub, and the country's seat of government.

Bucharest was first mentioned in documents in 1459. The city became capital in 1862 and is the centre of Romanian media, culture, and art. Its architecture is a mix of historical (mostlyEclectic,but alsoNeoclassicalandArt Nouveau),interbellum(Bauhaus,Art Deco,andRomanian Revival architecture),socialist era,andmodern.In the period between the two World Wars, the city's elegant architecture and the sophistication of its elite earned Bucharest the nicknames of Little Paris (Romanian:Micul Paris) orParis of the East(Romanian:Parisul Estului).[6]Although buildings and districts in the historic city centre were heavily damaged or destroyed by war, earthquakes, and evenNicolae Ceaușescu's program ofsystematization,many survived and have been renovated. In recent years, the city has been experiencing an economic and cultural boom.[7][8]It is one of the fastest-growing high-tech cities in Europe, according to theFinancial Times,CBRE,TechCrunch,and others.[9][10][11][12][13]In 2016, the historical city centre was listed as 'endangered' by theWorld Monuments Watch.[14]

In January 2023, there were 1.74 million inhabitants living within the city limits,[2]and adding the satellite towns around theurban area,the proposedmetropolitan areaof Bucharest would have a population of 2.3 million people.[2]In 2020, the government used 2.5 million people as the basis for pandemic reports.[15]Bucharest is theeighth largest cityin the European Union by population within city limits. In 2017, Bucharest was the European city with the highest growth of tourists who stay over night, according to theMastercardGlobal Index of Urban Destinations.[16]As for the past two consecutive years, 2018 and 2019, Bucharest ranked as the European destination with the highest potential for development according to the same study.[17]

Economically, Bucharest is the most prosperous city in Romania and the richest capital and city in the region, having surpassed Budapest since 2017.[18][19][20]The city has a number of large convention facilities, educational institutes, cultural venues, traditional 'shopping arcades' and recreational areas. The city proper is administratively known as the 'Municipality of Bucharest' (Romanian:Municipiul București), and has the same administrative level as that of a nationalcounty,being further subdivided into sixsectors,each governed by a local mayor.

Etymology

[edit]

The Romanian nameBucureștihas an unverified origin. Tradition connects the founding of Bucharest with the name ofBucur,who was a prince, an outlaw, a fisherman, a shepherd or a hunter, according to different legends. InRomanian,the word stembucuriemeans 'joy' ('happiness'),[21]hence the city Bucharest means 'city of joy'.[22]

Other etymologies are given by early scholars, including the one of anOttomantraveller,Evliya Çelebi,who claimed that Bucharest was named after a certain 'Abu-Kariș', from the tribe of 'Bani-Kureiș'. In 1781,Austrianhistorian Franz Sulzer claimed that it was related tobucurie(joy),bucuros(joyful), ora se bucura(to be joyful), while an early 19th-century book published inViennaassumed its name to be derived from 'Bukovie', abeechforest.[23]InEnglish,the city's name was formerly rendered asBukarest.A native or resident of Bucharest is called a 'Bucharester' (Romanian:bucureștean).

History

[edit]
Main article:History of Bucharest
For a chronological guide, seeTimeline of Bucharest.
Bucharest in 1923 during Romania's golden age, the interwar period
Often compared to theChamps-Élysées,the currentCalea Victorieibecomes apedestrian zoneon the weekend.

Bucharest's history alternated periods of development and decline from the early settlements inantiquityuntil its consolidation as the national capital ofRomanialate in the 19th century. First mentioned as the 'Citadelof București' in 1459, it became the residence of the ruler of Wallachia, VoivodeVlad the Impaler.[24]: 23 

TheOld Princely Court(Curtea Veche) was erected byMircea Ciobanulin the mid-16th century. Under subsequent rulers, Bucharest was established as the summer residence of the royal court. During the years to come, it competed withTârgovișteon the status of capital city after an increase in the importance of SouthernMunteniabrought about by the demands of thesuzerainpower – theOttoman Empire.

Bucharest finally became the permanent location of the Wallachian court after 1698 (starting with the reign ofConstantin Brâncoveanu). The city was partly destroyed by natural disasters and rebuilt several times during the following 200 years.

The Ottomans appointed Greek administrators (Phanariotes) to run the town (Ottoman Turkish:بكرش,romanized:Bukreş[25]) from the 18th century. The1821 Wallachian uprisinginitiated byTudor Vladimiresculed to the end of the rule of Constantinople Greeks in Bucharest.[26]

In 1813–14 the city was hit byCaragea's plague.The city was wrested from Ottoman influence and occupied at several intervals by theHabsburg monarchy(1716, 1737, 1789) andImperial Russia(three times between 1768 and 1806). It was placed underRussian administrationbetween 1828 and theCrimean War,with an interlude during the Bucharest-centred1848 Wallachian revolution.Later, anAustriangarrison took possession after the Russian departure (remaining in the city until March 1857). On 23 March 1847, a fire consumed about 2,000 buildings, destroying a third of the city.

In 1862, afterWallachiaandMoldaviawere united to form thePrincipality of Romania,Bucharest became the new nation's capital city. In 1881, it became the political centre of the newly proclaimedKingdom of Romaniaunder KingCarol I.During the second half of the 19th century, the city's population increased dramatically, and a new period of urban development began. During this period,gas lighting,horse-drawn trams,and limitedelectrificationwere introduced.[27]The Dâmbovița River was also massively channelled in 1883, thus putting a stop to previously endemic floods like the1865 flooding of Bucharest.[28]TheFortifications of Bucharestwere built. The extravagant architecture and cosmopolitan high culture of this period won Bucharest the nickname of 'Paris of the East' (Parisul Estului), with theCalea Victorieias itsChamps-Élysées.

Between 6 December 1916 and November 1918, the city was occupied byGermanforces as a result of theBattle of Bucharest,with the official capital temporarily moved toIași(also called Jassy), in the Moldavia region. After World War I, Bucharest became the capital ofGreater Romania.In the interwar years, Bucharest's urban development continued, with the city gaining an average of 30,000 new residents each year. Also, some of the city's main landmarks were built in this period, includingArcul de TriumfandPalatul Telefoanelor.[29]However, theGreat Depression in Romaniatook its toll on Bucharest's citizens, culminating in theGrivița Strike of 1933.[30]

In January 1941, the city was the scene of theLegionnaires' rebellion and Bucharest pogrom.As the capital of anAxiscountry and a major transit point for Axis troops en route to theEastern Front,Bucharest suffered heavy damage during World War II due toAllied bombings.On 23 August 1944, Bucharest was the site ofthe royal coupwhich brought Romania into theAlliedcamp. The city suffered a short period of NaziLuftwaffebombings, as well as a failed attempt by German troops to regain the city.

TheOld Princely Court(Curtea Veche), the former residence of rulerVlad the Impaler,is located in theOld Town.

After the establishment ofcommunism in Romania,the city continued growing. New districts were constructed, most of them dominated bytower blocks.DuringNicolae Ceaușescu's leadership (1965–89), a part of the historic citywas demolishedand replaced by 'Socialist realism' style development: (1) theCentrul Civic(the Civic Centre) and (2) thePalace of the Parliament,for which an entire historic quarter was razed to make way for Ceaușescu's megalomaniac plans. On 4 March 1977, anearthquake centred in Vrancea,about 135 km (83.89 mi) away, claimed 1,500 lives and caused further damage to the historic centre.

