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Camellia

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
For other uses, seeCamellia (disambiguation).

Camellia
Camellia sasanquais used as a garden plant, its leaves are used for tea, and its seeds for oil
Scientific classificationEdit this classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Asterids
Order: Ericales
Family: Theaceae
Genus: Camellia
L.
Species

About 187, seetext

Synonyms[1]
  • CalpandriaBlume (1825)
  • CamelliastrumNakai (1940)
  • DankiaGagnep. (1939)
  • DesmitusRaf. (1838)
  • DrupiferaRaf. (1838)
  • PiquetiaHallier f. (1921)
  • SalcedaBlanco (1845)
  • SasanquaNees (1834)
  • StereocarpusHallier f. (1921)
  • TheaL. (1753)
  • TheaphyllaRaf. (1830), nom. superfl.
  • TheopsisNakai (1940)
  • TsiaAdans. (1763), nom. superfl.
  • TsubakiAdans. (1763), nom. superfl.
  • YunnaneaHu (1956)

Camellia(pronounced/kəˈmɛliə/[2]or/kəˈmiːliə/[3]) is agenusof flowering plants in the familyTheaceae.[1]They are found in tropical and subtropical areas ineasternandsouthern Asia,from theHimalayaseast toJapanandIndonesia.There are more than 220 describedspecies.[1]Camellias are popular ornamental, tea and woody-oil plants that have been cultivated throughout the world for centuries. To date, over 26,000 cultivars, with more than 51,000 cultivar names including synonyms, have been registered or published.[4][5]

Of economic importance in East Asia, Southeast Asia, and the Indian subcontinent, leaves ofC. sinensisare processed to create the popular beveragetea.The ornamentalC. japonica,C. sasanquaand theirhybridsare the source of hundreds of gardencultivars.C. oleiferaproducestea seed oil,used in cooking and cosmetics.

Taxonomy

[edit]

The genus was named byLinnaeusafter the Jesuit botanistGeorg Joseph Kamel,who worked in the Philippines and described one of its species (although Linnaeus did not refer to Kamel's account when discussing the genus).[6]: 246, 255 

Botany

[edit]
Leaves ofCamellia sinensis,thetea plant

Camellias areevergreenshrubsor smalltreesup to 20 m (66 ft) tall. Their leaves are alternately arranged, simple, thick, serrated, and usually glossy.

Flowers and fruit

[edit]

Their flowers are usually large and conspicuous, one to 12 cm in diameter, with five to nine petals in naturally occurring species of camellias. The colors of the flowers vary from white through pink colors to red; truly yellow flowers are found only in South China and Vietnam. Tea varieties are always white-flowered. Camellia flowers throughout the genus are characterized by a dense bouquet of conspicuous yellow stamens, often contrasting with the petal colors.[7][page needed][8]Some research has shown that the colour of petals in some species' flowers indicate their size and how they arepollinated;species with red or yellow flowers are pollinated bysunbirdswhereas species with white flowers are smaller in diameter and are pollinated by bees.[9]: 3–4 

Thefruitof camellia plants is a drycapsule,sometimes subdivided in up to five compartments, each compartment containing up to eightseeds.

Growth

[edit]

The various species of camellia plants are generally well-adapted toacid soilsrich inhumus,and most species do not grow well onchalkysoil or othercalcium-rich soils. Most species of camellias also require a large amount of water, either from natural rainfall or fromirrigation,and the plants will not toleratedroughts.However, some of the more unusual camellias – typically species fromkarstsoils inVietnam– can grow without too much water.

Camellia plants usually have a rapid growth rate. Typically they will grow about 30 cm per year until mature – though this does vary depending on their variety and geographical location.

Ecology

[edit]

Camellia plants are used as food plants by thelarvaeof a number ofLepidopteraspecies. Leaves ofCamellia japonicaare susceptible to thefungalparasiteMycelia sterile(seebelowfor the significance),mycelia sterile PF1022produces ametabolitenamed PF1022A that is used to produceemodepside,ananthelminticdrug.[10]

Mainly due tohabitat destruction,several camellias have become quite rare in their natural range. One of these is the aforementionedC. reticulata,grown commercially in thousands for horticulture and oil production, but rare enough in its natural range to be considered athreatened species.

