Byrrhoidea
| Pill beetles and allies | |
|---|---|
| |
| Byrrhus pilula | |
Scientific classification
| |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Coleoptera |
| Suborder: | Polyphaga |
| Infraorder: | Elateriformia |
| Superfamily: | Byrrhoidea |
| Families | |
|
Byrrhidae- pill beetles | |
Byrrhoideais a superfamily of beetles belonging toElateriformia[1]that includes several families which are either aquatic or associated with a semi-aquatic habitat. Other than the superfamilyHydrophiloidea,most of the remainingPolyphaganbeetles which are aquatic are in this superfamily.
Description
[edit]Adults of many Byrrhoidea have exocone eyes (with expanded corneal lens). The anterior edge of thescutellar shieldis often abruptly elevated (except inPsephenidaeandCneoglossidae). A variety of byrrhoids have the first three abdominalventritessolidly fused together.[2]
Larvae of mostLimnichidaehave one pair of anal hooks on the tenth abdominal segment, while Cneoglossidae andPtilodactylidaehave three or more hooks on each side of this segment. Larvae ofLutrochidaeand Elmidae, as well as the limnichid genusHyphalus,have anal gill tufts. Almost all byrrhoid larvae have anterior abdominalspiraclesthat are biforous (or bilabiate) in shape.[2]
The degree ofwingdevelopment varies among Byrrhoidea, with macroptery (wings fully developed),brachyptery(wings reduced), microptery (wings reduced to small remnants) andaptery(no wings) all occurring in the superfamily. Within familyElmidae,subfamilyLarainaehas only macropterous wings, while other wing types are common in subfamilyElminae.Within familyDryopidae,the genera with aquatic or semiaquatic adults are almost always macropterous, while genera with terrestrial adults are almost always apterous and the subterraneanStygoparnusis micropterous.[3]
Ecology
[edit]Byrrhoids mainly occur in aquatic and semi-aquatic habitats, including rapid cool streams, underneath rocks and wood in flowing water, waterside vegetation and rocks, emergent vegetation in water, damp soil and sandy shorelines.[4][5][6][7][8]The Dryopidae are notable in that while their adults live in or near water, their larvae are usually terrestrial.[5]
Byrrhoids are generallyherbivorous,feeding onalgae,moss,liverworts,lichensorgrassroots.[4][5][6][7][8]
Phylogeny
[edit]Byrrhoidea in its current state may not bemonophyletic.[9]Multiple studies have foundBuprestoideato be nested within it.[2][10]Recent phylogenies have split out the groupingDryopoidea,including Dryopidae, Elmidae, Limnichidae, Heteroceridae, Chelonariidae, Eulichadidae, Callirphidae, Ptilodactylidae and the extinct familyMastigocoleidae.,[11][12]with phylogenies finding the group more closely related toElateroideathan to Byrhhidae.[12]
References
[edit]- ^Kundrata, Robin; Bocakova, Milada; Bocak, Ladislav (July 2014). "The comprehensive phylogeny of the superfamily Elateroidea (Coleoptera: Elateriformia)".Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution.76:162–171.doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2014.03.012.PMID24680915.
- ^abcLawrence, John F.; Ślipiński, Adam; Seago, Ainsley E.; Thayer, Margaret K.; Newton, Alfred F.; Marvaldi, Adriana E. (2011)."Phylogeny of the Coleoptera Based on Morphological Characters of Adults and Larvae".Annales Zoologici.61(1): 1–217.doi:10.3161/000345411X576725.ISSN0003-4541.S2CID86592276.
- ^Shepard, William D. (2019-03-25)."Flight Wing Polymorphisms in Elmidae and Dryopidae (Coleoptera: Byrrhoidea)".The Coleopterists Bulletin.73(1): 27.doi:10.1649/0010-065X-73.1.27.ISSN0010-065X.S2CID109349094.
- ^ab"Family Byrrhidae - Pill Beetles".bugguide.net.Retrieved2022-11-30.
- ^abc"Family Dryopidae - Long-toed Water Beetles".bugguide.net.Retrieved2022-11-30.
- ^ab"Family Elmidae - Riffle Beetles".bugguide.net.Retrieved2022-11-30.
- ^ab"Family Psephenidae - Water Penny Beetles".bugguide.net.Retrieved2022-11-30.
- ^ab"Family Limnichidae - Minute Marsh-loving Beetles".bugguide.net.Retrieved2022-11-30.
- ^Beutel, Rolf G.; Leschen, Richard A.B., eds. (2016-03-21),"19. Byrrhoidea Latreille, 1804",Coleoptera, Beetles. Morphology and Systematics,De Gruyter, pp. 553–654,doi:10.1515/9783110373929-022,ISBN978-3-11-037392-9,retrieved2022-11-29
- ^Kundrata, Robin; Jäch, Manfred A.; Bocak, Ladislav (2017)."Molecular phylogeny of the Byrrhoidea-Buprestoidea complex (Coleoptera, Elateriformia)".Zoologica Scripta.46(2): 150–164.doi:10.1111/zsc.12196.S2CID88952348.
- ^Tihelka, Erik; Jäch, Manfred A; Kundrata, Robin; Li, Yan-Da; Engel, Michael S; Lozano-Fernandez, Jesus; Huang, Diying; Cai, Chenyang (2022-05-01). Marvaldi, Adriana (ed.)."Mastigocoleidae fam. nov., a New Mesozoic Beetle Family and the Early Evolution of Dryopoidea (Coleoptera)".Insect Systematics and Diversity.6(3): 3.doi:10.1093/isd/ixac011.hdl:2445/194667.ISSN2399-3421.
- ^abCai, Chenyang; Tihelka, Erik; Giacomelli, Mattia; Lawrence, John F.; Ślipiński, Adam; Kundrata, Robin; Yamamoto, Shûhei; Thayer, Margaret K.; Newton, Alfred F.; Leschen, Richard A. B.; Gimmel, Matthew L.; Lü, Liang; Engel, Michael S.; Bouchard, Patrice; Huang, Diying (23 March 2022)."Integrated phylogenomics and fossil data illuminate the evolution of beetles".Royal Society Open Science.9(3): 211771.Bibcode:2022RSOS....911771C.doi:10.1098/rsos.211771.ISSN2054-5703.PMC8941382.PMID35345430.
External links
[edit]
Data related toByrrhoideaat Wikispecies
