Cambria Iron Company
Cambria Iron Company | |
Location | Johnstown, Pennsylvania |
---|---|
Coordinates | 40°20′10″N78°55′23″W/ 40.336°N 78.923°W |
Area | 482 acres (195 ha) |
Architect | Cambria Iron Co., et al. |
NRHP referenceNo. | 89001101[1] |
Significant dates | |
Added to NRHP | June 22, 1989[1] |
Designated NHLD | June 22, 1989[3] |
Designated PHMC | March 04, 1947[2] |
TheCambria Iron CompanyofJohnstown, Pennsylvania,was a major producer of iron and steel that operated independently from 1852 to 1916. The company adopted many innovations in the steelmaking process, including those ofWilliam KellyandHenry Bessemer.
Founded in 1852, the company became the nation's largest steel foundry within two decades. It was reorganized and renamed theCambria Steel Companyin 1898, purchased byMidvale Steel and Ordnance Companyin 1916, and sold to theBethlehem Steel Companyin 1923.[4]
The company's facilities, which extend some 12 miles (19 km) along the Conemaugh and Little Conemaugh rivers, operated until 1992. Today, they are designated as aNational Historic Landmark District.Several works by the firm are listed on theNational Register of Historic Places.[1][5]
Facilities
[edit]The industrial facilities of the Cambria occupied five separate sites in and aroundJohnstown, Pennsylvania.Its earliest facilities, known as the Lower Works, are located on the east bank of the Conemaugh River, north of downtown Johnstown and the Little Conemaugh River.
The Gautier Plant is northeast of downtown Johnstown on the south side of the Little Conemaugh. Further up that river is the extensive Franklin Plant and Wheel Plant, while the Rod and Wire Plant is located on the west side of the Conemaugh River, north of the Lower Works.
Each of these facilities represents a different phase of development and growth of the steel industry. The Lower Works no longer has significant traces of the earliest facilities used in steel manufacturing. All five of these areas comprise theNational Historic Landmark Districtdesignated in 1989.[6]
Company history
[edit]The Cambria Iron Company was founded in 1852 to provide iron for the construction ofrailroads.In 1854, the iron works, which had gone out of the blast, were purchased by a group of Philadelphia merchants led byMatthew Newkirk.After a fire destroyed the main rolling mill in 1857, Newkirk persuaded his co-investors to rebuild it on a larger scale.[7]
The company grew rapidly and by the 1870s, was a leading producer of steel and an innovator in the advancement of steelmaking technology. It performed early experiments with theKellyconverter, built the firstblooming mill,and was one of the first plants to use hydraulics for the movement of ingots. It built one of the first plants to use theBessemer processfor making steel at a large scale. The company's innovations, methods, and processes were widely influential throughout the steel industry.[6]
The company was at its height in the 1870s, under the long-term leadership of general managerDaniel Johnson Morrell,who had overseen the expansion of the works into one of the largest producers of rails in the United States. He helped to end US dependence on British railroad construction imports.[8]A Republican, Morrell also served as a member of the40th United States Congressand41st United States Congressesfrom Pennsylvania, from 1867-1871.
Morrell became concerned about theSouth Fork Dam,which formedLake Conemaughabove Johnstown and Cambria Iron Company's facilities. To monitor the dam, Morrell joinedSouth Fork Fishing and Hunting Club,which owned the dam. Morrell campaigned to club officials to improve the dam, which he had inspected by his own engineers and by those of thePennsylvania Railroad.Morrell offered to effect repairs, partially at his own expense, but was rejected by club president Benjamin F. Ruff. Morell died in 1885, his warnings unheeded.