Use by humans

[edit]
Camellia reticulatais rare in the wild but has been cultivated for hundreds of years.

Camellia sinensis,the tea plant, is of major commercial importance becauseteais made from its leaves. The speciesC. sinensisis the product of many generations ofselective breedingin order to bring out qualities considered desirable for tea. However, many other camellias can be used to produce a similar beverage. For example, in some parts of Japan, tea made fromC. sasanqualeaves is popular.

Seeds ofC. oleifera,C. japonica,and to a lesser extent other species such asC. crapnelliana,C. reticulata,C. sasanquaandC. sinensisas well are pressed to maketea seed oil,a sweet seasoning and cooking oil special to East Asia. It is the most importantcooking oilfor hundreds of millions of people, particularly in southern China.

Camellia oil is commonly used to clean and protect the blades of cutting instruments.

Camellia oil pressed from seeds ofC. japonica,also called tsubaki oil or tsubaki-abura ( xuân du ) in Japanese, has been traditionally used in Japan for hair care.[11]C. japonicaplant is used to prepare traditional antiinflammatory medicines.[12]

History

[edit]

Fossil record

[edit]

The earliestfossilrecord ofCamelliaare the leaves of †C. abensisfrom the upperEocene ofJapan,†C. abchasicafrom the lowerOligoceneofBulgariaand †C. multiformafrom the lowerOligoceneofWashington,United States.[13]

Garden history

[edit]

Camellias were cultivated in the gardens of China for centuries before they were seen in Europe. The German botanistEngelbert Kaempferreported[14]that the "Japan Rose", as he called it, grew wild in woodland and hedgerow, but that many superior varieties had been selected for gardens. Europeans' earliest views of camellias must have been their representations in Chinese painted wallpapers, where they were often represented growing in porcelain pots.

The first living camellias seen in England were a single red and a single white, grown and flowered in his garden atThorndon Hall,Essex, byRobert James, Lord Petre,among the keenest gardeners of his generation, in 1739. His gardenerJames Gordonwas the first to introduce camellias to commerce, from the nurseries he established after Lord Petre's untimely death in 1743, at Mile End, Essex, near London.[15]

With the expansion of thetea tradein the later 18th century, new varieties began to be seen in England, imported through theBritish East India Company.The Company's John Slater was responsible for the first of the new camellias, double ones, in white and a striped red, imported in 1792. Further camellias imported in the East Indiamen were associated with the patrons whose gardeners grew them: a double red for Sir Robert Preston in 1794 and the pale pink named "Lady Hume's Blush" for Amelia, the lady ofSir Abraham HumeofWormleybury,Hertfordshire (1806). The camellia was imported from England to America in 1797 whenColonel John Stevensbrought the flower as part of an effort to grow attractions withinElysian FieldsinHoboken,New Jersey.[16]By 1819, twenty-five camellias had bloomed in England; that year the first monograph appeared, Samuel Curtis's,A Monograph on the Genus Camellia,whose five handsome folio colored illustrations have usually been removed from the slender text and framed. Camellias that set seed, though they did not flower for more than a decade, rewarded their growers with a wealth of new varieties. By the 1840s, the camellia was at the height of its fashion astheluxury flower. The Parisian courtesanMarie Duplessis,who died young in 1847, inspired Dumas'La Dame aux caméliasand Verdi'sLa Traviata.

The fashionable imbricated formality of prized camellias was an element in their decline, replaced by the new hothouseorchid.Their revival after World War I as woodland shrubs for mild climates has been paralleled by the rise in popularity ofCamellia sasanqua.

Modern cultivars

[edit]

The tea camellia,C. sinensis,hasmany commercial cultivarsselected for the taste of their leaves once processed into tea leaves.