TheRomanian Revolution of 1989began with massive anti-Ceaușescu protests inTimișoarain December 1989 and continued in Bucharest, leading to the overthrow of theCommunist regime.Dissatisfied with the postrevolutionary leadership of theNational Salvation Front,some student leagues and opposition groups organised anti-Communist rallies in early 1990, which caused the political change.

Since 2000, the city has been continuously modernised. Residential and commercial developments are underway, particularly in the northern districts; Bucharest's old historic centre has undergone restoration since the mid-2000s.[31]

In 2015, 64 people were killed in theColectiv nightclub fire.Later the Romanian capital saw the2017–2019 Romanian protestsagainst the judicial reforms,[32]with a 2018 protest ending with 450 people injured.[33]

Treaties

[edit]

The following treaties were signed in the city:

Geography

[edit]

General

[edit]
Bucharest isRomania's capital and largest city.

The city is situated on the banks of theDâmbovița River,which flows into the Argeș River, a tributary of the Danube.Several lakes– the most important of which are Lake Herăstrău, Lake Floreasca, Lake Tei, and Lake Colentina – stretch across the northern parts of the city, along theColentina River,a tributary of the Dâmbovița. In addition, in the centre of the capital is a small artificial lake – Lake Cișmigiu – surrounded by theCișmigiu Gardens.These gardens have a rich history, having been frequented by poets and writers. Opened in 1847 and based on the plans of German architect Carl F.W. Meyer, the gardens are the main recreational facility in the city centre.

King Michael I Park
Văcărești Nature Park
Carol Park
Cișmigiu Gardens
Tineretului Park
Alexandru Ioan Cuza Park (also known as IOR Park or Titan Park)

Bucharest parks and gardens also includeHerăstrău Park,Tineretului Parkand theBotanical Garden.Herăstrău Park is located in the northern part of the city, around Lake Herăstrău, and includes the site theVillage Museum.Grigore Antipa Museumis also near in the Victoriei Square. One of its best known locations areHard Rock CafeBucharest andBerăria H(one of the largest beer halls in Europe). Tineretului Park was created in 1965 and designed as the main recreational space for southern Bucharest. It contains a Mini Town which is a play area for kids. The Botanical Garden, located in theCotrocenineighbourhood a bit west of the city centre, is the largest of its kind in Romania and contains over 10,000 species of plants (many of them exotic); it originated as the pleasure park of the royal family.[34]Besides them, there are many other smaller parks that should be visited, some of them being still large. Alexandru Ioan Cuza Park, Kiseleff Park,Carol Park,Izvor Park,Grădina Icoanei,Circului Park and Moghioroș Park are a few of them. Other large parks in Bucharest are: National Park, Tei Park, Eroilor Park and Crângași Park withMorii Lake.

Lake Văcăreștiis located in the southern part of the city. Over 190 hectares, including 90 hectares of water, host 97 species of birds, half of them protected by law, and at least seven species of mammals.[35]The lake is surrounded by buildings of flats and is an odd result of human intervention and nature taking its course. The area was a small village that Ceaușescu attempted to convert into a lake. After demolishing the houses and building the concrete basin, the plan was abandoned following the 1989 revolution.[36]For nearly two decades, the area shifted from being an abandoned green space where children could play and sunbathe, to being contested by previous owners of the land there, to being closed for redevelopment into a sports centre. The redevelopment deal failed,[37]and over the following years, the green space grew into a unique habitat. In May 2016, the lake was declared a national park, theVăcărești Nature Park.[38]Dubbed the 'Delta of Bucharest', the area is protected.[39]

Bucharest is situated in the center of the Romanian Plain, in an area once covered by the Vlăsiei Forest, which after it was cleared, gave way for a fertile flatland. As with many cities, Bucharest is traditionally considered to be built upon seven hills, similar to the seven hills of Rome. Bucharest's seven hills are: Mihai Vodă,Dealul Mitropoliei,Radu Vodă,Cotroceni,Dealul Spirii,Văcărești,and Sfântu Gheorghe Nou.

The city has an area of 226 km2(87 sq mi). The altitude varies from 55.8 m (183.1 ft) at the Dâmbovița bridge in Cățelu, southeastern Bucharest and 91.5 m (300.2 ft) at theMilitarichurch. The city has a roughly round shape, with the centre situated in the cross-way of the main north–south/east-west axes atUniversity Square.The milestone for Romania'sKilometre Zerois placed just south of University Square in front of the New St. George Church (Sfântul Gheorghe Nou) at St. George Square (Piața Sfântul Gheorghe). Bucharest's radius, from University Square to the city limits in all directions, varies from 10 to 12 km (6 to 7 mi).

Until recently, the regions surrounding Bucharest were largely rural, but after 1989, suburbs started to be built around Bucharest, in the surroundingIlfov County.Thiscounty,which has experienced rapid demographic growth in the 21st century, being the fastest growing Romanian county between 2011 and 2021, had a population of 542,686 people at the2021 Romanian census.[40]In the 21st century, many of Ilfov county's villages and communes developed into high-incomecommuter towns,which act like suburbs or satellites of Bucharest.

Climate

[edit]

Bucharest has ahumid continental climate(Dfaby the 0 °C isotherm), or ahumid subtropical climate(Köppen:Cfaby the -3 °C isotherm), with hot, humid summers and cold, snowy winters. Owing to its position on the Romanian Plain, the city's winters can get windy, though some of the winds are mitigated due to urbanisation. Winter temperatures often dip below 0 °C (32 °F), sometimes even to −10 °C (14 °F). In summer, the average high temperature is 29.8 °C (85.6 °F) (the average for July and August). Temperatures frequently reach 35 to 40 °C (95 to 104 °F) in midsummer in the city centre. Although averageprecipitationin summer is moderate, occasional heavy storms occur. During spring and autumn, daytime temperatures vary between 17 and 22 °C (63 and 72 °F), and precipitation during spring tends to be higher than in summer, with more frequent yet milder periods of rain.[41][42]

