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Caledonian Sleeper

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Caledonian Sleeper
Caledonian Sleeperwith92038inSercomidnight teal livery, atEuston,April 2015
Overview
Franchise(s)
  • Part ofScotRail(31 March 1997 – 30 March 2015)
  • Standalone franchise (31 March 2015 – present)
Main region(s)
Fleet size75Mark 5 carriages
Stations called at48
Parent companyScottish Rail Holdings
Reporting markCS[1]
Other
Websitewww.sleeper.scotEdit this at Wikidata
Route map
Map

Caledonian Sleeperis the collective name for overnightsleeper trainservices betweenLondonandScotland,in the United Kingdom. It is one of only two currently operating sleeper services on the railway in the United Kingdom, the other being theNight Rivierawhich runs between London andPenzance.

A sleeper service has been run along theWest Coast Main Linesince 24 February 1873. Sleepers were historically run on the rivalEast Coast Main Lineas well; however, all remaining sleeper services that ran on the east coast routes were withdrawn in May 1988. WhileInterCitycontinued to operate what would later become known as theCaledonian Sleeper,it decided to remove all seating accommodation on its remaining sleeper services during the mid-1990s. The Anglo-Scottish sleeper services were transferred toScotRailon 5 March 1995; as a consequence of theprivatisation of British Rail,on 31 March 1997, the service was privatised as a part of the widerScotRail franchise,initially being operated byNational Express.SeatedMark 2carriages were re-added to the service alongside theMark 3sleeping cars, the latter were also refurbished, from January 2000.

On 17 October 2004, the ScotRail franchise and thus the Caledonian Sleeper, was transferred toFirstGroup.Since April 2015, the Caledonian Sleeper has been structured as a standalone franchise. It was operated bySercounder the supervision of theScottish Government.As a part of its successful bid, Serco had pledged to invest £100million into the service, which was to be spent on, amongst other things, procuring new rolling stock. During 2019, a new fleet ofMark 5carriages were introduced, replacing the British Rail-era carriages. These are hauled by a combination ofClass 92electric locomotives(on electrified sections only) and rebuiltClass 73/9selectro-diesel locomotives;prior traction withdrawn in 2019 includedClass 67,Class 87andClass 90locomotives.

Two services departLondon Eustoneach night from Sunday to Friday and travel via theWest Coast Main Lineto Scotland. The earlier departure divides atEdinburghinto portions forAberdeen,Fort WilliamandInverness.The later departure serves Edinburgh andGlasgow,splitting atCarstairs.Five London-bound portions depart from these destinations each night, combining into two trains at Edinburgh and Carstairs.

Serco's contract concluded early in June 2023, and the service was taken into public ownership byTransport Scotland.It is operated on its behalf byScottish Rail Holdings.

Anglo-Scottish sleepers up to 1996

[edit]

In February 1873, theNorth British Railwayrevealed the firstsleeping carin Britain. It had been built by the Ashbury Carriage Company and was displayed at Glasgow, Edinburgh andLondon King's Cross.[2]It became the first sleeping carriage used on British railways when it made a revenue earning trip on 24 February 1873 attached to a train at Glasgow for King's Cross via theEast Coast Main Line.[3]

On 1 October 1873, the rivalCaledonian Railwayintroduced aLondon and North Western Railwaysleeping car on mail trains three days per week betweenGlasgow Buchanan StreetandLondon Eustonvia theWest Coast Main Line.[4]The service ran from Glasgow on Tuesdays, Thursdays and Saturdays, and from London on Mondays, Wednesdays and Fridays. An extra charge of ten shillings was made for a sleeping berth.[5]

Sleeping car services were operated on both the west and east coast routes to multiple destinations for over a century, even under thenationalisedrailway operatorBritish Rail.During 1976, services from King's Cross ran to Edinburgh andAberdeen,and from Euston toGlasgow Central,Perth,Inverness,Stranraer Harbour,andFort William.There was also a service fromBristol Temple Meadsto Glasgow and Edinburgh via the West Coast route.[6]However, sleeper services declined in number during the latter half of the 20th century. During November 1987, it was announced that the last of the sleeper services running on the East Coast routes was to be withdrawn in May 1988.[7]

At one point,InterCitywas planning to remove all seating accommodation on its remaining sleeper services from May 1992. However, it instead concluded a deal with the British transport conglomerateStagecoachthat saw theMark 2seating carriages retailed beyond this point.[8][9]This was only a temporary reprieve however, as the Stagecoach carriages were withdrawn after 12 months.[10]