Today camellias are grown as ornamental plants for their flowers; about 3,000cultivarsandhybridshave been selected, many withdoubleor semi-double flowers.C. japonicais the most prominent species in cultivation, with over 2,000 named cultivars. Next areC. reticulatawith over 400 named cultivars, andC. sasanquawith over 300 named cultivars. Popular hybrids includeC. × hiemalis(C. japonica×C. sasanqua) andC. × williamsii(C. japonica×C. saluenensis). Some varieties can grow to a considerable size, up to100m2,though more compact cultivars are available. They are frequently planted in woodland settings, alongside othercalcifugessuch asrhododendrons,and are particularly associated with areas of high soil acidity, such as Cornwall and Devon in the UK. They are highly valued for their very early flowering, often among the first flowers to appear in the late winter. Latefrostscan damage the flower buds, resulting in misshapen flowers.[17]

There is great variety of flower forms:

  • single (flat, bowl- or cup-shaped)
  • semi-double (rows of large outer petals, with the centre comprising mixed petals and stamens)
  • double:
    • paeony form (convex mass of irregular petals and petaloids with hidden stamens)
    • anemone form (one or more rows of outer petals, with mixed petaloids and stamens in the centre)
    • rose form (overlapping petals showing stamens in a concave centre when open)
    • formal double (rows of overlapping petals with hidden stamens)

AGM cultivars

[edit]
Main article:List of Award of Garden Merit camellias

The following hybrid cultivars have gained theRoyal Horticultural Society'sAward of Garden Merit:

Name Parentage Height Spread Flower colour Flower type Ref.
Cornish Snow cuspidata×saluenensis 2.5 1.5 white single [18]
Cornish Spring cuspidata×japonica 2.5 1.5 pink single [19]
Francie L 8.0 8.0 rose-pink double [20]
Freedom Bell ×williamsii 2.5 2.5 red semi-double [21]
Inspiration reticulata×saluenensis 4.0 2.5 rose-pink semi-double [22]
Leonard Messel reticulata× ×williamsii 4.0 4.0 rose-pink semi-double [23]
Royalty japonica×reticulata 1.0 1.0 light red semi-double [24]
Spring Festival ×williamsii,cuspidata 4.0 2.5 pink semi-double [25]
Tom Knudsen japonica×reticulata 2.5 2.5 deep red double paeony [26]
Tristrem Carlyon reticulata 4.0 2.5 rose pink double paeony [27]
  • Simple-flowered Camellia × williamsii cv. 'Brigadoon'
    Simple-floweredCamellia × williamsiicv. 'Brigadoon'
  • Semi-double-flowered camellia cultivar
    Semi-double-flowered camellia cultivar
  • Double-flowered camellia cultivar
    Double-flowered camellia cultivar
  • Double-flowered hybrid cv. 'Jury's Yellow'
    Double-flowered hybrid cv. 'Jury's Yellow'

Species

[edit]
Camellia fraterna
Flower buds of an unspecified camellia
Fruits of an unspecified camellia
Camellia japonica-MHNT
Camellia azalea
Camellia petelotii
Flower bud.

Plants of the World Onlinecurrently includes:[1]

