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Camel
Temporal range:Pliocene–Recent[1]
↓
A one-humped camel
Dromedary
(Camelus dromedarius)
A shaggy two-humped camel
Bactrian camel
(Camelus bactrianus)
Scientific classificationEdit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Order: Artiodactyla
Family: Camelidae
Tribe: Camelini
Genus: Camelus
Linnaeus,1758
Type species
Camelus dromedarius[6]
Linnaeus, 1758
Species
Distribution of camels worldwide
Synonyms
List

Acamel(fromLatin:camelusandGreek:κάμηλος(kamēlos) fromAncient Semitic:gāmāl[7][8]) is aneven-toed ungulatein thegenusCamelusthat bears distinctive fatty deposits known as "humps" on its back. Camels have long beendomesticatedand, aslivestock,they provide food (camel milkand meat) and textiles (fiber and felt fromcamel hair). Camels areworking animalsespecially suited to their desert habitat and are a vital means of transport for passengers and cargo. There are three survivingspeciesof camel. The one-humpeddromedarymakes up 94% of the world's camel population, and the two-humpedBactrian camelmakes up 6%. Thewild Bactrian camelis a distinct species that is not ancestral to the domestic Bactrian camel, and is nowcritically endangered,with fewer than 1,000 individuals.

The wordcamelis also used informally in a wider sense, where the more correct term is "camelid", to include all seven species of the familyCamelidae:the true camels (the above three species), along with the "New World" camelids: thellama,thealpaca,theguanaco,and thevicuña,which belong to the separate tribeLamini.[9]Camelids originated in North America during theEocene,with the ancestor of modern camels,Paracamelus,migrating across theBering land bridgeinto Asia during the lateMiocene,around 6 million years ago.

Taxonomy

Extant species

Three species areextant:[10][11]

GenusCamelus–Linnaeus,1758– nine species
Common name Scientific name and subspecies Range Size and ecology IUCN status and estimated population
Bactrian camel

Camelus bactrianus
Linnaeus, 1758 		Domesticated;Central Asia,including the historical region ofBactria.
Map of range 		Size:

Habitat:

Diet:
Dromedary/ Arabian camel

Camelus dromedarius
Linnaeus, 1758 		Domesticated; theMiddle East,Sahara Desert,andSouth Asia;introduced toAustralia
Map of range 		Size:

Habitat:

Diet:
Wild Bactrian camel

Camelus ferus
Przewalski, 1878 		Remote areas ofnorthwest ChinaandMongolia
Map of range 		Size:

Habitat:

Diet: 		CR


Biology

The averagelife expectancyof a camel is 40 to 50 years.[12]A full-grown adult dromedary camel stands 1.85 m (6 ft 1 in) at the shoulder and 2.15 m (7 ft 1 in) at the hump.[13]Bactrian camels can be a foot taller. Camels can run at up to 65 km/h (40 mph) in short bursts and sustain speeds of up to 40 km/h (25 mph).[14]Bactrian camels weigh 300 to 1,000 kg (660 to 2,200 lb) and dromedaries 300 to 600 kg (660 to 1,320 lb). The widening toes on a camel'shoofprovide supplemental grip for varying soil sediments.[15]

The male dromedary camel has an organ called adullain his throat, a large, inflatable sac that he extrudes from his mouth when inrutto assert dominance and attract females. It resembles a long, swollen, pink tongue hanging out of the side of the camel's mouth.[16]Camels mate by having both male and female sitting on the ground, with the male mounting from behind.[17]The male usuallyejaculatesthree or four times within a single mating session.[18]Camelids are the only ungulates to mate in a sitting position.[19]

Ecological and behavioral adaptations

Camel humps store fat for when food is scarce. If a camel uses the fat, the hump will become limp and droop

Camels do not directly store water in their humps; they are reservoirs of fatty tissue. When this tissue is metabolized, it yields a greater mass of water than that of the fat processed. Thisfat metabolization,while releasing energy, causes water to evaporate from the lungs duringrespiration(as oxygen is required for the metabolic process): overall, there is a net decrease in water.[20][21]

