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African wild dog
Temporal range:Middle Pleistocene– present (200,000–0 yearsBP)[1]
African wild dog inSouth Africa
Scientific classificationEdit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Order: Carnivora
Family: Canidae
Subfamily: Caninae
Tribe: Canini
Genus: Lycaon
Species:
L. pictus
Binomial name
Lycaon pictus
African wild dog range according to theIUCN.
Extant (resident)
Probably extant (resident)

TheAfrican wild dog(Lycaon pictus), also known as thepainted dogorCape hunting dog,is a wildcaninenative tosub-Saharan Africa.It is the largest wild canine in Africa, and the onlyextantmember of the genusLycaon,which is distinguished fromCanisby dentition highly specialised for ahypercarnivorousdiet and by a lack ofdewclaws.

It is estimated that there are around 6,600 adults (including 1,400 mature individuals) living in 39 subpopulations, all threatened byhabitat fragmentation,human persecution and outbreaks of disease. As the largest subpopulation probably consists of fewer than 250 individuals, the African wild dog has been listed asendangeredon theIUCN Red Listsince 1990.[2]

The species is a specialiseddiurnalhunter of terrestrialungulates,which it captures by using its stamina and cooperative hunting to exhaust them. Its natural competitors arelionsandspotted hyenas:the former will kill the dogs where possible whilst the latter are frequentkleptoparasites.[4]Like other canids, the African wild dog regurgitates food for its young but also extends this action to adults as a central part of the pack's social unit.[5][4][6]The young have the privilege of feeding first on carcasses.

The African wild dog has been revered in severalhunter-gatherersocieties, particularly those of theSan peopleandPrehistoric Egypt.

Etymology and naming

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The English language has several names for the African wild dog, including African hunting dog, Cape hunting dog,[7]painted hunting dog,[8]painted dog,[9]painted wolf,[10]and painted lycaon.[11]Though the name African wild dog is widely used,[12]'wild dog' is thought by conservation groups to have negative connotations that could be detrimental to its image; one organisation promotes the name 'painted wolf',[13][14][15] whilst the name 'painted dog' has been found to be the most likely to counteract negative perceptions.[16]

Taxonomic and evolutionary history

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Taxonomy

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Phylogenetic treeof thewolf-like canidswith timing in millions of years[a]
Caninae3.5Ma

The earliest written reference for the species appears to be fromOppian,who wrote of thethoa,a hybrid between the wolf and leopard, which resembles the former in shape and the latter in colour.Solinus'sCollea rerum memorabiliumfrom the third century AD describes a multicoloured wolf-like animal with a mane native toEthiopia.[11]

The African wild dog wasscientifically describedin 1820 byCoenraad Jacob Temminckafter examining a specimen from the coast ofMozambique.He named the animalHyaena picta,erroneously classifying it as a species of hyena. It was later recognised as acanidbyJoshua Brookesin 1827 and renamedLycaon tricolor.Theroot wordofLycaonis theGreekλυκαίος (lykaios), meaning ‘wolf-like’. The specific epithetpictus(Latinfor ‘painted’), which derived from the originalpicta,was later returned to it, in conformity with the International Rules on Taxonomic Nomenclature.[17]

PaleontologistGeorge G. Simpsonplaced the African wild dog, thedholeand thebush dogtogether in thesubfamilySimocyoninaeon the basis of all three species having similarly trenchantcarnassials.This grouping was disputed byJuliet Clutton-Brock,who argued that other than dentition too many differences exist among the three species to warrant classifying them in a single subfamily.[18]

Evolution

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Artistic reconstruction byMauricio AntónofXenocyon,a possible ancestral genus

The African wild dog possesses the most specialized adaptations among the canids for coat colour and diet and for pursuing its prey through itscursorial(running) ability. It has a graceful skeleton, and the loss of the first digit on its forefeet increases its stride and speed. This adaptation allows it to pursue prey across open terrain for long distances. The teeth are generallycarnassial-shaped and itspremolarsare the largest relative to body size of any livingcarnivoranwith the exception of thespotted hyena.On the lower carnassials (first lowermolars), thetalonidhas evolved to become a cutting blade for flesh-slicing, with a reduction or loss of the post-carnassial molars. This adaptation also occurs in the two other hypercarnivorous canids – thedholeand thebush dog.The African wild dog exhibits one of the most varied coat colours among mammals. Individuals differ in patterns and colours, indicating a diversity of the underlyinggenes.The purpose of these coat patterns may be an adaptation for communication, concealment or temperature regulation. In 2019 a study indicated that thelycaonlineage diverged fromCuonandCanis1.7 million years ago through this suite of adaptations, and these occurred at the same time as largeungulates(its prey) diversified. The findings also suggest that the African wild dog is largely isolated fromgene transferwith other canid species.[19]