On May 31, 1889, the dam failed, unleashing theJohnstown Flood.The flood killed more than 2,200 people—then the largest disaster in U.S. history—and badly damaged the Cambria Iron Company's facilities along the rivers. The company reopened one week later, but at reduced capacity, and it was eclipsed by other producers as it rebuilt.[8]
After Morrell's death, his club membership was purchased by Cyrus Elder, who became the club's only Johnstown native; most of the men were from Pittsburgh. Elder was a former news editor who had become chief legal counsel for Cambria Iron Company.[9][10]His wife and daughter died in the flood. He continued to be a notable civic leader. He also wrote books and poetry.[11]
In 1916, Cambria Iron was acquired byMidvale Steel and Ordnance Company.Midvale sold the company toBethlehem Steelin 1923.,[6]It operated continuously until 1992.[8]
Cambria Steel Company had formed aproprietarysubsidiary shipping company calledFranklin Steamship Companyof Cleveland in 1906 and Beaver Steamship Company in 1916. Both companies were sold toBethlehem Steamship Companyin 1924.[12]
Works produced
[edit]Infrastructure whose parts were manufactured by the Cambria Company include the following (with variations in attribution). All have been listed on theNational Register of Historic Places(NRHP):
- Bell Bridge,county road over Niobrara River, 11.9 miles (19.2 km) northeast ofValentine, Nebraska(Cambria Steel Co.), NRHP-listed[1]
- Boone River Bridge,Buchanan Avenue over Boone River,Goldfield, Iowa(Cambria Steel Company), NRHP-listed[1]
- Borman Bridge,county road over Niobrara River, 2.3 miles (3.7 km) southeast ofValentine, Nebraska(Cambria Steel Co.), NRHP-listed[1]
- Eldorado Bridge,State Street over Turkey River,Eldorado, Iowa(Cambria Steel Co.), NRHP-listed[1]
- Johnstown Inclined Railway,Johns Street and Edgehill Drive,Johnstown, Pennsylvania(Cambria Iron Co.), NRHP-listed[1]
- Neligh Mill Bridge,Elm Street over Elkhorn River,Neligh, Nebraska(Cambria/Lackawanna Steel Cos.), NRHP-listed[1]
- North Loup Bridge,county road over North Loup River, 1.5 miles (2.4 km) northeast ofNorth Loup, Nebraska(Cambria & Lackawanna Steel Cos.), NRHP-listed[1]
- Republican River Bridge,county road over Republican River, 1 mile (1.6 km) east and 1.5 miles (2.4 km) south ofRiverton, Nebraska(Cambria Steel Co.), NRHP-listed[1]
- Willow Creek Bridge,county road over Willow Creek, 6.5 miles (10.5 km) south ofFoster, Nebraska(Cambria Steel Co.), NRHP-listed[1]
See also
[edit]- Rolling Mill Mine
- List of National Historic Landmarks in Pennsylvania
- National Register of Historic Places listings in Cambria County, Pennsylvania
References
[edit]- ^abcdefghijkl"National Register Information System".National Register of Historic Places.National Park Service.July 9, 2010.
- ^"PHMC Historical Markers".Historical Marker Database.Pennsylvania Historical & Museum Commission. Archived fromthe originalon December 7, 2013.RetrievedDecember 19,2013.
- ^"Cambria Iron Company".National Historic Landmark summary listing.National Park Service. Archived fromthe originalon June 5, 2008.RetrievedJuly 2,2008.
- ^"History of Steelmaking in Johnstown".Frank & Sylvia Pasquerilla Heritage Discovery Center website.Johnstown Area Heritage Association. Archived fromthe originalon May 24, 2009.RetrievedJanuary 9,2010.
- ^Highway Bridges of Iowa MPS
- ^abc"NHL nomination for Cambria Iron Company".National Park Service.RetrievedApril 7,2017.
- ^Newkirk, Matthew (1869).The memory of the just is blessed: a memorial of Matthew Newkirk.Princeton Theological Seminary Library. Philadelphia: Claxton, Remsen, and Haffelfinger.
- ^abcJohnstown, Pennsylvania, 1904by Charles Luther Morgan, Library of Congress, World Digital Library, 1904. Retrieved July 22, 2019.
- ^Johnstown’s Flood of 1889: Power Over Truth and The Science Behind the Disaster,by Neil M. Coleman, Springer, 2018, page 185. Retrieved July 22, 2019.
- ^"Benjamin Franklin Ruff (1835-1887)", "Johnstown Memorial", National Park Service. Retrieved July 22, 2019.
- ^"Cyrus Elder (1833-1912)", "Johnstown Memorial", National Park Service. Retrieved July 22, 2019.
- ^"Scanner, v. 7, n. 4 (January 1975): The Oakes Fleets".www.maritimehistoryofthegreatlakes.ca.
External links
[edit]- History of the Steel Industry in Johnstown
- Lists of National Historic LandmarksArchivedJune 9, 2007, at theWayback Machine
- Historic American Engineering Record(HAER) No. PA-109, "Cambria Iron Company"
- HAER No. PA-109-A, "Cambria Iron Company, Blacksmith Shop"
- HAER No. PA-109-B, "Cambria Iron Company, Pattern Shop"
- HAER No. PA-109-C, "Cambria Iron Company, Rolling Mill Office"
- HAER No. PA-109-D, "Cambria Iron Company, Car Shop"
- HAER No. PA-109-E, "Cambria Iron Company, Foundry"
- HAER No. PA-109-F, "Cambria Iron Company, Blast Furnaces No. 5 & 6"
- HAER No. PA-109-G, "Cambria Iron Company, Merchant Mill"
- HAER No. PA-109-H, "Cambria Iron Company, Blast Furnaces No. 5 & 6 Blowing Engine House"
- HAER No. PA-109-I, "Cambria Iron Company, Blast Furnaces No. 1-4 Blowing Engine House"
- Steel companies of the United States
- National Historic Landmarks in Pennsylvania
- Historic American Engineering Record in Pennsylvania
- Buildings and structures in Johnstown, Pennsylvania
- Bridge companies
- 1852 establishments in Pennsylvania
- National Register of Historic Places in Cambria County, Pennsylvania
- Historic districts on the National Register of Historic Places in Pennsylvania
- Blacksmith shops
- Blast furnaces
- Rolling mills
- Construction and civil engineering companies of the United States
- Construction and civil engineering companies established in 1852
- American companies established in 1852