A portrait of a camel with a visibly thick mane
A camel's thick coat is one of its many adaptations that aid it in desert-like conditions.
A leashed pack camel
A camel inSomalia,which has the world's largest camel population[22]

Camels have a series of physiological adaptations that allow them to withstand long periods of time without any external source of water.[23]The dromedary camel can drink as seldom as once every 10 days even under very hot conditions, and can lose up to 30% of its body mass due to dehydration.[24]Unlike other mammals, camels'red blood cellsare oval rather than circular in shape. This facilitates the flow of red blood cells during dehydration[25]and makes them better at withstanding highosmoticvariation without rupturing when drinking large amounts of water: a 600 kg (1,300 lb) camel can drink 200 L (53 US gal) of water in three minutes.[26][27][failed verification]

Camels are able to withstand changes inbody temperatureand water consumption that would kill most other mammals. Their temperature ranges from 34 °C (93 °F) at dawn and steadily increases to 40 °C (104 °F) by sunset, before they cool off at night again.[23]In general, to compare between camels and the other livestock, camels lose only 1.3 liters of fluid intake every day while the other livestock lose 20 to 40 liters per day.[28]Maintaining the brain temperature within certain limits is critical for animals; to assist this, camels have arete mirabile,a complex of arteries and veins lying very close to each other which utilizes countercurrent blood flow to cool blood flowing to the brain.[29]Camels rarely sweat, even when ambient temperatures reach 49 °C (120 °F).[30]Any sweat that does occur evaporates at the skin level rather than at the surface of their coat; theheat of vaporizationtherefore comes from body heat rather than ambient heat. Camels can withstand losing 25% of their body weight in water, whereas most other mammals can withstand only about 12–14% dehydration beforecardiac failureresults from circulatory disturbance.[27]

When the camel exhales,water vaporbecomes trapped in theirnostrilsand is reabsorbed into the body as a means to conserve water.[31]Camels eating green herbage can ingest sufficient moisture in milder conditions to maintain their bodies' hydrated state without the need for drinking.[32]

Domesticated camel calves lying in sternal recumbency, which aids heat loss

The camel's thick coat insulates it from the intense heat radiated from desert sand; a shorn camel must sweat 50% more to avoid overheating.[33]During the summer the coat becomes lighter in color, reflecting light as well as helping avoid sunburn.[27]The camel's long legs help by keeping its body farther from the ground, which can heat up to 70 °C (158 °F).[34][35]Dromedaries have a pad of thick tissue over thesternumcalled thepedestal.When the animal lies down in a sternal recumbent position, the pedestal raises the body from the hot surface and allows cooling air to pass under the body.[29]

Camels' mouths have a thick leathery lining, allowing them to chew thorny desert plants. Long eyelashes and ear hairs, together with nostrils that can close, form a barrier against sand. If sand gets lodged in their eyes, they can dislodge it using their translucentthird eyelid(also known as the nictitating membrane). The camels' gait and widened feet help them move without sinking into the sand.[34][36]

Thekidneysandintestinesof a camel are very efficient at reabsorbing water. Camels' kidneys have a 1:4cortextomedulla ratio.[37]Thus, the medullary part of a camel's kidney occupies twice as much area as a cow's kidney. Secondly,renal corpuscleshave a smaller diameter, which reduces surface area for filtration. These two major anatomical characteristics enable camels to conserve water and limit the volume of urine in extreme desert conditions.[38]Camel urinecomes out as a thick syrup, and camel faeces are so dry that they do not require drying when used to fuel fires.[39][40][41][42]