Climate data for Bucharest Băneasa (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1929–present)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 20.9
(69.6) 		24.1
(75.4) 		29.0
(84.2) 		32.2
(90.0) 		36.9
(98.4) 		39.0
(102.2) 		42.6
(108.7) 		41.0
(105.8) 		38.5
(101.3) 		35.2
(95.4) 		25.1
(77.2) 		18.4
(65.1) 		42.6
(108.7)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 3.0
(37.4) 		6.3
(43.3) 		12.3
(54.1) 		18.5
(65.3) 		24.1
(75.4) 		28.1
(82.6) 		30.4
(86.7) 		30.6
(87.1) 		25.0
(77.0) 		18.0
(64.4) 		10.5
(50.9) 		4.2
(39.6) 		17.6
(63.7)
Daily mean °C (°F) −1.5
(29.3) 		0.6
(33.1) 		5.6
(42.1) 		11.4
(52.5) 		16.8
(62.2) 		21.1
(70.0) 		23.0
(73.4) 		22.4
(72.3) 		16.8
(62.2) 		10.7
(51.3) 		5.3
(41.5) 		0.0
(32.0) 		11.0
(51.8)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) −5.0
(23.0) 		−3.5
(25.7) 		0.3
(32.5) 		4.9
(40.8) 		9.7
(49.5) 		13.9
(57.0) 		15.6
(60.1) 		15.2
(59.4) 		10.7
(51.3) 		5.7
(42.3) 		1.4
(34.5) 		−3.3
(26.1) 		5.5
(41.9)
Record low °C (°F) −32.2
(−26.0) 		−29.0
(−20.2) 		−21.7
(−7.1) 		−9.5
(14.9) 		−5.0
(23.0) 		4.5
(40.1) 		7.4
(45.3) 		5.2
(41.4) 		−3.1
(26.4) 		−8.0
(17.6) 		−19.4
(−2.9) 		−25.6
(−14.1) 		−32.2
(−26.0)
Averageprecipitationmm (inches) 40.1
(1.58) 		33.0
(1.30) 		42.4
(1.67) 		50.2
(1.98) 		70.4
(2.77) 		82.7
(3.26) 		68.6
(2.70) 		48.9
(1.93) 		60.5
(2.38) 		60.7
(2.39) 		43.6
(1.72) 		47.0
(1.85) 		648.1
(25.52)
Average snowfall cm (inches) 13.7
(5.4) 		11.0
(4.3) 		10.5
(4.1) 		1.5
(0.6) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		8.8
(3.5) 		10.5
(4.1) 		56.0
(22.0)
Average precipitation days(≥ 1.0 mm) 6.1 5.4 6.3 6.2 8.4 8.3 7.1 5.2 4.9 5.6 5.4 6.7 75.6
Averagerelative humidity(%) 86 82 71 63 62 61 58 57 61 73 84 87 70
Averagedew point°C (°F) −4.2
(24.4) 		−2.7
(27.1) 		0.9
(33.6) 		5.4
(41.7) 		10.2
(50.4) 		13.9
(57.0) 		15.3
(59.5) 		14.7
(58.5) 		11.6
(52.9) 		6.8
(44.2) 		2.5
(36.5) 		−1.3
(29.7) 		6.1
(43.0)
Mean monthlysunshine hours 78.8 107.1 156.7 195.3 245.4 259.4 293.4 283.0 208.7 149.6 84.8 63.9 2,126.1
Averageultraviolet index 1 2 3 5 7 8 8 7 5 3 2 1 4
Source 1: NOAA (dew point and snowfall 1961–1990)[43][44]
Source 2:Administrația Națională de Meteorologie(extremes),[45]Danish Meteorological Institute(humidity, 1931–1960)[46]and Weather Atlas[47]

Government

[edit]

Administration

[edit]
See also:Bucharest metropolitan area

Bucharest has a unique status in Romanian administration, since it is the only municipal area that is not part of acounty.Its population, however, is larger than that of any otherRomanian county,hence the power of the Bucharest General Municipality (Primăria Generală), which is the capital's local government body, is the same as any other Romanian county council.

The Municipality of Bucharest, along with the surrounding Ilfov County, is part of the București – Ilfov development region project, which is equivalent toNUTS-IIregions in the European Union and is used both by the EU and the Romanian government for statistical analysis, and to co-ordinate regional development projects and manage funds from the EU. The Bucharest-Ilfov development region is not, however, an administrative entity yet.

Sectors of Bucharest

The city government is headed by ageneral mayor(Primar General). Since 29 October 2020 onwards, it isNicușor Dan,currently an independent politician previously backed by thePNL-USR PLUScentre-right alliance at the2020 Romanian local elections.Decisions are approved and discussed by the capital'sGeneral Council(Consiliu General) made up of 55 elected councilors. Furthermore, the city is divided into six administrativesectors(sectoare), each of which has its own 27-seat sectoral council, town hall, and mayor. The powers of the local government over a certain area are, therefore, shared both by the Bucharest municipality and the local sectoral councils with little or no overlapping of authority. The general rule is that the main capital municipality is responsible for citywide utilities such as the water and sewage system, the overall transport system, and the main boulevards, while sectoral town halls manage the contact between individuals and the local government, secondary streets and parks maintenance, schools administration, and cleaning services.

The six sectors are numbered from one to six and are disposed radially so that each one has under its administration a certain area of the city centre. They are numbered clockwise and are further divided into sectoral quarters (cartiere) which are not part of the official administrative division:

Each sector is governed by a local mayor, as follows: Sector 1 –Clotilde Armand(USR,since 2020), Sector 2 – Radu Mihaiu (USR,since 2020), Sector 3 –Robert Negoiță(PRO B, since 2012), Sector 4 – Daniel Băluță (PSD,since 2016), Sector 5 – Vlad Popescu Piedone (former mayorCristian Popescu Piedone'sson) (PUSL, since 2024),[48]Sector 6 – Ciprian Ciucu (PNL,since 2020).

Like all other local councils in Romania, the Bucharest sectoral councils, the capital'sgeneral council,and the mayors are elected every four years by the population. Additionally, Bucharest has aprefect,who is appointed by Romania's national government. The prefect is not allowed to be a member of a political party and his role is to represent the national government at the municipal level. The prefect is acting as a liaison official facilitating the implementation of national development plans and governing programs at local level. The prefect of Bucharest (as of 2024) is Mihai Mugur Toader.[49]

City general council

[edit]

The city'sgeneral councilhas the following political composition, based on the results of the2024 local elections:

Party Seats Current Council
USR + PMP + FD(ADU) 17
Social Democratic Party(PSD) 16
National Liberal Party(PNL) 7
Social Liberal Humanist Party(PUSL) 6
Alliance for the Union of Romania(AUR) 5
Renewing Romania's European Project(REPER) 4

Justice system

[edit]
Palace of Justiceseen across theDâmbovița Riverin 2016

Bucharest's judicial system is similar to that of the Romanian counties. Each of the six sectors has its own local first-instance court (judecătorie), while more serious cases are directed to the Bucharest Tribunal (Tribunalul Bucureşti), the city's municipal court. TheBucharest Court of Appeal(Curtea de Apel Bucureşti) judges appeals against decisions taken by first-instance courts and tribunals in Bucharest and in five surrounding counties (Teleorman, Ialomița, Giurgiu, Călărași, and Ilfov). Bucharest is also home to Romania's supreme court, theHigh Court of Cassation and Justice,as well as to theConstitutional Court of Romania.

Bucharest has a municipal police force, the Bucharest Police (Poliția București), which is responsible for policing crime within the whole city, and operates a number of divisions. The Bucharest Police are headquartered on Ștefan cel Mare Blvd. in the city centre, and at precincts throughout the city. From 2004 onwards, each sector city hall also has under its administration a community police force (Poliția Comunitară), dealing with local community issues. Bucharest also houses the general inspectorates of theGendarmerieand thenational police.

Crime

[edit]
Main article:Crime in Bucharest
A NationalRomanian Policecar
A car of the Local Police of Bucharest

Bucharest's crime rate is rather low in comparison to other European capital cities, with the number of total offences declining by 51% between 2000 and 2004,[50]and by 7% between 2012 and 2013.[51]Bucharest, along withCluj-Napoca,Timișoara,BrașovandIași,was ranked among the top 100 safest cities in the world in a list compiled by Numbeo.[52]The study found Bucharest to be very safe with regard to aspects such walking alone, home invasions, muggings, cars being stolen, assault, insults, assault due to skin color, ethnic origin, or gender, drug dealing, and armed robberies, with the only crimes in the high category being corruption and bribery.[52]In 2015, thehomicide rateof Bucharest was 0,8 per 100,000 people.[53]

Crime in Bucharest is combated by national forces, such as theRomanian PoliceandRomanian Gendarmerie,and by local forces, such as the Local Police of Bucharest.