  1. Camellia albataOrel & Curry
  2. Camellia amplexicaulis(Pit.) Cohen-Stuart
  3. Camellia amplexifoliaMerr. & Chun
  4. Camellia anlungensisHung T.Chang
  5. Camellia assimiloidesSealy
  6. Camellia aureaHung T.Chang
  7. Camellia azaleaC.F.Wei
  8. Camellia brevistyla(Hayata) Cohen-Stuart
  9. Camellia bugiamapensisOrel, Curry, Luu & Q.D.Nguyen
  10. Camellia campanulataOrel, Curry & Luu
  11. Camellia candidaHung T.Chang
  12. Camellia capitataOrel, Curry & Luu
  13. Camellia cattienensisOrel
  14. Camellia caudataWall.
  15. Camellia chekiangoleosaHu
  16. Camellia cherryanaOrel
  17. Camellia chinmeiaeS.L.Lee & T.Y.A.Yang
  18. Camellia chrysanthoidesHung T.Chang
  19. Camellia concinnaOrel & Curry
  20. Camellia connata(Craib) Craib
  21. Camellia corallina(Gagnep.) Sealy
  22. Camellia cordifolia(F.P.Metcalf) Nakai
  23. Camellia costataS.Y.Hu & S.Y.Liang
  24. Camellia costeiH.Lév.
  25. Camellia crapnellianaTutcher– Crapnell's camellia
  26. Camellia crassicolumnaHung T.Chang
  27. Camellia crassipesSealy
  28. Camellia crassiphyllaNinh & Hakoda
  29. Camellia cuongianaOrel & Curry
  30. Camellia cupiformisT.L.Ming
  31. Camellia curryanaOrel & Luu
  32. Camellia cuspidata(Kochs) Bean
  33. Camellia dalatensisV.D.Luong, Ninh & Hakoda
  34. Camellia debaoensisR.C.Hu & Y.Q.Liufu
  35. Camellia decoraOrel, Curry & Luu
  36. Camellia dilinhensisNinh & V.D.Luong
  37. Camellia dongnaicensisOrel
  38. Camellia dormoyana(Pierre ex Laness.) Sealy
  39. Camellia drupiferaLour.
  40. Camellia duyanaOrel, Curry & Luu
  41. Camellia edithaeHance
  42. Camellia elizabethaeOrel & Curry
  43. Camellia elongata(Rehder & E.H.Wilson) Rehder
  44. Camellia erubescensOrel & Curry
  45. Camellia euphlebiaMerr. ex Sealy
  46. Camellia euryoidesLindl.
  47. Camellia fangchengensisS.Ye Liang & Y.C.Zhong
  48. Camellia fansipanensisJ.M.H.Shaw, Wynn-Jones & V.D.Nguyen
  49. Camellia fascicularisHung T.Chang
  50. Camellia flava(Pit.) Sealy
  51. Camellia flavidaHung T.Chang
  52. Camellia fleuryi(A.Chev.) Sealy
  53. Camellia fluviatilisHand.-Mazz.
  54. Camellia forrestii(Diels) Cohen-Stuart
  55. Camellia fraternaHance
  56. Camellia furfuracea(Merr.) Cohen-Stuart
  57. Camellia gaudichaudii(Gagnep.) Sealy
  58. Camellia gilbertii(A.Chev.) Sealy
  59. Camellia glabricostataT.L.Ming
  60. Camellia gracilipesMerr. ex Sealy
  61. Camellia grandibracteataHung T.Chang, Y.J.Tan, F.L.Yu & P.S.Wang
  62. Camellia granthamianaSealy– Grantham's camellia
  63. Camellia grijsiiHance
  64. Camellia gymnogynaHung T.Chang
  65. Camellia harlandiiOrel & Curry
  66. Camellia hatinhensisV.D.Luong, Ninh & L.T.Nguyen