On 5 March 1995, responsibility for operation of the Anglo-Scottish services was transferred within British Rail fromInterCity West CoasttoScotRail.[11]During the mid-1990s, British Rail had proposed to cease operating theFort Williamportion of the service, however, the Highland Regional Council successfully sought a stay pending a formal consultation, after theScottish Court of Sessionruled that the correct service closure process had not been followed.[12][13][14]Eventually, British Rail agreed to retain the Fort William portion, albeit with a reduction four sleeping carriages to only one.[15]During 1995, the associatedmotorailservice was withdrawn without reprieve.[16]

TheCaledonian Sleeper

[edit]

ScotRail

[edit]

On 4 June 1996, the overnight service was relaunched under theCaledonian Sleeperbrand. Each portion of the service was assigned its own identity, with theNight Caledonianto Glasgow,Night Scotsmanto Edinburgh,Night Aberdonianto Aberdeen,Royal Highlanderto Inverness andWest Highlanderto Fort William.[17][18]On 31 March 1997, it became part of theScotRail franchisewhich was initially operated byNational Express.[19]The service continued to be operated using the sameMark 3sleeping cars that had been operated by British Rail, but there were no suitable locomotives immediately available. Accordingly, the short-term hiring of locomotives from theWest CoastoperatorVirgin Trainswas implemented. The arrangement continued until March 1998, at which point the freight operatorEnglish, Welsh and Scottish Railway(EWS) took on the contract.[20][21][22]

Starting in January 2000, seated carriages were added to the sleeping cars; these were 11 former Virgin TrainsMark 2carriages that had been refurbished atWolverton Works,which included the installation of first class-style reclining seats throughout.[23][24][25]In parallel with this work, the sleeping cars were also refurbished, during which time they were repainted with ScotRail's purple and blue livery.[26][27]

On 17 October 2004, the ScotRail franchise, including theCaledonian Sleeperservice, was transferred toFirstGroup.[28]In spite of this transfer, both the rolling stock and locomotive contracts remained fundamentally unchanged, except for the carriages and three of EWS'sClass 90locomotives being repainted in FirstGroup's corporate blue, pink and white livery.[29][30][31][32]

Serco

[edit]

During 2012, theScottish Governmentannounced that as part of the reletting of the ScotRail franchise from April 2015, theCaledonian Sleeperwould be operated by a separate franchise.[33][34]In June 2013,Transport ScotlandannouncedArriva,FirstGroupandSercohad been shortlisted to bid for the new franchise.[35]During May 2014, the franchise was awarded toSerco;at the time, the company pledged to invest £100million in new trains that would include 'en suite' rooms and a new style of club car. Accordingly, the existing Mark 2 and Mark 3 coaching stock was to be replaced, originally set to occur by 2018.[36][37]On 31 March 2015, Serco Caledonian Sleepers took over the operation of the service.

In late December 2015, staff called for a two-day strike because of health and safety concerns with the trains then in use and Serco's alleged failure to address them appropriately.[38][39]In September 2019, another three-day strike was held after negotiations between theRMTand Serco broke down over claims of poor staffing levels and insufficient training.[40][41]

By mid-2020, the Caledonian Sleeper had considerably curtailed its services in response to the significant decline of passenger travel amid theCOVID-19 pandemic.[42][43]

In late 2021, the Caledonian Sleeper was subject to further strikes over allegations of bullying and harassment of staff.[44][45]It is also one of many train operators impacted by the2022–2024 United Kingdom railway strikes,which are the first national rail strikes in the UK for three decades.[46]Its workers are amongst those are participating inindustrial actiondue to a dispute over pay and working conditions.[47]Caledonian Sleeper trains have been cancelled on the days of the strikes.[48][49]

In October 2022, the Scottish Government announced the franchise run by Serco would be terminated.[50]The service was taken over byScottish Rail Holdingson 25 June 2023.[51][52][53]