Romanian Gendarmerie,which is tasked with high-risk and specialized law enforcement duties, demonstrates room-clearing during a training exercise in Bucharest

Although in the 2000s, a number of police crackdowns onorganised crimegangs occurred, such as the Cămătaru clan, organised crime generally has little impact on public life. Petty crime, however, is more common, particularly in the form ofpickpocketing,which occurs mainly on the city's public transport network.Confidence trickswere common in the 1990s, especially in regards to tourists, but the frequency of these incidents has since declined. Theft was reduced by 13.6% in 2013 compared to 2012.[51]Levels of crime are higher in the southern districts of the city, particularly inFerentari,a socially disadvantaged area.

Although the presence ofstreet childrenwas a problem in Bucharest in the 1990s, their numbers have declined in recent years, now lying at or below the average of major European capital cities.[54]

Quality of life

[edit]

As stated by theMercerinternational surveys for quality of life in cities around the world, Bucharest occupied the 94th place in 2001[55]and slipped lower, to the 108th place in 2009 and the 107th place in 2010. Compared to it, Vienna occupied number one worldwide in 2011 and 2009.[56]Warsaw ranked 84th, Istanbul 112th, and neighbours Sofia 114th and Belgrade 136th (in the 2010 rankings).[57]

Mercer Human Resource Consulting issues yearly a global ranking of the world's most livable cities based on 39 key quality-of-life issues. Among them: political stability, currency-exchange regulations, political and media censorship, school quality, housing, the environment, and public safety. Mercer collects data worldwide, in 215 cities. The difficult situation of the quality of life in Bucharest is confirmed also by a vast urbanism study, done by theIon Mincu University of Architecture and Urbanism.[58]

In 2016, Bucharest's urban situation was described as 'critical' by a Romanian Order of Architects (OAR) report that criticised the city's weak, incoherent and arbitrary public management policies, its elected officials' lack of transparency and public engagement, as well as its inadequate and unsustainable use of essential urban resources.[59] Bucharest's historical city centre is listed as 'endangered' by theWorld Monuments Watch(as of 2016).[14]

Although many neighbourhoods, particularly in the southern part of the city, lack sufficient green space, being formed of cramped, high-density blocks of flats, Bucharest also has manyparks.[60]

In 2024, Bucharest was ranked by the digital publication Freaking Nomads as the 9th best city in the world fordigital nomads,due to its elaborate and diverse architecture, an arts scene featuring some of the world’s best galleries, museums, and theatres, and its tranquil parks.[61][62]

Demographics

[edit]
Bucharest population pyramid in 2021
Historical population
YearPop.±%
159510,000—
165020,000+100.0%
178930,030+50.2%
183160,587+101.8%
185160,000−1.0%
1859121,734+102.9%
1877177,646+45.9%
1900282,071+58.8%
1912341,321+21.0%
1930639,040+87.2%
1941992,536+55.3%
19481,041,807+5.0%
19561,177,661+13.0%
19661,366,684+16.1%
19721,511,239+10.6%
19771,807,239+19.6%
19821,898,323+5.0%
19871,985,393+4.6%
19922,064,474+4.0%
20021,926,334−6.7%
20111,883,425−2.2%
20211,716,961−8.8%
1851 data:Chambers's Encyclopaedia,[63]1900:Encyclopædia Britannica,[64]1941, 1948,[65]other data:[66][67][68]
Population size may be affected by changes in administrative divisions.

As per the2021 census,1,716,961 inhabitants lived within the city limits, a decrease from the figure recorded at the 2011 census.[3]This decrease is due to low natural increase, but also to a shift in population from the city itself to its smallersatellite townssuch asPopești-Leordeni,Voluntari,Chiajna,Bragadiru,Pantelimon,BufteaandOtopeni.In a study published by the United Nations, Bucharest placed 19th among 28 cities that recorded sharp declines in population from 1990 to the mid-2010s. In particular, the population fell by 3.77%.[69]

The city's population, according to the 2002 census, was 1,926,334 inhabitants,[70]or 8.9% of the total population of Romania. A significant number of people commute to the city every day, mostly from the surrounding Ilfov County, but official statistics regarding their numbers do not exist.[71]

Bucharest's population experienced two phases of rapid growth, the first beginning in the late 19th century when the city was consolidated as the national capital and lasting until the Second World War, and the second during the Ceaușescu years (1965–1989), when a massive urbanization campaign was launched and many people migrated from rural areas to the capital. At this time, due to Ceaușescu's decision to ban abortion and contraception,natural increasewas also significant.

Bucharest is a city of highpopulation density:8,260/km2(21,400/sq mi),[72]owing to the fact that most of the population lives in high-density communist eraapartment blocks(blocuri). However, this also depends on the part of the city: the southern boroughs have a higher density than the northern ones. Of the European Union country capital-cities, onlyParisandAthenshave a higher population density (seeList of European Union cities proper by population density). In addition to blocks of flats built during the communist era, there are also older interwar ones, as well as newer ones built in the 1990s and in the 21st century. Although apartment buildings are strongly associated with the communist era, such housing schemes were first introduced in Bucharest in the 1920s.[73]

About 97.3% of the population of Bucharest for whom data are available isRomanian.[74]Other significant ethnic groups areRomani,Hungarians, Turks,Jews,Germans(mostlyRegat Germans), Chinese, Russians, Ukrainians, and Italians. A relatively small number of Bucharesters are alsoGreeks,Armenians, Kurds, Bulgarians, Albanians, Poles, French, Arabs, Africans (including theAfro-Romanians), Iranians, Vietnamese, Filipinos, Nepalis, Afghans, Sri Lankans, Bangladeshis, Pakistanis, and Indians.[75][76][77][78][79][80][81]226,943 people did not declare their ethnicity.[82][83]

In terms of religious affiliation, 96.1% of the population for whom data are available isRomanian Orthodox,1.2% isRoman Catholic,0.5% isMuslim,and 0.4% isRomanian Greek Catholic.Despite this, only 18% of the population, of any religion, attends a place of worship once a week or more.[84]The life expectancy of residents of Bucharest in 2015 was 77.8 years old, which is 2.4 years above the national average.[85]

Economy

[edit]
Main article:Economy of Bucharest

Bucharest is the centre of the Romanian economy and industry, accounting for around 24% (2017) of the country's GDP and about one-quarter of its industrial production, while being inhabited by 9% of the country's population.[86]Almost one-third of national taxes is paid by Bucharest's citizens and companies.[citation needed]The living standard in the Bucharest–Ilfov region was 145% of the EU average in 2017, according to GDP per capita at thepurchasing power paritystandard (adjusted to the national price level).

The Bucharest area surpassed, on comparable terms, European metropolitan areas such asBudapest(139%),Madrid(125%),Berlin(118%),Rome(110%),Lisbon(102%), andSofia(79%), and more than twice the Romanian average.[87][clarification needed]After relative stagnation in the 1990s, the city's strong economic growth has revitalised infrastructure and led to the development of shopping malls, residential estates, and high-rise office buildings. In January 2013, Bucharest had an unemployment rate of 2.1%, significantly lower than the national unemployment rate of 5.8%.[88][89]

Skyscrapers inPipera-Floreasca

Bucharest's economy is centred on industry andservices,with services particularly growing in importance in the past 10 years. The headquarters of 186,000 firms, including nearly all large Romanian companies, are located in Bucharest.[90]An important source of growth since 2000 has been the city's rapidly expanding property and construction sector. Bucharest is also Romania's largest centre for information technology and communications and is home to several software companies operating offshore delivery centres. Romania's largest stock exchange, theBucharest Stock Exchange,which was merged in December 2005 with the Bucharest-based electronic stock exchangeRasdaq,plays a major role in the city's economy.