  67. Camellia hekouensisC.J.Wang & G.S.Fan
  68. Camellia hiemalisNakai
  69. Camellia honbaensisLuu, Q.D.Nguyen & G.Tran
  70. Camellia hongiaoensisOrel & Curry
  71. Camellia hongkongensisSeem.
  72. Camellia hsinpeiensisS.S.Ying
  73. Camellia huanaT.L.Ming & W.J.Zhang
  74. Camellia ilicifoliaY.K.Li
  75. Camellia impressinervisHung T.Chang & S.Ye Liang
  76. Camellia indochinensisMerr.
  77. Camellia ingensOrel & Curry
  78. Camellia insularisOrel & Curry
  79. Camellia × intermedia(Tuyama) Nagam.
  80. Camellia inusitataOrel, Curry & Luu
  81. Camellia japonicaL.– East Asian camellia
    synonymCamellia rusticana– snow camellia
  82. Camellia kissiiWall.
  83. Camellia krempfii(Gagnep.) Sealy
  84. Camellia kwangsiensisHung T.Chang
  85. Camellia lanceolata(Blume) Seem.
  86. Camellia langbianensis(Gagnep.) P.H.Hô
  87. Camellia laotica(Gagnep.) T.L.Ming
  88. Camellia lawiiSealy
  89. Camellia leptophyllaS.Ye Liang ex Hung T.Chang
  90. Camellia ligustrinaOrel, Curry & Luu
  91. Camellia longicalyxHung T.Chang
  92. Camellia longiiOrel & Luu
  93. Camellia longipedicellata(Hu) Hung T.Chang & D.Fang
  94. Camellia longissimaHung T.Chang & S.Ye Liang
  95. Camellia luciiOrel & Curry
  96. Camellia lutchuensisT.Itô
  97. Camellia luteocerataOrel
  98. Camellia luteofloraY.K.Li ex Hung T.Chang & F.A.Zeng
  99. Camellia luteopallidaV.D.Luong, T.Q.T.Nguyen & Luu
  100. Camellia luuanaOrel & Curry
  101. Camellia maianaOrel
  102. Camellia mairei(H.Lév.) Melch.
  103. Camellia maoniushanensisJ.L.Liu & Q.Luo
  104. Camellia megasepalaHung T.Chang & Trin Ninh
  105. Camellia mellianaHand.-Mazz.
  106. Camellia micranthaS.Ye Liang & Y.C.Zhong
  107. Camellia mileensisT.L.Ming
  108. Camellia mingiiS.X.Yang
  109. Camellia minimaOrel & Curry
  110. Camellia mollisHung T.Chang & S.X.Ren
  111. Camellia montana(Blanco) Hung T.Chang & S.X.Ren
  112. Camellia murauchiiNinh & Hakoda
  113. Camellia namkadingensisSoulad. & Tagane
  114. Camellia nematodea(Gagnep.) Sealy
  115. Camellia nervosa(Gagnep.) Hung T.Chang
  116. Camellia oconorianaOrel, Curry & Luu
  117. Camellia oleiferaC.Abel– oil-seed camellia, tea oil camellia
  118. Camellia pachyandraHu
  119. Camellia parvifloraMerr. & Chun ex Sealy
  120. Camellia parvimuricataHung T.Chang
  121. Camellia paucipunctata(Merr. & Chun) Chun
  122. Camellia petelotii(Merr.) Sealysynonyms:
    C. chrysantha,C. nitidissima– yellow camellia
  123. Camellia philippinensisHung T.Chang & S.X.Ren
  124. Camellia pilospermaS.Yun Liang
  125. Camellia pingguoensisD.Fang
  126. Camellia piquetiana(Pierre) Sealy
  127. Camellia pitardiiCohen-Stuart