The camelimmune systemdiffers from those of other mammals. Normally, the Y-shapedantibodymolecules consist of two heavy (or long) chains along the length of the Y, and two light (or short) chains at each tip of the Y.[43]Camels, in addition to these, also have antibodies made of only two heavy chains, a trait that makes them smaller and more durable.[43]These "heavy-chain-only" antibodies, discovered in 1993, are thought to have developed 50 million years ago, after camelids split from ruminants and pigs.[43]Camels suffer fromsurracaused byTrypanosoma evansiwherever camels are domesticated in the world,[44]: 2 and resultantly camels have evolved trypanolytic antibodies as with many mammals. In the future, nanobody/single-domain antibodytherapy will surpass natural camel antibodies by reaching locations currently unreachable due to natural antibodies' larger size.[45]: 788 Such therapies may also be suitable for other mammals.[45]: 788 Tranet al.2009 provides a newreference testforsurra(T. evansi) of camel.[46]They userecombinantInvariant Surface Glycoprotein 75(rISG75, anInvariant Surface Glycoprotein) andELISA.[46]The Tran test has hightest specificityand appears likely to work just as well forT. evansiin other hosts, and for a pan-Trypanozoontest, which would also be useful forT. b. brucei,T. b. gambiense,T. b. rhodesiense,andT. equiperdum.[46]

Genetics

Thekaryotypesof different camelid species have been studied earlier by many groups,[47][48][49][50][51][52]but no agreement on chromosome nomenclature of camelids has been reached. A 2007 studyflow sortedcamel chromosomes, building on the fact that camels have 37 pairs of chromosomes (2n=74), and found that the karyotype consisted of onemetacentric,three submetacentric, and 32 acrocentric autosomes. TheYis a small metacentric chromosome, while theXis a large metacentric chromosome.[53]

Skull of an F1 hybrid camel,Museum of Osteology,Oklahoma

Thehybrid camel,a hybrid between Bactrian and dromedary camels, has one hump, though it has an indentation 4–12 cm (1.6–4.7 in) deep that divides the front from the back. The hybrid is 2.15 m (7 ft 1 in) at the shoulder and 2.32 m (7 ft 7 in) tall at the hump. It weighs an average of 650 kg (1,430 lb) and can carry around 400 to 450 kg (880 to 990 lb), which is more than either the dromedary or Bactrian can.[54]

According to molecular data, the wild Bactrian camel (C. ferus) separated from the domestic Bactrian camel (C. bactrianus) about 1 million years ago.[55][56]New World and Old World camelids diverged about 11 million years ago.[57]In spite of this, these species can hybridize and produce viable offspring.[58]Thecamais a camel-llama hybrid bred by scientists to see how closely related the parent species are.[59]Scientistscollected semenfrom a camel via an artificial vagina and inseminated a llama after stimulating ovulation withgonadotrophininjections.[60]The cama is halfway in size between a camel and a llama and lacks a hump. It has ears intermediate between those of camels and llamas, longer legs than the llama, and partiallycloven hooves.[61][62]Like themule,camas are sterile, despite both parents having the same number of chromosomes.[60]

Evolution

The earliest known camel, calledProtylopus,lived in North America 40 to 50 million years ago (during theEocene).[18]It was about the size of a rabbit and lived in the open woodlands of what is nowSouth Dakota.[63][64]By 35 million years ago, thePoebrotheriumwas the size of a goat and had many more traits similar to camels and llamas.[65][66]The hoofedStenomylus,which walked on the tips of its toes, also existed around this time, and the long-neckedAepycamelusevolved in theMiocene.[67]The split between the tribesCamelini,which contains modern camels andLamini,modernllamas,alpacas,vicuñas,andguanacos,is estimated to have occurred over 16 million years ago.[68]

The ancestor of modern camels,Paracamelus,migrated into Eurasia from North America viaBeringiaduring the late Miocene, between 7.5 and 6.5 million years ago.[69][70][71]During the Pleistocene, around 3 to 1 million years ago, the North American Camelidae spread to South America as part of theGreat American Interchangevia the newly formedIsthmus of Panama,where they gave rise toguanacosand related animals.[18][63][64]Populations ofParacameluscontinued to exist in the North American Arctic into theEarly Pleistocene.[72][73]This creature is estimated to have stood around nine feet (2.7 metres) tall. The Bactrian camel diverged from the dromedary about 1 million years ago, according to the fossil record.[74]