Malls and large shopping centres have been built since the late 1990s, such asBăneasa Shopping City,AFI Palace Cotroceni,Mega Mall,București Mall,ParkLake Shopping Centre,Sun Plaza,Promenada Mall and longestUnirea Shopping Centre.Bucharest hasover 20 mallsas of 2019.[91][92]

The corporationsAmazon,Microsoft,Ubisoft,Oracle Corporation,orIBMare all present in the Romanian capital. The top ten is also dominated by companies operating in automotive, oil & gas (such asPetrom), as well as companies in telecommunication andFMCG.[93][94]TheSpeedtestGlobal Index ranks Bucharest the 6th city in the world (afterBeijing,Shanghai,Abu Dhabi,Valparaíso,andLyon) in terms of fixedbroadbandspeed, at 250Mbpsas of 2023.[95]

Transport

[edit]
Bucharest Metrohas 64 stations.

Bucharest is crossed by two major international routes:Pan-European transport corridorIVandIX.

Public transport

[edit]
Main article:Transport in Bucharest

Bucharest's public transport system is the largest in Romania and one of the largest in Europe. It is made up of theBucharest Metro,run byMetrorex,as well as a surface transport system run bySTB(Societatea de Transport București,previously known as the RATB), which consists of buses,trams,trolleybuses,andlight rail.In addition, a privateminibus systemoperates there. As of 2007,a limit of 10,000 taxicab licences was imposed.[96]

Railways

[edit]

It is the hub of Romania's national railway network, run byCăile Ferate Române.The main railway station isGara de Nord('North Station'), which provides connections to all major cities in Romania, as well as international destinations:Belgrade,Sofia,Varna,Chișinău,Kyiv,Chernivtsi,Lviv,Thessaloniki,Vienna,Budapest,Istanbul,Moscow,etc.

The city has five other railway stations run by CFR, of which the most important are Basarab (adjacent to North Station), Obor, Băneasa, and Progresul. These are in the process of being integrated into a commuter railway serving Bucharest and the surroundingIlfov County.Seven main lines radiate out of Bucharest.

The oldest station in Bucharest is Filaret. It was inaugurated in 1869, and in 1960, the communist government turned it in a bus terminal.[97]

Henri Coandă International Airport

Air

[edit]

Roads

[edit]

Bucharest is a major intersection ofRomania's national road network.A few of the busiest national roads and motorways link the city to all of Romania's major cities, as well as to neighbouring countries such as Hungary, Bulgaria and Ukraine. TheA1to Pitești, and from Sibiu to the Hungarian border, theA2 Sun Motorwayto the Dobrogea region and Constanța, and theA3to Ploiești all start from Bucharest.

A series of high-capacity boulevards, which generally radiate out from the city centre to the outskirts, provides a framework for the municipal road system. The main axes, which run north–south, east–west and northwest–southeast, as well as one internal and one external ring road, support the bulk of the traffic.

The city's roads are usually very crowded during rush hours, due to an increase in car ownership in recent years. In 2013, the number of cars registered in Bucharest amounted to 1,125,591.[99]This results in wear andpotholesappearing on busy roads, particularly secondary roads, this being identified as one of Bucharest's main infrastructural problems. A comprehensive effort on behalf of the City Hall to boost road infrastructure was made, and according to the general development plan, 2,000 roads have been repaired by 2008.[100]The huge number of cars registered in the city forced the Romanian Auto Registry to switch to 3-digit numbers onregistration platesin 2010.

On 17 June 2011, theBasarab Overpasswas inaugurated and opened to traffic, thus completing the inner city traffic ring. The overpass took five years to build and is the longestcable-stayed bridgein Romania and the widest such bridge in Europe;[101]upon completion, traffic on theGrant Bridgeand in the Gara de Nord area became noticeably more fluid.[102]

Water

[edit]
Dâmbovițariver in Bucharest

Although it is situated on the banks of a river, Bucharest has never functioned as a port city. Other Romanian cities such asConstanțaandGalațiserve as the country's main ports. The unfinishedDanube-Bucharest Canal,which is 73 km (45 mi) long and around 70% completed, could link Bucharest to theDanube River,and via theDanube-Black Sea Canal,to theBlack Sea.Works on the canal were suspended in 1989, but proposals have been made to resume construction as part of the European Strategy for the Danube Region.[103]

Culture

[edit]
Main article:Culture of Romania

Bucharest has a growing cultural scene, in fields including the visual arts, performing arts, and nightlife. Unlike other parts of Romania, such as the Black Sea coast orTransylvania,Bucharest's cultural scene has no defined style, and instead incorporates elements of Romanian and international culture.

Landmarks

[edit]

Bucharest has landmark buildings and monuments. Perhaps the most prominent of these is thePalace of the Parliament,built in the 1980s during the rule of Communist dictator Nicolae Ceaușescu. Thelargest Parliament buildingin the world, the palace houses the Romanian Parliament (theChamber of Deputies,and theSenate), as well as theNational Museum of Contemporary Art.The building boasts one of the largest convention centres in the world.

Another landmark in Bucharest isArcul de Triumf( "The Triumphal Arch" ), built in its current form in 1935 and modelled after theArc de Triomphein Paris. A newer landmark of the city is theMemorial of Rebirth,a stylised marble pillar unveiled in 2005 to commemorate the victims of theRomanian Revolutionof 1989, which overthrew Communism. The abstract monument sparked controversy when it was unveiled, being dubbed with names such as 'the olive on the toothpick' (măslina-n scobitoare), as many argued that it does not fit in its surroundings and believed that its choice was political.[104]

TheRomanian Athenaeumbuilding is considered a symbol of Romanian culture and since 2007 has been on the list of the Label of European Heritage sites. It was built between 1886 and 1888 by the architect Paul Louis Albert Galeron, through public funding.[105][106]

InterContinental Bucharestis a high-rise five-star hotel near University Square and is also a landmark of the city. The building is designed so that each room has a unique panorama of the city.[107]

House of the Spark(Casa Scânteii) is a replica of theLomonosov Moscow State University.This edifice, built in the characteristic style of the large-scale Soviet projects, was intended to be representative of the new political regime and to assert the superiority of the Communist doctrine. Construction started in 1952 and was completed in 1957, a few years after Stalin's death in 1953. Popularly known as Casa Scânteii ('House of the Spark') after the name of the official gazette of the Central Committee of the Romanian Communist Party,Scânteia,it was made for the purpose of bringing together under one roof all of Bucharest's official press and publishing houses. It is the only building in Bucharest featuring theHammer and Sickle,the Red Star and other communist insignia carved into medallions adorning the façade.

Other cultural venues include theNational Museum of Art of Romania,Grigore Antipa National Museum of Natural History,Museum of the Romanian Peasant,National History Museumand theMilitary Museum.

Visual arts

[edit]
National Museum of Art of Romania
Grigore Antipa National Museum of Natural Historywas reopened.

In terms ofvisual arts,the city has museums featuring both classical and contemporary Romanian art, as well as selected international works. TheNational Museum of Art of Romaniais perhaps the best-known of Bucharest museums. It is located in the royal palace and features collections of medieval and modern Romanian art, including works by sculptorConstantin Brâncuși,as well as an international collection assembled by the Romanian royal family.