Current operations

[edit]
Caledonian Sleeper destinations
Legend
000
Inverness
Carrbridge
(northbound only)
 Aviemore
Kingussie
Newtonmore
Dalwhinnie
Blair Atholl
Pitlochry
Dunkeld & Birnam
Perth
Gleneagles
Dunblane
718
 Stirling
684
 Falkirk Grahamston
(southbound only)
853
Aberdeen
827
 Stonehaven
788
 Montrose
766
 Arbroath
Carnoustie
738
 Dundee
725
 Leuchars
685
 Kirkcaldy
Inverkeithing
Forth Bridge
000
Fort William
Spean Bridge
Roy Bridge
Tulloch
Corrour
Rannoch
Bridge of Orchy
Upper Tyndrum
Crianlarich
Ardlui
Arrochar & Tarbet
Garelochhead
Helensburgh Upper
Dumbarton Central
Dalmuir
Glasgow Queen Street
000
643
 Edinburgh Waverley
(split/join)
000
Anglo-Scottish border
336
 Preston
254
 Crewe
28
 Watford JunctionLondon Overground
(northbound only)
000
 London EustonLondon UndergroundLondon Overground
646
Glasgow Central
625
 Motherwell
646
 Edinburgh Waverley
600
 Carstairs
(split/join)
000
Anglo-Scottish border
481
 Carlisle
28
 Watford JunctionLondon Overground
000
 London EustonLondon UndergroundLondon Overground
Caledonian Sleeper class 92 (right) Avanti West Coast class 221(left) at London Euston in 2023
Caledonian Sleeperclass 92(right)Avanti West Coastclass 221atLondon Eustonin 2023

Two trains are operated on six days each week (not Saturday night/Sunday morning). TheHighland Sleeperhas three portions that serve routes toAberdeen,InvernessandFort William.TheLowland Sleeperhas two portions serving routes toEdinburgh WaverleyandGlasgow Central.[54][55]The trains normally operate at a maximum speed of 80 mph (130 km/h), but are authorised to travel at 100 mph (160 km/h) where line speeds permit if the train has been delayed by more than 20 minutes.[citation needed]

Trains use theWest Coast Main Linebetween Scotland and London, usingLondon Eustonas their terminus.[56][57]Sunday services are sometimes diverted via theEast Coast Main Linewhen the West Coast route is closed for engineering work. In these cases, they still use London Euston except when the station itself is closed, or there is no possible routing into the station during engineering works, in which case they use nearbyLondon King's Crossinstead.[citation needed]

Lounges forCaledonian Sleepercustomers are available atDundee,Fort William,Inverness,Leuchars,PerthandStirlingstations, and passengers may also use lounges shared with other operators atAberdeen,Edinburgh Waverley,Glasgow CentralandLondon Euston.[58]

Highland Sleeper

[edit]
The portion forFort WilliamatCorrourbehind aClass 67in 2015

The northboundHighland SleeperleavesLondon Eustonat 21:15 (20:59 on Sundays), calling atWatford Junction,CreweandPrestonto pick up passengers, and arrives atEdinburgh Waverleyapproximately six-and-a-half hours after leaving London.[59]This leg of the journey is formed of 16 carriages[60]and is hauled by an electricClass 92locomotive.[61][62]

At Edinburgh Waverley, the train isdividedinto three portions; these continue north of Edinburgh toFort William,AberdeenandInvernessas separate services. The electric locomotive is uncoupled and replaced by aClass 73/9diesel locomotive for each of the three northbound sets.[62]The front portion[a]of the train continues to Fort William, the middle portion is for Aberdeen, and the rear portion[b]runs to Inverness. These services arrive at their respective destinations in the morning of the next day.[59]

Similarly, going southbound, three separate services depart each of Aberdeen, Inverness and Fort William in the evening, hauled by aClass 73/9locomotive up to Edinburgh.[62]These services are then combined to form one train at Edinburgh Waverley; the diesel locomotives are detached from each portion and aClass 92is attached to then take the full-length, 16-car train to London.[60][61][62]The train continues to London Euston with intermediate stops at Preston and Crewe for alighting passengers only (southbound trains do not call at Watford Junction), arriving in London the following morning.[59]

The Inverness portion of the train consists of six sleeper coaches, one seated carriage and one "club car" (lounge car),[63]all running through to/from London. The Aberdeen set consists of between two and four sleeper coaches (depending on demand) plus one seated carriage and one lounge car, all running throughout. The Fort William set consists only of two to four sleeper coaches between London and Edinburgh; the seated and lounge carriages are attached/detached at Edinburgh Waverley for the Edinburgh–Fort William leg of the journey. This means that any seated passengers travelling between England and stations on the Fort William route are required to use the seated carriages intended for Inverness or Aberdeen, and change carriages at Edinburgh Waverley.[64]

Highland Caledonian Sleeper
Route Calling at
London Euston–Fort William
London Euston –Aberdeen
London Euston –Inverness

Lowland Sleeper

[edit]

Going northbound, theLowland Sleeperdeparts London Euston at 23:50 (23:30 on Sundays), calling atWatford Junctionto pick up passengers. The train then continues with no intermediate calls untilCarlislebefore reachingCarstairs.Here the traindividesinto two portions: the front eight carriages continue toGlasgow Centralwith one intermediate stop atMotherwell,while the rear eight carriages reverse at Carstairs and continue non-stop toEdinburgh Waverley,both portions arriving at their respective destinations the following morning.[59]Carlisle, Carstairs and Motherwell are all served for alighting passengers only.