The last camel native to North America wasCamelops hesternus,which vanished along withhorses,short-faced bears,mammothsandmastodons,ground sloths,sabertooth cats,and many other megafauna as part of theQuaternary extinction event,coinciding with the migration of humans from Asia at the end of the Pleistocene, around 13–11,000 years ago.[75][76]

An extinct giant camel species,Camelus knoblochiroamed Asia during the Late Pleistocene, before becoming extinct around 20,000 years ago.[77]

Domestication

A camel carrying supplies,Tang dynasty
A man on a camel,Tang dynasty
Woman on a camel breastfeeding,Tang dynasty

Likehorses,camels originated in North America and eventually spread acrossBeringiato Asia. They survived in the Old World, and eventually humans domesticated them and spread them globally. Along with many other megafauna in North America, the original wild camels were wiped out during the spread of the firstindigenous peoples of the Americasfrom Asia into North America, 10 to 12,000 years ago; although fossils have never been associated with definitive evidence of hunting.[75][76]

Most camels surviving today are domesticated.[42][78]Althoughferalpopulations exist inAustralia,India and Kazakhstan, wild camels survive only in thewild Bactrian camelpopulation of theGobi Desert.[12]

History

When humans first domesticated camels is disputed. Dromedaries may have first been domesticated by humans inSomaliaorSouth Arabiasometime during the3rd millennium BC,the Bactrian incentral Asiaaround 2,500 BC,[18][79][80][81]as at Shar-i Sokhta (also known as the Burnt City),Iran.[82]A study from 2016, which genotyped and used world-wide sequencing of modern and ancient mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), suggested that they were initially domesticated in the southeast Arabian Peninsula,[83]with the Bactrian type later being domesticated around Central Asia.[84]

Martin Heide's 2010 work on the domestication of the camel tentatively concludes that humans had domesticated the Bactrian camel by at least the middle of the third millennium somewhere east of theZagros Mountains,with the practice then moving into Mesopotamia. Heide suggests that mentions of camels "in the patriarchal narratives may refer, at least in some places, to the Bactrian camel", while noting that the camel is not mentioned in relationship toCanaan.[85]Heide and Joris Peters reasserted that conclusion in their 2021 study on the subject.[86]

In 2009–2013, excavations in theTimna Valleyby Lidar Sapir-Hen and Erez Ben-Yosef discovered what may be the earliest domestic camel bones yet found in Israel or even outside theArabian Peninsula,dating to around 930 BC. This garnered considerable media coverage, as it is strong evidence that the stories ofAbraham,Jacob,Esau,andJosephwerewritten after this time.[87][88]

The existence of camels in Mesopotamia—but not in the eastern Mediterranean lands—is not a new idea. The historianRichard Bullietdid not think that the occasional mention of camels in the Bible meant that the domestic camels were common in the Holy Land at that time.[89]The archaeologistWilliam F. Albright,writing even earlier, saw camels in the Bible as ananachronism.[90]

The official report by Sapir-Hen and Ben-Joseph says:

The introduction of the dromedary camel (Camelus dromedarius) as a pack animal to thesouthern Levant... substantially facilitated trade across the vast deserts of Arabia, promoting both economic and social change (e.g., Kohler 1984; Borowski 1998: 112–116; Jasmin 2005). This... has generated extensive discussion regarding the date of the earliest domestic camel in the southern Levant (and beyond) (e.g., Albright 1949: 207; Epstein 1971: 558–584; Bulliet 1975; Zarins 1989; Köhler-Rollefson 1993; Uerpmann and Uerpmann 2002; Jasmin 2005; 2006; Heide 2010; Rosen and Saidel 2010; Grigson 2012). Most scholars today agree that the dromedary was exploited as a pack animal sometime in the earlyIron Age(not before the 12th century [BC])

and concludes:

Current data from copper smelting sites of theAravah Valleyenable us to pinpoint the introduction of domestic camels to the southern Levant more precisely based on stratigraphic contexts associated with an extensive suite ofradiocarbon dates.The data indicate that this event occurred not earlier than the last third of the 10th century [BC] and most probably during this time. The coincidence of this event with a major reorganization of the copper industry of the region—attributed to the results of the campaign of PharaohShoshenq I—raises the possibility that the two were connected, and that camels were introduced as part of the efforts to improve efficiency by facilitating trade.[88]

Textiles

Main article:Camel hair

Desert tribes and Mongolian nomads use camel hair for tents,yurts,clothing, bedding and accessories. Camels have outer guard hairs and soft inner down, and the fibers may also be sorted by color and age of the animal. The guard hairs can be felted for use as waterproof coats for the herdsmen, while the softer hair is used for premium goods.[91]The fiber can be spun for use in weaving or made into yarns for hand knitting or crochet. Pure camel hair is recorded as being used forwestern garmentsfrom the 17th century onwards, and from the 19th century a mixture of wool and camel hair was used.[92]

Military uses

Main article:Camel cavalry
A specialBSFcamel contingent,Republic Day Parade,New Delhi (2004)
A painting of soldiers on camels
Camel CorpsatMagdhaba,Egypt, 23 December 1916, byHarold Septimus Power(1925)

By at least 1200 BC the first camel saddles had appeared, andBactrian camelscould be ridden. The first saddle was positioned to the back of the camel, and control of the Bactrian camel was exercised by means of a stick. However, between 500 and 100 BC, Bactrian camels came into military use. New saddles, which were inflexible and bent, were put over the humps and divided the rider's weight over the animal. In the seventh century BC the military Arabian saddle evolved, which again improved the saddle design slightly.[93][94]

Military forces have usedcamel cavalriesin wars throughout Africa, the Middle East, and their use continues into the modern-day within theBorder Security Force(BSF) ofIndia.The first documented use of camel cavalries occurred in theBattle of Qarqarin 853 BC.[95][96][97]Armies have also used camels as freight animals instead of horses and mules.[98][99]

TheEast Roman Empireusedauxiliaryforces known asdromedarii,whom the Romans recruited in desert provinces.[100][101]The camels were used mostly in combat because of their ability to scare off horses at close range (horses are afraid of the camels' scent),[19]a quality famously employed by theAchaemenidPersians when fightingLydiain theBattle of Thymbra(547 BC).[54][102][103]

19th and 20th centuries

A photo of Bulgarian military-transport camels in 1912
Acamel caravanof theBulgarian militaryduring theFirst Balkan War,1912

TheUnited States Armyestablished theU.S. Camel Corps,stationed inCalifornia,in the 19th century.[19]One may still see stables at theBenicia ArsenalinBenicia, California,where they nowadays serve as the Benicia Historical Museum.[104]Though the experimental use of camels was seen as a success (John B. Floyd,Secretary of Warin 1858, recommended that funds be allocated towards obtaining a thousand more camels), the outbreak of theAmerican Civil Warin 1861 saw the end of the Camel Corps: Texas became part of the Confederacy, and most of the camels were left to wander away into the desert.[99]

France created améharistecamel corps in 1912 as part of theArmée d'Afriquein the Sahara[105]in order to exercise greater control over the camel-ridingTuaregand Arab insurgents, as previous efforts to defeat them on foot had failed.[106]TheFree French Camel Corpsfought duringWorld War II,and camel-mounted units remained in service until the end of French rule over Algeria in 1962.[107]