Other, smaller, museums contain specialised collections. TheZambaccian Museum,which is situated in the former home of art collector Krikor H. Zambaccian, contains works by well-known Romanian artists and international artists such asPaul Cézanne,Eugène Delacroix,Henri Matisse,Camille Pissarro,andPablo Picasso.

TheGheorghe TattarescuMuseum contains portraits of Romanian revolutionaries in exile such asGheorghe Magheru,ștefan Golescu,andNicolae Bălcescu,and allegorical compositions with revolutionary (Romania's rebirth,1849) and patriotic (ThePrincipalities' Unification,1857) themes. Another impressive art collection gathering important Romanian painters, can be found at the Ligia and Pompiliu Macovei residence, which is open to visitors as it is now part of the Bucharest Museum patrimony.

TheTheodor Pallady Museumis situated in one of the oldest surviving merchant houses in Bucharest and includes works by Romanian painterTheodor Pallady,as well as European and oriental furniture pieces. TheMuseum of Art Collectionscontains the collections of Romanian art aficionados, including Krikor Zambaccian and Theodor Pallady.

Despite the classical art galleries and museums in the city, a contemporary arts scene also exists. TheNational Museum of Contemporary Art(MNAC), situated in a wing of thePalace of the Parliament,was opened in 2004 and contains Romanian and international contemporary art. The MNAC also manages the Kalinderu MediaLab, which caters to multimedia and experimental art. Private art galleries are scattered throughout the city centre.

The palace of theNational Bank of Romaniahouses the nationalnumismaticcollection. Exhibits include banknotes, coins, documents, photographs, maps, silver and gold bullion bars, bullion coins, and dies and moulds. The building was constructed between 1884 and 1890. The thesaurus room contains notable marble decorations.

Performing arts

[edit]
Odeon Theatrein June 2018

Performing artsare some of the strongest cultural elements of Bucharest. The most famous symphony orchestra isNational Radio Orchestra of Romania.One of the most prominent buildings is the neoclassicalRomanian Athenaeum,which was founded in 1852, and hosts classical music concerts, theGeorge Enescu Festival,and is home to theGeorge Enescu Philharmonic Orchestra.

Bucharest is home to theRomanian National Operaand theI.L. Caragiale National Theatre.Another well-known theatre in Bucharest is theState Jewish Theatre,which features plays starring world-renowned Romanian-Jewish actressMaia Morgenstern.Smaller theatres throughout the city cater to specific genres, such as the Comedy Theatre, the Nottara Theatre, theBulandra Theatre,theOdeon Theatre,and the revue theatre ofConstantin Tănase.

Music and nightlife

[edit]
TheOld Townis the heart of Bucharest nightlife.

Bucharest is home to Romania's largest recording labels, and is often the residence of Romanian musicians. Romanian rock bands of the 1970s and 1980s, such asIrisand Holograf, continue to be popular, particularly with the middle-aged, while since the beginning of the 1990s, thehip hop/rapscene has developed. Hip-hop bands and artists from Bucharest such asB.U.G. Mafia,Paraziții,andLa Familiaenjoy national and international recognition.

The pop-rock bandTaxihave been gaining international respect, as hasSpitalul de Urgență's raucous updating of traditionalRomanian music.While many neighbourhooddiscosplaymanele,an Oriental- and Roma-influenced genre of music that is particularly popular in Bucharest's working-class districts, the city has a richjazzandbluesscene, and to an even larger extent,house music/tranceandheavy metal/punkscenes. Bucharest's jazz profile has especially risen since 2002, with the presence of two venues, Green Hours and Art Jazz, as well as an American presence alongside established Romanians.

With no central nightlife strip, entertainment venues are dispersed throughout the city, with clusters inLipscaniandRegie.

Cultural events and festivals

[edit]

A number of cultural festivals are held in Bucharest throughout the year, but most festivals take place in June, July, and August. The National Opera organises the International Opera Festival every year in May and June, which includes ensembles and orchestras from all over the world.

The Romanian Athaeneum Society hosts theGeorge Enescu Festivalat locations throughout the city in September every two years (odd years). The Museum of the Romanian Peasant and the Village Museum organise events throughout the year, showcasing Romanian folk arts and crafts.

In the 2000s, due to the growing prominence of the Chinese community in Bucharest, Chinese cultural events took place. The first officially organised Chinese festival was theChinese New Year's Eve Festival of February 2005, which took place in Nichita Stănescu Park and was organised by the Bucharest City Hall.[112]

In 2005, Bucharest was the first city in Southeastern Europe to host the internationalCowParade,which resulted in dozens of decorated cow sculptures being placed across the city.

In 2004, Bucharest imposed in the circle of important festivals in Eastern Europe with the Bucharest International Film Festival, an event widely acknowledged in Europe, having as guests of honour famous names from the world cinema:Andrei Konchalovsky,Danis Tanović,Nikita Mikhalkov,Rutger Hauer,Jerzy Skolimowski,Jan Harlan,Radu Mihăileanu,and many others.[113]

Since 2005, Bucharest has its own contemporaryart biennale,theBucharest Biennale.

Traditional culture

[edit]
Traditional wooden church atVillage Museum

Traditional Romanian culture continues to have a major influence in arts such as theatre, film, and music. Bucharest has two internationally renownedethnographicmuseums, theMuseum of the Romanian Peasantand the open-airDimitrie Gusti National Village Museum,inKing Michael I Park.It contains 272 authentic buildings and peasant farms from all over Romania.[114]

The Museum of the Romanian Peasant was declared the European Museum of the Year in 1996. Patronised by the Ministry of Culture, the museum preserves and exhibits numerous collections of objects and monuments of material and spiritual culture. The Museum of the Romanian Peasant holds one of the richest collections of peasant objects in Romania, its heritage being nearly 90,000 pieces, those being divided into several collections: ceramics, costumes, textiles, wooden objects, religious objects, customs, etc.[115]

TheMuseum of Romanian Historyis another important museum in Bucharest, containing a collection of artefacts detailing Romanian history and culture from the prehistoric times,Dacianera, medieval times, and the modern era.

Religion

[edit]

Bucharest is the seat of the Patriarch of theRomanian Orthodox Church,one of theEastern Orthodoxchurches in communion with thePatriarch of Constantinople,and also of its subdivisions, the Metropolis of Muntenia and Dobrudja and the Archbishopric of Bucharest. Orthodox believers consider Demetrius of Basarabov to be the patron saint of the city.

The city is a centre for other Christian organizations in Romania, including theRoman Catholic Archdiocese of Bucharest,established in 1883, and theRomanian Greek-CatholicEparchy of Saint Basil the Great,founded in 2014.

Bucharest also hosts six synagogues, including theChoral Temple of Bucharest,theGreat Synagogue of Bucharestand theHoly Union Temple.The latter was converted into the Museum of the History of the Romanian Jewish Community, while the Great Synagogue and the Choral Temple are both active and hold regular services.[116]

Amosquewith a capacity for 2,000 people[117]was in the planning stages at 22–30 Expoziției Boulevard. The project was later abandoned.[118]However, there are several smallerSunniandShiamosques active in Bucharest.[119]

Architecture

[edit]

The city centre is a mixture ofmedieval,neoclassical,Art Deco,andArt Nouveaubuildings, as well as 'neo-Romanian' buildings dating from the beginning of the 20th century and a collection of modern buildings from the 1920s and 1930s.[citation needed]The mostly utilitarian Communist-era architecture dominates most southern boroughs. Recently built contemporary structures such as skyscrapers and office buildings complete the landscape.