Similarly, in the southbound direction, two separate services depart both Glasgow Central (calling at Motherwell) and Edinburgh Waverley, and combine into one at Carstairs. The train then calls at Carlisle, before running non-stop through to Watford Junction (served for alighting passengers only) and terminating at London Euston the next morning.[59]Motherwell, Carstairs and Carlisle are all served to pick up passengers only.

Lowland Caledonian Sleeper
Route Calling at
London Euston–Glasgow Central
London Euston –Edinburgh Waverley
  • Watford Junction, Carlisle, Carstairs

Rolling stock

[edit]
Suite in a Mark 5 sleeping car.

The ScotRail franchise inherited the coaches used by British Rail;Mark 3sleeping coaches andMark 2seated carriages, some of which were fitted out as lounge cars where refreshments could be obtained. During 2019, these were replaced byMark 5carriages; the new rolling stock was first operated on the Lowland services from April, and subsequently on the Highland services from October.[65][66][67]Heavy maintenance on the carriage stock was performed atInverness TMDuntil April 2015, when the work was contracted out toAlstomand transferred toPolmadie Traction and Rolling Stock Maintenance Depot.[68]

Two types of motive power are used for theCaledonian Sleeper.On theelectrified routesbetween Glasgow/Edinburgh and London electric locomotives haul the trains. There were none of these included in the ScotRail franchises, instead they contractedVirgin Trainsto provideClass 87s.In March 1998, these were replaced byEnglish, Welsh and Scottish Railway(EWS)Class 90s.[20][21]

As of 2015,Serco has a contract with GB Railfreight who useClass 92s.[69][70]However, due to mechanical problems, a Class 90 locomotive was used, initially hired fromDB Cargo UK,but later changed toFreightliner.[71][72][73]From 2015 until 2019,AC Locomotive GroupheritageClass 86sand87swere used to move empty carriages in London and Glasgow and occasionally operated the overnight passenger services.[74][75][76]

On the unelectrified routes in Scotland, the trains were hauled by EWSClass 37sto Fort William and47sto Aberdeen and Inverness until June 2001 whenClass 67sbegan to replace the Class 47. The Class 67 units were also used on the Fort William route from June 2006. Four locomotives were fitted with cast iron brakes and restricted to 80 mph (130 km/h) for this additional service. When GB Railfreight started to provide the trains and crews for the Serco franchise in 2015, it was planned to use rebuiltClass 73/9s.[69]The first of these came into service in February 2016.[77]

Current fleet

[edit]
Class Image Type Top speed Fleet size Usage Built Notes
mph km/h
67 Diesel-electric locomotive 125 200 2 Edinburgh - Aberdeen/Fort William/Inverness[78][79] 1999-2000 Hired fromGB Railfreight.
73/9 Electro-diesel locomotive 90 145 6 1962, 1965–1967
(Rebuilt 2014–2017)
92 Electric locomotive 87 140 7 London - Glasgow/Edinburgh 1993–1996
Mark 5 Passenger carriage 100 161 75 Full network 2016–2018

Past fleet

[edit]

Former train types operated by Caledonian Sleeper include:

Class Image Type Top speed Fleet Size Usage Built Left fleet
mph km/h
37/4 Diesel-electric locomotive 90 140 Edinburgh - Fort William 1960–1965 2006
67 125 200 Edinburgh - Inverness 1999–2000 2019
86 Electric locomotive 110 177 2 London - Edinburgh/Glasgow Sleeper Portions.
Empty Coaching Stock (London - Wembley) 		October 1965
100 161 January 1966
87 110 177 1 June 1973
90 - London - Glasgow/Edinburgh 1987–1990
Mark 2 Lounge car
Seated coach 		100 160 22 Full Network 1969–1974
Mark 3 Sleeping car 125 200 53 1975–1988
  • Sleeping cabin in a Mark 3 sleeper
    Sleeping cabin in a Mark 3 sleeper
  • Saloon of a Mark 2 seated coach
    Saloon of a Mark 2 seated coach

Incidents

[edit]

During April 2019, new Mark 5 carriages were introduced to service, however, the inaugural journey was more than three hours late arriving atLondon Euston.Various other services through 2019 were reported as delayed on account of "technical faults".[80]