In 1916, the British created theImperial Camel Corps.It was originally used to fight theSenussi,but was later used in theSinai and Palestine CampaigninWorld War I.The Imperial Camel Corps comprised infantrymen mounted on camels for movement across desert, though they dismounted at battle sites and fought on foot. After July 1918, the Corps began to become run down, receiving no new reinforcements, and was formally disbanded in 1919.[108]

In World War I, the British Army also created theEgyptian Camel Transport Corps,which consisted of a group of Egyptian camel drivers and their camels. The Corps supported British war operations inSinai,Palestine, and Syria by transporting supplies to the troops.[109][110][111]

TheSomaliland Camel Corpswas created by colonial authorities inBritish Somalilandin 1912; it was disbanded in 1944.[112]

Bactrian camels were used by Romanian forces duringWorld War IIin the Caucasian region.[113]At the same period the Soviet units operating aroundAstrakhanin 1942 adopted local camels as draft animals due to shortage of trucks and horses, and kept them even after moving out of the area. Despite severe losses, some of these camels ended up as far west as toBerlin itself.[114]

TheBikaner Camel CorpsofBritish Indiafought alongside theBritish Indian Armyin World Wars I and II.[115]

TheTropas Nómadas(Nomad Troops) were an auxiliary regiment ofSahrawitribesmen serving in the colonial army in Spanish Sahara (todayWestern Sahara). Operational from the 1930s until the end of the Spanish presence in the territory in 1975, theTropas Nómadaswere equipped with small arms and led by Spanish officers. The unit guarded outposts and sometimes conducted patrols on camelback.[116][117]

21st century competition

The annual King Abdulaziz Camel Festival is held in Saudi Arabia. In addition to camel racing and camel milk tasting, the festival holds a camel "beauty pageant"with prize money of $57m (£40m). In 2018, 12 camels were disqualified from the beauty contest after their owners were found to have injected them withbotox.[118]In a similar incident in 2021, over 40 camels were disqualified.[119]

Food uses

Camel meat and milk are foods that are found in many cuisines, typically inMiddle Eastern,North Africanand someAustralian cuisines.[120][121][122][123]

Dairy

Main article:Camel milk
Camels at the Khan and old bridge,Lajjun,Palestine(now inIsrael) - 1870s drawing
A camel calf nursing oncamel milk

Camel milk is astaple foodof desert nomad tribes and is sometimes considered a meal itself; a nomad can live on only camel milk for almost a month.[19][39][124][125]

Camel milk can readily be made intoyogurt,but can only be made intobutterif it is soured first, churned, and aclarifying agentis then added.[19]Until recently, camel milk could not be made intocamel cheesebecauserennetwas unable to coagulate the milk proteins to allow the collection ofcurds.[126]Developing less wasteful uses of the milk, theFAOcommissioned Professor J.P. Ramet of theÉcole Nationale Supérieure d'Agronomie et des Industries Alimentaires,who was able to produce curdling by the addition ofcalcium phosphateand vegetable rennet in the 1990s.[127]The cheese produced from this process has low levels of cholesterol and is easy to digest, even for the lactose intolerant.[128][129]

Camel milk can also be made intoice cream.[130][131]

Meat

ASomalicamel meat and rice dish
Camel meatpulao,from Pakistan

Camels provide food in the form of meat and milk.[132]Approximately 3.3 million camels and camelids are slaughtered each year for meat worldwide.[133]A camel carcass can provide a substantial amount of meat. The male dromedary carcass can weigh 300–400 kg (661–882 lb), while the carcass of a male Bactrian can weigh up to 650 kg (1,433 lb). The carcass of a female dromedary weighs less than the male, ranging between 250 and 350 kg (550 and 770 lb).[18]The brisket, ribs and loin are among the preferred parts, and the hump is considered a delicacy.[134]The hump contains "white and sickly fat", which can be used to make thekhli(preserved meat) of mutton, beef, or camel.[135]On the other hand, camel milk and meat are rich in protein, vitamins, glycogen, and other nutrients making them essential in the diet of many people. From chemical composition to meat quality, the dromedary camel is the preferred breed for meat production. It does well even in arid areas due to its unusual physiological behaviors and characteristics, which include tolerance to extreme temperatures, radiation from the sun, water paucity, rugged landscape and low vegetation.[136]Camel meat is reported to taste like coarse beef, but older camels can prove to be very tough,[13][18]although camel meat becomes tenderer the more it is cooked.[137]