  128. Camellia pleurocarpa(Gagnep.) Sealy
  129. Camellia polyodontaF.C.How ex Hu
  130. Camellia psilocarpaX.G.Shi & C.X.Ye
  131. Camellia ptilophyllaHung T.Chang
  132. Camellia pubicostaMerr.
  133. Camellia pubifurfuraceaY.C.Zhong
  134. Camellia pubipetalaY.Wan & S.Z.Huang
  135. Camellia pukhangensisN.D.Do, V.D.Luong, S.T.Hoang & T.H.Lê
  136. Camellia punctata(Kochs) Cohen-Stuart
  137. Camellia pyriparvaOrel & Curry
  138. Camellia pyxidiaceaZ.R.Xu, F.P.Chen & C.Y.Deng
  139. Camellia quangcuongiiL.V.Dung, S.T. Hoang & Nhan
  140. Camellia reflexaOrel & Curry
  141. Camellia renshanxiangiaeC.X.Ye & X.Q.Zheng
  142. Camellia reticulataLindl.
  143. Camellia rhytidocarpaHung T.Chang & S.Ye Liang
  144. Camellia rosaceaTagane, Soulad. & Yahara
  145. Camellia rosifloraHook.
  146. Camellia rosmanniiNinh
  147. Camellia rosthornianaHand.-Mazz.
  148. Camellia rubrifloraNinh & Hakoda
  149. Camellia salicifoliaChamp.
  150. Camellia saluenensisStapf ex Bean
  151. Camellia sasanquaThunb.
  152. Camellia scabrosaOrel & Curry
  153. Camellia sealyanaT.L.Ming
  154. Camellia semiserrataC.W.Chi
  155. Camellia septempetalaHung T.Chang & L.L.Qi
  156. Camellia siangensisT.K.Paul & M.P.Nayar
  157. Camellia sinensis(L.) Kuntze– tea plant
  158. Camellia sonthaiensisLuu, V.D.Luong, Q.D.Nguyen & T.Q.T.Nguyen
  159. Camellia stuartianaSealy
  160. Camellia subintegraP.C.Huang
  161. Camellia synapticaSealy
  162. Camellia szechuanensisC.W.Chi
  163. Camellia szemaoensisHung T.Chang
  164. Camellia tachangensisF.S.Zhang
  165. Camellia tadungensisOrel, Curry & Luu
  166. Camellia taliensis(W.W.Sm.) Melch.– also used to make tea likeC. sinensis
  167. Camellia teniiSealy
  168. Camellia thailandicaHung T.Chang & S.X.Ren
  169. Camellia thanxaensaHakoda & Kirino
  170. Camellia tienyenensisOrel & Curry
  171. Camellia tomentosaOrel & Curry
  172. Camellia tonkinensis(Pit.) Cohen-Stuart
  173. Camellia transarisanensis(Hayata) Cohen-Stuart
  174. Camellia trichoclada(Rehder) S.S.Chien
  175. Camellia tsaiiHu
  176. Camellia tsingpienensisHu
  177. Camellia tuberculataS.S.Chien
  178. Camellia tuyenquangensisV.D.Luong, Le & Ninh
  179. Camellia urakuKitam.
  180. Camellia villicarpaS.S.Chien
  181. Camellia viridicalyxHung T.Chang & S.Ye Liang
  182. Camellia viscosaOrel & Curry
  183. Camellia vuquangensisV.D.Luong, Ninh & L.T.Nguyen
  184. Camellia wardiiKobuski
  185. Camellia xanthochromaK.M.Feng & L.S.Xie
  186. Camellia yokdonensisDung bis & Hakoda
  187. Camellia yunkiangicaHung T.Chang, H.S.Wang & B.H.Chen
  188. Camellia yunnanensis(Pit. ex Diels) Cohen-Stuart