Historical architecture

[edit]
Curtea Veche Church

Of the city'smedievalarchitecture, most of what survived into modern times was destroyed by communistsystematization,fire, and military incursions. Some medieval and renaissance edifices remain, the most notable are in the Lipscani area. This precinct contains notable buildings such asManuc's Inn(Hanul lui Manuc) and the ruins of theOld Court(Curtea Veche); during the late Middle Ages, this area was the heart of commerce in Bucharest. From the 1970s onwards, the area went through urban decline, and many historical buildings fell into disrepair. In 2005, the Lipscani area was restored.[120]

To execute a massive redevelopment project during the rule of Nicolae Ceaușescu, the government conducted extensive demolition of churches and many other historic structures in Romania. According to Alexandru Budișteanu, former chief architect of Bucharest, "The sight of a church bothered Ceaușescu. It didn't matter if they demolished or moved it, as long as it was no longer in sight". Nevertheless, a project organised by Romanian engineer Eugeniu Iordăchescu was able to move many historic structures to less-prominent sites and save them.[121]

The city centre has retained architecture from the late 19th and early 20th centuries, particularly theinterwar period,which is often seen as the 'golden age' of Bucharest architecture. During this time, the city grew in size and wealth, therefore seeking to emulate other large European capitals such as Paris. Much of the architecture of the time belongs to a Modern (rationalist) Architecture current, led by Horia Creangă andMarcel Iancu.

In Romania, the tendencies of innovation in the architectural language met the need of valorisation and affirmation of the national cultural identity. TheArt Nouveaumovement found expression through new architectural style initiated byIon Mincuand taken over by other prestigious architects who capitalised important references of Romanian laic and medieval ecclesiastical architecture (for example theMogoșoaia Palace,theStavropoleos Churchor the disappeared church of Văcărești Monastery) and Romanian folk motifs.[122]TheRomanian Revival architecture,which was born as the result of the attempts of finding a specific Romanian architectural style, is exemplified though buildings such asNicolae Minovici Folk Art Museumand theRomanian Peasant Museum.

Another style of the 1930s is the Moorish-Florentine or Mediterranean Picturesque, whicheclecticallyusesRomanesque,GothicandRenaissanceelements in civic architecture, with a Mediterranean vibe, giving rise toMediterranean Revival architecture.

Some buildings from the interwar era have a modernist brutalist look, such as the Tehnoimport Building, which was built in 1935,[123]and may be mistaken as communist architecture. Modernist styles during the interwar period includeArt Deco,Stripped Classicism,BauhausandRationalism.

Two buildings from this time are theCrețulescu Palace,housing cultural institutions includingUNESCO's European Centre for Higher Education, and theCotroceni Palace,the residence of theRomanian President.Many large-scale constructions such as the Gara de Nord, the busiest railway station in the city, National Bank of Romania's headquarters, and theTelephones Company Buildingdate from these times. In the 2000s, some historic buildings in the city centre underwent restoration. In some residential areas of the city, particularly in high-income central and northern districts,turn-of-the-20th-centuryvillas were mostly restored beginning in the late 1990s.

Communist era architecture

[edit]

A major part of Bucharest's architecture is made up of buildings constructed during theCommunist erareplacing the historical architecture with high-density apartment blocks – significant portions of thehistoric centre of Bucharestwere demolished to construct one of the largest buildings in the world, thePalace of the Parliament(then officially called the House of the Republic). In Nicolae Ceaușescu's project of systematization, new buildings were built in previously historical areas, which were razed and then built upon.

Communist architecture broadly includes three stages: architecture that was built in the early years of communism, in the late 1940s and 1950s, which followed the Soviet Stalinist trend ofSocialist Realism,an example being theHouse of the Free Press(which was namedCasa Scînteiiduring communism); postwar Modernism in the 1960s and the 1970s; and thesystematizationprogram of the late 1970s and 1980s, which included mass demolitions of historical buildings and their replacement withNorth Koreaninfluenced buildings after Nicolae Ceaușescu visitedEast Asiain 1971, and was impressed by itsJucheideology.

The Communist regime installed after World War II took control over all aspects of life, including architecture, dictating a uniform bureaucratic vision of urbanism and architectural design.Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej,who was premier of the Socialist Republic of Romania from 1947 until 1965, began the country's policies of industrialization, with infrastructure development for heavy industry, and construction for mass resettlement to new industrial and agricultural centers away from Bucharest and other principal cities. The architecture from this period is more or less easy to spot, by its use of Neoclassical elements and proportions, but in a simplified way. There are also some small 3-4 floors "Russian blocks" from this era, some of them built of red bricks.

Communist-era architecture from the 1960s and 1970s can be found especially in Bucharest's residential districts, mainly inblocuri,which are high-density apartment blocks that house the majority of the city's population. Initially, these apartment blocks started to be constructed in the 1960s, on relatively empty areas and fields (good examples include Pajura, Drumul Taberei, Berceni and Titan), however with the 1970s, they mostly targeted peripheral neighbourhoods such as Colentina, Pantelimon, Militari and Rahova. Construction of these apartment blocks were also often randomised, for instance some small streets were demolished and later widened with the blocks being built next to them, but other neighbouring streets were left intact (like in the example of Calea Moșilor from 1978 to 1982), or built in various patterns such as the Piața Iancului-Lizeanu apartment buildings from 1962 to 1963.

The last years of communism were marked by major urban redevelopment schemes which changed dramatically the face of many cities, including Bucharest. One of the most singular examples of late stage communist architecture of the 1980s isCentrul Civic,a development that replaced a major part of Bucharest's historic city centre with giant utilitarian buildings, mainly withmarbleortravertinefaçades, inspired by North Korean architecture. The mass demolitions that occurred in the 1980s, under which an overall area of eight square kilometres of the historic centre of Bucharest were levelled, including monasteries, churches, synagogues, a hospital, and a notedArt Decosports stadium, changed drastically the appearance of the city.

Contemporary architecture

[edit]

Sincethe fall of communism in 1989,several communist-era buildings have been refurbished, modernised, and used for other purposes.[124]Perhaps the best example of this is the conversion of obsolete retail complexes into shopping malls and commercial centres. These giant, circular halls, which were unofficially calledhunger circusesdue to the food shortages experienced in the 1980s, were constructed during the Ceaușescu era to act as produce markets andrefectories,although most were left unfinished at the time of the revolution.

Modern shopping malls such as theUnirea Shopping Centre,Bucharest Mall,Plaza Romania,andCity Mallemerged on pre-existent structures of former hunger circuses. Another example is the conversion of a large utilitarian construction in Centrul Civic into aMarriott Hotel.This process was accelerated after 2000, when the city underwent a property boom, and many communist-era buildings in the city centre became prime real estate due to their location. Many communist-era apartment blocks have also been refurbished to improve urban appearance.