Camel is one of the animals that can be ritually slaughtered and divided into three portions (one for the home, one for extended family/social networks, and one for those who cannot afford to slaughter an animal themselves) for thequrbanofEid al-Adha.[138][139]

TheAbu DhabiOfficers' Club serves a camel burger mixed with beef or lamb fat in order to improve the texture and taste.[140]InKarachi, Pakistan,some restaurants prepareniharifrom camel meat.[141]Specialist camel butchers provide expert cuts, with the hump considered the most popular.[142]

Camel meat has been eaten for centuries. It has been recorded byancient Greekwriters as an available dish at banquets in ancientPersia,usually roasted whole.[143]TheRomanemperorHeliogabalusenjoyed camel's heel.[39]Camel meat is mainly eaten in certain regions, includingEritrea,Somalia,Djibouti,Saudi Arabia,Egypt,Syria,Libya,Sudan,Ethiopia,Kazakhstan,and other arid regions where alternative forms of protein may be limited or where camel meat has had a long cultural history.[18][39][134]Camel blood is also consumable, as is the case among pastoralists in northernKenya,where camel blood is drunk with milk and acts as a key source ofiron,vitamin D,salts and minerals.[18][134][144]

A 2005 report issued jointly by the SaudiMinistry of Healthand the United StatesCenters for Disease Control and Preventiondetails four cases of humanbubonic plagueresulting from the ingestion of raw camel liver.[145]

Camel meat is also occasionally found inAustralian cuisine:for example, a camellasagnais available inAlice Springs.[143][144]Australia has exported camel meat, primarily to theMiddle Eastbut also to Europe and the US, for many years.[146]The meat is very popular amongEast African Australians,such asSomalis,and other Australians have also been buying it. The feral nature of the animals means they produce a different type of meat to farmed camels in other parts of the world,[147]and it is sought after because it is disease-free, and a unique genetic group. Demand is outstripping supply, and governments are being urged not to cull the camels, but redirect the cost of the cull into developing the market. Australia has seven camel dairies, which produce milk, cheese and skincare products in addition to meat.[148]

Religion

Islam

Main article:Animals in Islam

Muslimsconsider camel meathalal(Arabic:حلال,'allowed'). However, according to someIslamic schools of thought,a state of impurity is brought on by the consumption of it. Consequently, these schools hold that Muslims must performwudhu(ablution) before the next time theyprayafter eating camel meat.[149]Also, some Islamic schools of thought consider itharam(Arabic:حرام,'forbidden') for a Muslim to performSalatin places where camels lie, as it is said to be a dwelling place of theShaytan(Arabic:شيطان,'Devil').[149]According toAbu Yusuf(d.798), theurine of camelsmay be used for medical treatment if necessary, but according toAbū Ḥanīfah,the drinking of camel urine is discouraged.[150]

Islamic texts contain several stories featuring camels. In the story of the people ofThamud,the prophetSalihmiraculously brings forth anaqat(Arabic:ناقة,'milch-camel') out of a rock. AfterMuhammadmigrated fromMeccatoMedina(theHijrah), he allowedhis she-camelto roam there; the location where the camel stopped to rest determined the location where he would build his house in Medina.[151]

Judaism

See also:Food and drink prohibitions

According toJewishtradition, camel meat and milk are notkosher.[152]Camels possess only one of the twokosher criteria;although theychew their cud,they do not havecloven hooves:"But these you shall not eat among those that bring up the cud and those that have a cloven hoof: the camel, because it brings up its cud, but does not have a [completely] cloven hoof; it is unclean for you."[153]

