Bugan language
| Bugan | |
|---|---|
| Pakan | |
| Native to | China |
| Region | Yunnan |
Native speakers | 2,700 (2005)[1] |
Austroasiatic
| |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | bbh |
| Glottolog | buga1247 |
| ELP | Bugan |
Bugan,Bogan,Pakan,orBugeng( bố cam ngữ, bố càn ngữ, or bố canh ngữ ) is anAustroasiaticlanguage.[2]The existence of the Bugan language was not known by the rest of world until recently. There are about 3000 speakers, mostly in some villages in southernGuangnan( quảng nam ) and northernXichou( tây trù ),YunnanProvince,China.Bugan is an analytic language, and word order and auxiliary words have important functions in the grammar.[3]
Distribution
[edit]Li Jinfang (1996)
[edit]According to Li Jinfang (1996), the Bugan-speaking population is distributed in seven villages across southernGuangnan( quảng nam ) and northernXichou( tây trù ),YunnanProvince,China.As the language is highly uniform, it is not divided into any dialects.
- Laowalong lão oạt long (Bugan-only population); Bugan language:pə55luŋ13
- Xinwalong tân oạt long (Bugan-only population); Bugan language:pə55tsuŋ13
- Jiuping cửu bình (Bugan and Han Chinese population); Bugan language:pə55tsiaŋ31
- Shibeipo thạch bắc pha (Bugan-only population); Bugan language:pə55ɕe13
- Xinzhai tân trại (Bugan and Han Chinese population); Bugan language:li̠31laŋ13
- Malong mã long (Bugan-only population); Bugan language:pə55ɣu31
- Nala na lạp (Bugan and Han Chinese population)
Li Yunbing (2005)
[edit]According to a more recent survey by Li Yunbing (2005), the Bugan people, comprising a total of 500+ households and 2,700+ individuals, live in the following locations.
- Laowalong lão oạt long, Nasa Township na sái trấn;[4]Bugan language:pə31loŋ55
- Xinwalong tân oạt long;[5]Bugan language:pə31tɕoŋ55
- Xiaoping tiểu bình trại; Bugan language:pə31tɕaŋ55
- Nala na tịch;[6]Bugan language:pə31pʰja44
- Jiuping cửu bình, Zhuanjiao Township triện giác hương (Chongtian Township trùng thiên hương );[7]Bugan language:pə31tɕa̠ŋ31
- Shibeipo thạch bi pha;[8]Bugan language:pə55ɕe24
- Manlong mạn long;[9]Bugan language:pu31ɣu31
Li Yunbing also uses the term Bùgēng ( bố canh ) in place of Bùgān ( bố cam ).
People
[edit]The Bugan people'sautonymispə55ka̠n33,while the surrounding Han Chinese call themHuazu(Chinese:Hoa tộc;literally "flower people" ) orHualo(Chinese:Hoa khỏa) due to their colorful clothing.[10]Other autonyms arepu55qe̠ŋ44(in Manlong,Xichou County) andpə55qe̠ŋ44(in Nala and Xinwalong inGuangnan County). They are an unrecognized ethnic minority, and are currently classified asYi.The Bugan are endogamous, and thus do not usually marry people from other ethnic groups[11]
The Bugan people also hold their own New Year's Day celebration in April of the Chinese lunar calendar, which is separate from that of the Han Chinese New Year.
Common Bugan surnames include Li lý, Wang vương, Guo quách, Luo la, Yan nghiêm, Lu lư, Pu phổ, and Yi.
Phonology
[edit]Bugan is a tonal SVO language. Unlike theBolyu language,Bugan distinguishes between tense and lax voice qualities. In current linguistic publications on Bugan, tense voice is indicated by underlining vowels. Bugan has a total of 49 onsets (including various consonant clusters) and 67 possible rimes.[12]
Consonants
[edit]| Labial | Dental/Alveolar | (Alveolo-) palatal |
Velar | Uvular | Glottal | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| plain | pal. | central | sibilant | ||||||
| Nasal | m | mʲ | n | ȵ | ŋ | ||||
| Stop/ Affricate |
voiceless | p | pʲ | t | t͡s | (t͡ɕ) | k | q | ʔ |
| aspirated | pʰ | pʰʲ | tʰ | t͡sʰ | (t͡ɕʰ) | kʰ | qʰ* | ||
| voiced | b | bʲ | d | ɡ | |||||
| prenasal | ᵐb | ᵐbʲ | ⁿd | ⁿd͡z | (ᶮd͡ʑ) | ᵑɡ | ᶰɢ | ||
| Fricative | voiceless | f | θ | s | ɕ | x | h | ||
| voiced | v* | z | ʑ | ɣ | |||||
| Lateral | l | ||||||||
| Approximant | w | ||||||||
- Sounds in asterisks (*): /qh/ and /v/, are only heard in different dialects.[12]
- Prenasal consonant cluster sounds include /ᵐd, ᵐd͡z, ᵐt͡s, ᵐt͡sʰ/.