Services run joined between London and Scotland where they are split into shorter trains to serve multiple destinations. After being split atCarstairson 1 August 2019, a brake isolated valve was closed preventing control of the train brakes from the locomotive, resulting in the Edinburgh portion running past the platform atEdinburgh Waverley.[81]The incident was investigated by theRail Accident Investigation Branchwith two recommendations. One was addressed to theRail Safety and Standards Boardto change the wording of the railway rule book to make it clear that the brake continuity test should be undertaken after all coupling-related activities have been completed. The second was addressed to Caledonian Sleeper to review the vulnerability of the isolating cocks on its rolling stock, to prevent inadvertent operation by persons or objects.[82]

See also

[edit]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^The front set of the train as it leaves London; this becomes the rear set at Edinburgh, since all three portions reverse at the station.
  2. ^The rear set of the train as it leaves London; this becomes the front set at Edinburgh, since all three portions reverse at the station.
  3. ^abRequest stop

References

[edit]
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  2. ^"Sleeping Cars on Railways".Huddersfield Chronicle.England. 15 February 1873.Retrieved31 August2017– via British Newspaper Archive.
  3. ^"Sleeping Carriage".Derbyshire Courier.England. 1 March 1873.Retrieved31 August2017– via British Newspaper Archive.
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  5. ^"(untitled)".The Glasgow Herald.Retrieved25 May2019– via Google News Archive.
  6. ^Great Britain Time Table, May 1976, tables 26 and 65.
  7. ^Slater, John, ed. (November 1987). "No sleepers on ECML". News & Notes.The Railway Magazine.Vol. 133, no. 1039. Cheam: Prospect Magazines. p. 690.ISSN0033-8923.
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  10. ^"The Stagecoach Story".Rail.No. 286. 28 August 1996. pp. 34–37.
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  21. ^ab"EWS starts electric Sleeper operations".Rail.No. 328. 8 April 1998. p. 59.
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  28. ^Osborne, Alistair (12 June 2004)."FirstGroup clinches Scottish rail franchise".The Daily Telegraph.Archivedfrom the original on 12 January 2022.
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  30. ^"Hybrid identity for Scottish Class 90s".Rail.No. 541. 7 June 2006. p. 7.
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  34. ^"Scotland to split Sleepers from next ScotRail franchise".Rail.No. 700. 11 July 2012. p. 8.
  35. ^"Caledonian sleeper train service bidders named".BBC News. 28 June 2013.
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  38. ^"Strike halts Caledonian Sleeper train".The Guardian.22 December 2015.
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  40. ^"Caledonian Sleeper services cancelled as staff walk out on strike".irvinetimes.com. 27 September 2019.
  41. ^Wyllie, James (24 September 2019)."Caledonian Sleeper staff to stage three-day strike over 'intolerable' working conditions".pressandjournal.co.uk.
  42. ^"Coronavirus: Rail franchise agreements suspended to avoid company collapses".Sky News. 23 March 2020.Archivedfrom the original on 27 May 2020.Retrieved23 March2020.
  43. ^Osborne, Samuel (27 December 2021)."COVID-19: Christmas travel disruption as Omicron hits rail and airline staffing".news.sky.com.
  44. ^"RMT confirms Caledonian Sleeper strike action goes ahead".rmt.org.uk. 9 November 2021.
  45. ^Dalton, Alastair (1 December 2021)."Threat of more Caledonian Sleeper strikes as RMT stages protest at operator Serco's London office".scotsman.com.
  46. ^"Rail strike: RMT union votes for national action".BBC News.24 May 2022.Retrieved24 May2022.
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  62. ^abcd"UK's GBRf to provide train drivers and traction for Caledonian Sleeper franchise".Railway Technology.18 February 2015.
  63. ^"Our Club Room".Caledonian Sleeper.
  64. ^"Our Comfort Seats".Caledonian Sleeper.10 March 2018.
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  68. ^"Alstom to maintain sleeper trains in the UK"(Press release). Alstom. 12 February 2015.
  69. ^abGB Rail Freight (17 February 2015)."GB Railfreight boosts rail services business with Serco Caledonian Sleeper contract"(PDF).Europorte(Press release). Archived fromthe original(PDF)on 23 December 2019.
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  76. ^"86/4 to receive Sleeper livery".Rail.No. 776. 10 June 2015. p. 27.
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  79. ^"GBRf Class 67 workign Caledonain Sleeper".WNXX.
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[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related toCaledonian Sleeper.
Preceded by Sub-brand ofScotRail franchise
1997–2004 		Succeeded by
Preceded by Sub-brand of ScotRail franchise
2004–2015 		Succeeded by
Caledonian Sleeper
Caledonian Sleeper franchise
Preceded by
First ScotRail
ScotRail franchise
 Operator of Caledonian Sleeper franchise
2015– 		Incumbent
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