The Palestinian MuslimMakhamara claninYatta,who claim descent from Jews, reportedly avoid eating camel meat, a practice cited as evidence of their Jewish origins.[154][155]

Cultural depictions

What may be the oldest carvings of camels were discovered in 2018 in Saudi Arabia. They were analysed by researchers from several scientific disciplines and, in 2021, were estimated to be 7,000 to 8,000 years old.[156]The dating ofrock artis made difficult by the lack of organic material in the carvings that may be tested, so the researchers attempting to date them tested animal bones found associated with the carvings, assessed erosion patterns, and analysed tool marks in order to determine a correct date for the creation of the sculptures. ThisNeolithicdating would make the carvings significantly older than Stonehenge (5,000 years old) and the Egyptian pyramids at Giza (4,500 years old) and it predates estimates for the domestication of camels.

  • Shadda (cover,detail), Karabagh region, southwest Caucasus, early 19th century
    Shadda (cover,detail), Karabagh region, southwest Caucasus, early 19th century
  • Vessel in the form of a recumbent camel with jugs, 250 BC – 224 AD, Brooklyn Museum
    Vessel in the form of a recumbent camel with jugs, 250 BC – 224 AD,Brooklyn Museum
  • Maru Ragini (Dhola and Maru Riding on a Camel), c. 1750, Brooklyn Museum
    Maru Ragini(Dhola and Maru Riding on a Camel),c. 1750,Brooklyn Museum
  • The Magi Journeying (Les rois mages en voyage)—James Tissot, c. 1886, Brooklyn Museum
    The Magi Journeying(Les rois mages en voyage)—James Tissot, c. 1886,Brooklyn Museum
  • How the Camel Got His Hump (From Rudyard Kipling's Just So Stories)
    How the Camel Got His Hump(FromRudyard Kipling'sJust So Stories)

Distribution and numbers

A view into a canyon: many camels gathering around a watering hole
Camels in theGuelta d'Archei,in northeasternChad

There are approximately 14 million camels alive as of 2010,with 90% being dromedaries.[157]Dromedaries alive today aredomesticated animals(mostly living in theHorn of Africa,theSahel,Maghreb,Middle EastandSouth Asia). The Horn region alone has the largest concentration of camels in the world,[22]where the dromedaries constitute animportant part of local nomadic life.They provide nomadic people in Somalia[18]and Ethiopia with milk, food, and transportation.[125][158][159][160]

A world map with large camel populations marked
Commercial camel market headcount in 2003

Over one million dromedary camels are estimated to beferal in Australia,descended from those introduced as a method of transport in the 19th and early 20th centuries.[161]This population is growing about 8% per year;[162]it was estimated at 700,000 in 2008.[144][157][163]Representatives of the Australian government have culled more than 100,000 of the animals in part because the camels use too much of the limited resources needed by sheep farmers.[164]

A small population of introduced camels, dromedaries and Bactrians, wandered throughSouthwestern United Statesafter having been imported in the 19th century as part of theU.S. Camel Corpsexperiment. When the project ended, they were used as draft animals in mines and escaped or were released. Twenty-five U.S. camels were bought and exported to Canada during theCariboo Gold Rush.[99]

The Bactrian camel is, as of 2010,reduced to an estimated 1.4 million animals, most of which are domesticated.[42][157][165]TheWild Bactrian camelis the only truly wild (as opposed to feral) camel in the world. It is a distinct species that is not ancestral to the domestic Bactrian camel. The wild camels are critically endangered and number approximately 950, inhabiting the Gobi and Taklamakan Deserts in China and Mongolia.[166]

See also

References

Notes

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Bibliography

Further reading

  • Gilchrist, W. (1851).A Practical Treatise on the Treatment of the Diseases of the Elephant, Camel & Horned Cattle: with instructions for improving their efficiency; also, a description of the medicines used in the treatment of their diseases; and a general outline of their anatomy.Calcutta,India:Military Orphan Press.
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