Cultural significance

[edit]
Portrait of a New Zealandsuffragette,c. 1880.The sitter wears a white camellia, symbolic of support for advancing women's rights.

The Camellia family of plants in popular culture.

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^abcd"CamelliaL. "Plants of the World Online.Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. 2021.Retrieved23 March2021.
  2. ^"camellia".Oxford English Dictionary(Online ed.).Oxford University Press.(Subscription orparticipating institution membershiprequired.)
  3. ^"camellia".Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary.
  4. ^Wang, Yanan; Zhuang, Huifu; Shen, Yunguang; Wang, Yuhua; Wang, Zhonglang (2021-01-19)."The Dataset of Camellia Cultivars Names in the World".Biodiversity Data Journal.9:e61646.doi:10.3897/BDJ.9.e61646.ISSN1314-2828.PMC7838149.PMID33519266.
  5. ^"International Camellia Register-Camellia, Cultivars, Species, Photos".camellia.iflora.cn.Retrieved2023-02-11.
  6. ^Kroupa, Sebestian (November 2015)."Ex epistulis Philippinensibus: Georg Joseph Kamel SJ (1661–1706) and His Correspondence Network".Centaurus.57(4): 229–259.doi:10.1111/1600-0498.12099.ISSN1600-0498.
  7. ^Mair, Victor H.;Hoh, Erling (2009).The True History of Tea.Thames & Hudson.ISBN978-0-500-25146-1.
  8. ^The International Camellia Society.Flowers of Camellias.
  9. ^Abe, Harue; Miura, Hiroki; Katayama, Rui (2023)."A Comprehensive Comparison of Flower Morphology in the GenusCamellia,with a Focus on the SectionCamellia"(PDF).Journal of Integrated Field Science.20.Field Science Center, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University: 2–9.
  10. ^Harder, A.; Holden–Dye, L.; Walker, R.; Wunderlich, F. (2005). "Mechanisms of action of emodepside".Parasitology Research.97(Supplement 1): S1–S10.doi:10.1007/s00436-005-1438-z.
  11. ^How to Use Japanese Camellia (Tsubaki) Oil.[1].
  12. ^Majumder, Soumya; Ghosh, Arindam; Bhattacharya, Malay (2020-08-27)."Natural anti-inflammatory terpenoids in Camellia japonica leaf and probable biosynthesis pathways of the metabolome".Bulletin of the National Research Centre.44(1): 141.doi:10.1186/s42269-020-00397-7.ISSN2522-8307.
  13. ^Journal of Plant Research, September 2016, Volume 129, Issue 5, pp 823–831, Camellia nanningensis sp. nov.: the earliest fossil wood record of the genus Camellia (Theaceae) from East Asia by Lu-Liang Huang, Jian-Hua Jin, Cheng Quan and Alexei A.
  14. ^Kaemfer,Amoenitates exoticae,1712, noted by Alice M. Coats,Garden Shrubs and Their Histories(1964) 1992,s.v."Camellia".
  15. ^Coats (1964) 1992.
  16. ^The New York Botanical Garden,Curtis' Botanical Magazine, Volume XBronx, New York: The New York Botanical Garden, 1797
  17. ^RHS A-Z encyclopedia of garden plants.United Kingdom: Dorling Kindersley. 2008. p. 1136.ISBN978-1405332965.
  18. ^"RHS Plant Selector Camellia 'Cornish Snow' (cuspidata × saluenensis) AGM / RHS Gardening".Apps.rhs.org.uk.Retrieved2020-04-17.[permanent dead link]
  19. ^"RHS Plant Selector Camellia 'Cornish Spring' (cuspidata × japonica) AGM / RHS Gardening".Apps.rhs.org.uk.Retrieved2020-04-17.
  20. ^"RHS Plant Selector Camellia 'Francie L' AGM / RHS Gardening".Apps.rhs.org.uk.Retrieved2020-04-17.
  21. ^"RHS Plant Selector Camellia 'Freedom Bell' AGM / RHS Gardening".Apps.rhs.org.uk.Retrieved2020-04-17.
  22. ^"RHS Plant Selector Camellia 'Inspiration' (reticulata × saluenensis) AGM / RHS Gardening".Apps.rhs.org.uk.Retrieved2020-04-17.[permanent dead link]
  23. ^"RHS Plant Selector Camellia 'Leonard Messel' (reticulata × williamsii) AGM / RHS Gardening".Apps.rhs.org.uk.Retrieved2020-04-17.[permanent dead link]
  24. ^"RHS Plant Selector Camellia 'Royalty' (japonica × reticulata) AGM / RHS Gardening".Apps.rhs.org.uk.Retrieved2020-04-17.[permanent dead link]
  25. ^"RHS Plant Selector Camellia 'Spring Festival' (cuspidata hybrid) AGM / RHS Gardening".Apps.rhs.org.uk.Retrieved2013-04-29.
  26. ^"RHS Plant Selector Camellia 'Tom Knudsen' (japonica × reticulata) AGM / RHS Gardening".Apps.rhs.org.uk.Retrieved2020-04-17.[permanent dead link]
  27. ^"Camellia'Tristrem Carlyon'".RHS.Retrieved12 April2020.
  28. ^"State Flower of Alabama".Official Symbols and Emblems of Alabama.Alabama Department of Archives and History. February 6, 2014. Archived fromthe originalon 2012-07-28.Retrieved2019-05-07.
  29. ^Toni Boornazian (November 23, 2020)."Camellia: The" Winter's Rose "".Stuyvesant Park Neighborhood Association.Retrieved2022-08-10.

Further reading

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  • F. Camangi, A. Stefani, T. Bracci, A. Minnocci, L. Sebastiani, A. Lippi, G. Cattolica, A.M. Santoro:Antiche camelie della Lucchesia (Storia, Botanico, Cultura, agronomia novità scientifiche e curiosità;Orto Botanico Comunale di Lucca).Edition ETS;Lucca,2012. Italian.
[edit]
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