- Sounds /t͡s, t͡sʰ, ⁿd͡z/ are heard as alveolo-palatal [t͡ɕ, t͡ɕʰ, ᶮd͡ʑ] when preceding /i/.[13]
Vowels
[edit]There is a distinction between tense-throat vowels and lax-throat (plain) vowels.[13]
| Front | Central | Back | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| plain | tense | plain | tense | plain | tense | ||||
| Close | i | y | i | ɯ | u | ɯ | u | ||
| Close-mid | e | e | ə | o | |||||
| Open-mid | ɛ | ɛ | ɔ | ||||||
| Open | a | a | |||||||
| Front | Central | Back | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| plain | tense | plain | tense | ||
| Close | ũ | ũ | |||
| Mid | ɛ̃ | ə̃ | õ | ||
| Open | ã | ã | |||
Notes
[edit]- ^BuganatEthnologue(18th ed., 2015)(subscription required)
- ^Gordon, Raymond G. Jr., ed. (2005).Ethnologue: Languages of the World(15th ed.). Dallas: Summer Institute of Linguistics.
- ^"[Buganyu]".Zhōngguó mínzú yǔyán yánjiū wǎngTrung quốc dân tộc ngữ ngôn nghiên cứu võng(in Chinese). Archived fromthe originalon 2012-03-22.
- ^"Guǎngnán Xiàn Nàsǎ Zhèn Lóngwāngdòng Cūnwěihuì Lǎowālóng Zìráncūn"Quảng nam huyện na sái trấn long uông động thôn ủy hội lão oạt lung tự nhiên thôn[Laowalong Natural Village, Longwangdong Village Committee, Nasa Town, Guangnan County].ynszxc.gov.cn(in Chinese). Archived fromthe originalon 2018-08-15.Retrieved2012-09-23.
- ^"Guǎngnán Xiàn Nàsǎ Zhèn Lóngwāngdòng Cūnwěihuì Xīnwālóng Zìráncūn"Quảng nam huyện na sái trấn long uông động thôn ủy hội tân oạt lung tự nhiên thôn[Xinwalong Natural Village, Longwangdong Village Committee, Nasa Town, Guangnan County].ynszxc.gov.cn(in Chinese). Archived fromthe originalon 2018-08-15.Retrieved2012-09-23.
- ^"Guǎngnán Xiàn Nàsǎ Zhèn Lóngwāngdòng Cūnwěihuì Nàlà Zìráncūn"Quảng nam huyện na sái trấn long uông động thôn ủy hội na tịch tự nhiên thôn[Nala Natural Village, Longwangdong Village Committee, Nasa Town, Guangnan County].ynszxc.gov.cn(in Chinese). Archived fromthe originalon 2016-03-05.Retrieved2012-09-23.
- ^"Guǎngnán Xiàn Zhuànjiǎo Xiāng Dàpíng Cūnmín Wěiyuánhuì Jiǔpíng Zìráncūn"Quảng nam huyện triện giác hương đại bình thôn dân ủy viên hội cửu bình tự nhiên thôn[Jiuping Natural Village, Daping Village Committee, Zhuanjiao Township, Guangnan County].ynszxc.gov.cn(in Chinese). Archived fromthe originalon 2016-12-20.Retrieved2012-09-23.
- ^"Guǎngnán Xiàn Zhuànjiǎo Xiāng Dàpíng Cūnmín Wěiyuánhuì Shíbēipō Zìráncūn"Quảng nam huyện triện giác hương đại bình thôn dân ủy viên hội thạch bi pha tự nhiên thôn[Shibeipo Natural Village, Daping Village Committee, Zhuanjiao Township, Guangnan County].ynszxc.gov.cn(in Chinese). Archived fromthe originalon 2016-03-05.Retrieved2012-09-23.
- ^"Xīchóu Xiàn Jījiē Xiāng Hǎizi Cūnwěihuì Mànlóng Zìráncūn"Tây trù huyện kê nhai hương hải tử thôn ủy hội mạn long tự nhiên thôn[Manlong Natural Village, Haizi Village Committee, Jijie Township, Xichou County].ynszxc.gov.cn(in Chinese). Archived fromthe originalon 2015-04-19.Retrieved2012-09-23.
- ^Li (1996)
- ^Li (2006)
- ^abLi (2005)
- ^abLi & Luo (2015)
References
[edit]- Li, Jinfang (1996)."Bugan – A New Mon–Khmer Language of Yunnan Province, China"(PDF).Mon–Khmer Studies.26:135–160.
- Li, Jinfang lý cẩm phương (2006).Xīnán dìqū bīnwēi yǔyán diàochá yánjiūTây nam địa khu tần nguy ngữ ngôn điều tra nghiên cứu[Studies on Endangered Languages in the Southwest China] (in Chinese). Beijing shi: Zhongyang minzu daxue chubanshe.
- Li, Yunbing lý vân binh (2005).Bùgēngyǔ yánjiūBố canh ngữ nghiên cứu[A Study of Bugeng [Bugan]] (in Chinese). Beijing: Minzu chubanshe.
- Li, Jinfang; Luo, Yongxian (2015).Bugan.In Paul Sidwell and Mathias Jenny (eds.), The Handbook of Austroasiatic Languages: Leiden: Brill. pp. 1033–1064.