The newest contribution to Bucharest's architecture took place after the fall of communism, particularly after 2000, when the city went through a period of urban renewal – and architectural revitalization – on the back of Romania's economic growth. Buildings from this time are mostly made of glass and steel, and often have more than 10 stories. Examples include shopping malls (particularly the Bucharest Mall, a conversion and extension of an abandoned building), office buildings, bank headquarters, etc.[citation needed]

During the 21st century, several high rise office buildings were built, particularly in the northern and eastern parts of the city. Additionally, a trend to add modern wings and façades to historic buildings has occurred, the most prominent example of which is the Bucharest Architects' Association Building, which is a modern glass-and-steel construction built inside a historic stone façade. In 2013, the Bucharest skyline enriched with a 137-m-high office building (SkyTower ofFloreasca City Centre), the tallest building in Romania. Examples of modern skyscrapers built in the 21st century includeBucharest Tower Centre,Euro Tower,Nusco Tower,Cathedral Plaza,City Gate Towers,Rin Grand Hotel,Premium Plaza,Bucharest Corporate Centre,Millennium Business Centre,PGV Tower,Charles de Gaulle Plaza,Business Development Centre Bucharest,BRD Tower,andBucharest Financial Plaza.Despite this vertical development, Romanian architects avoid designing very tall buildings due to vulnerability to earthquakes.[125]

Aside from buildings used for business and institutions, residential developments have also been built, many of which consist of high-rise office buildings and suburban residential communities. An example of a new high rise residential complex isAsmita Gardens.These developments are increasingly prominent in northern Bucharest, which is less densely populated and is home to middle- and upper-class Bucharesters due to the process ofgentrification.

Education

[edit]

Overall, 159 faculties are in 34 universities. Sixteen public universities are in Bucharest, the largest of which are theUniversity of Bucharest,thePolitehnica University of Bucharest,theBucharest University of Economic Studies,theCarol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy,Technical University of Civil Engineering,theNational University of Political Studies and Public Administration,and theUniversity of Agronomic Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Bucharest.

These are supplemented by nineteen private universities, such as theRomanian-American University.[126]Private universities, however, have a mixed reputation due to irregularities.[127][128]

In the 2020QS World University Rankings,from Bucharest, only theUniversity of Bucharestwas included in the top universities of the world. ThePolitehnica Universitydisappeared from the ranking.[129]Also, in recent years, the city has had increasing numbers of foreign students enrolling in its universities.[130]

The first modern educational institution was thePrincely Academy from Bucharest,founded in 1694 and divided in 1864 to form the present-day University of Bucharest and theSaint Sava National College,both of which are among the most prestigious of their kind in Romania.[131][132]

Over 450 public primary and secondary schools are in the city, all of which are administered by the Bucharest Municipal Schooling Inspectorate. Eachsectoralso has its own Schooling Inspectorate, subordinated to the municipal one.

Media

[edit]

The city is well-served by a modern landline and mobile network. Offices ofPoșta Română,the national postal operator, are spread throughout the city, with the central post office (Romanian:Oficiul Poștal București 1) located at 12 Matei Millo Street.Public telephonesare located in many places and are operated byTelekom Romania,a subsidiary ofDeutsche Telekomand successor of the former monopolyRomtelecom.

Bucharest is the headquarters of most national television networks and national newspapers, radio stations and online news websites. The largest daily newspapers in Bucharest includeEvenimentul Zilei,Jurnalul Național,Cotidianul,România Liberă,andAdevărul,while the biggest news websites areHotNews(with English and Spanish versions),Ziare.com,andGândul.During the rush hours,tabloidnewspapersClick!,Libertatea,andCancanare popular for commuters.

Several newspapers and media publications are based inHouse of the Free Press(Casa Presei Libere), a landmark of northern Bucharest, originally named Casa Scânteii after theCommunist Romania-era official newspaperScînteia.The House of the Free Press is not the only Bucharest landmark that grew out of the media and communications industry.Palatul Telefoanelor( "The Telephone Palace" ) was the first major modernist building on Calea Victoriei in the city's centre, and the massive, unfinished communist-eraCasa Radiolooms over a park a block away from the Opera.

English-language newspapers became available in the early 1930s and reappeared in the 1990s. The two daily English-language newspapers are theBucharest Daily NewsandNine O' Clock;several magazines and publications in other languages are available, such as the Hungarian-language dailyÚj Magyar Szó.

Observator Culturalcovers the city's arts, and the free weekly magazinesȘapte Seri( "Seven Evenings" ) andB24FUN,list entertainment events. The city is home to the intellectual journalDilema vecheand the satire magazineAcademia Cațavencu.

Visit Bucharest Todayis another online platform promoting Bucharest as a tourist destination. It serves as a comprehensive resource for local and international travelers seeking to learn about the capital city of Romania. The online platform showcasesBucharest's rich history,cultural landmarks, hidden gems, and exciting experiences.

Healthcare

[edit]
Colțea Hospital in 2018

One of the most modern hospitals in the capital is Colțea that has been re-equipped after a 90-million-euro investment in 2011. It specialises in oncological and cardiac disorders. It was built by Mihai Cantacuzino between 1701 and 1703, composed of many buildings, each with 12 to 30 beds, a church, three chapels, a school, and doctors' and teachers' houses.[133]

Another conventional hospital is Pantelimon, which was established in 1733 byGrigore II Ghica.The surface area of the hospital land property was 400,000 m2(4,305,564 sq ft). The hospital had in its inventory a house for infectious diseases and a house for persons with disabilities.

Other hospitals or clinics areBucharest Emergency Hospital,Floreasca Emergency Clinic Hospital,Bucharest University Emergency Hospital, and Fundeni Clinical Institute or Biomedica International and Euroclinic, which are private.

Sports

[edit]

Footballis the most widely followed sport in Bucharest, with the city having numerous club teams, including, most notably,Steaua București,Dinamo București,Rapid BucureștiandFCSB.

Arena Națională,a new stadium inaugurated on 6 September 2011, hosted the2012 Europa League Final[134]and has a 55,600-seat capacity, making it one of the largest stadiums in Southeastern Europe and one of the few with a roof.[135]

Arena Naționalăhosted the2012 UEFA Europa League finalandUEFA Euro 2020matches.

Sport clubs have formed forhandball,water polo,volleyball,rugby union,basketballandice hockey.The majority of Romaniantrack and fieldathletes and mostgymnastsare affiliated with clubs in Bucharest. The largest indoor arena in Bucharest is theRomexpoDome with a seating capacity of 40,000. It can be used for boxing, kickboxing, handball and tennis.

Bucharest hosted annual races along a temporary urban track surrounding the Palace of the Parliament, calledBucharest Ring.TheBucharest City Challengerace hostedFIA GT,FIA GT3,British F3,andLogan Cupraces.[136]Since 2009, Bucharest has the largestFerrariShop in Eastern Europe and the 2nd largest in Europe after Milan shop.[137][138]

The capital also hosted the international tennis tournamentsWTA Bucharest OpenandATP Romanian Open.Ice hockey games are held at theMihai Flamaropol Arena,which holds 8,000 spectators. Rugby games are held in different locations, but the most modern stadium isArcul de Triumf Stadium,which is also home to theRomanian national rugby team.

Bucharest hosted theUEFA Euro 2020championship at theArena Naționalăor Bucharest National Arena.[139]The championship took place in 2021, being postponed due to the outbreak of theCOVID-19 pandemic.

Twin towns – sister cities

[edit]
See also:List of twin towns and sister cities in Romania

Bucharest istwinnedwith:[140]

In addition, Bucharest has a partnership with:

See also

[edit]

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Works cited

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  • Celac, Mariana; Carabela, Octavian; Marcu-Lapadat, Marius (2017).Bucharest Architecture – an annotated guide.Order of Architects of Romania.ISBN978-973-0-23884-6.

Further reading

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