The oldest African wild dogfossildates back to 200,000 years ago and was found inHaYonim Cave,Israel.[20][1]Theevolutionof the African wild dog is poorly understood owing to the scarcity of fossil finds. Some authors consider the extinctCanissubgenusXenocyonas ancestral to both the genusLycaonand the genusCuon,[21][22][23][24]: p149 which lived throughoutEurasiaand Africa from theEarly Pleistoceneto the earlyMiddle Pleistocene.Others propose thatXenocyonshould be reclassified asLycaon.[1]The speciesCanis(Xenocyon)falconerishared the African wild dog's absent firstmetacarpal(dewclaw), though its dentition was still relatively unspecialised.[1]This connection was rejected by one author becauseC.(X.)falconeri's lack of the first metacarpal is a poor indication of phylogenetic closeness to the African wild dog, and the dentition was too different to imply ancestry.[25]

Another ancestral candidate is thePlio-PleistoceneLycaon sekoweiofSouth Africaon the basis of distinct accessorycuspson itspremolarsand anterior accessory cuspids on its lower premolars. These adaptions are found only inLycaonamong living canids, which shows the same adaptations to a hypercarnivorous diet.L. sekoweihad not yet lost the first metacarpal absent inL. pictusand was more robust than the modern species, having 10% larger teeth.[25]

Admixture with the dhole

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Fossil ofLycaon sekowei,a possible ancestor of the modern African wild dog

The African wild dog has 78 chromosomes, the same number as those of species in the genusCanis.[26]In 2018whole genome sequencingwas used to compare thedhole(Cuon alpinus) with the African wild dog. There was strong evidence of ancientgenetic admixturebetween the two species. Today their ranges are remote from each other; however during thePleistoceneera the dhole could be found as far west as Europe. The study proposes that the dhole's distribution may have once included theMiddle East,from where it may have admixed with the African wild dog inNorth Africa.However, there is no evidence of the dhole having existed in the Middle East or North Africa.[27]

Subspecies

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As of 2005,five subspecies are recognised byMSW3:[28]

Although the species is genetically diverse, these subspecific designations are not universally accepted. East African and Southern African wild dog populations were once thought to be genetically distinct, based on a small number of samples. More recent studies with a larger number of samples showed that extensive intermixing has occurred between East African and Southern African populations in the past. Some uniquenuclearandmitochondrialallelesare found in Southern African and northeastern African populations, with a transition zone encompassingBotswana,Zimbabweand southeasternTanzaniabetween the two. The West African wild dog population may possess a uniquehaplotype,thus possibly constituting a truly distinct subspecies.[34]The originalSerengetiandMaasai Marapopulation of painted dogs is known to have possessed a uniquegenotype,but these genotypes may be extinct.[35]

Description

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Closeup of an African wild dog inKruger National Park
African wild dog skull (left) compared with that of thegray wolf(right): Note the former's shorter muzzle and fewer molars.

The African wild dog is the bulkiest and most solidly built of African canids.[36]The species stands 60 to 75 cm (24 to 30 in) at the shoulders, measures 71 to 112 cm (28 to 44 in) in head-and-body length and has a tail length of 29 to 41 cm (11 to 16 in). Adults have a weight range of 18 to 36 kg (40 to 79 lb). On average, dogs from East Africa weigh around 20–25 kg (44–55 lb). By body mass, they are only outsized amongst other extant canids by thegray wolfspecies complex.[29][37][38]Females are usually 3–7% smaller than males. Compared to members of the genusCanis,the African wild dog is comparatively lean and tall, with outsized ears and lackingdewclaws.The middle two toepads are usually fused. Its dentition differs from that ofCanisby the degeneration of the last lowermolar,the narrowness of thecaninesand proportionately largepremolars,which are the largest relative to body size of any carnivore other than hyenas.[39]The heel of the lowercarnassialM1 is crested with a single, blade-like cusp, which enhances the shearing capacity of the teeth, thus the speed at which prey can be consumed. This feature, termed "trenchant heel", is shared with two other canids: the Asiandholeand the South Americanbush dog.[7]The skull is relatively shorter and broader than those of other canids.[36]

The fur of the African wild dog differs significantly from that of other canids, consisting entirely of stiff bristle-hairs with no underfur.[36]Adults gradually lose their fur as it ages, with older individuals being almost naked.[40]Colour variation is extreme, and may serve in visual identification, as African wild dogs can recognise each other at distances of 50–100 m (160–330 ft).[39]Some geographic variation is seen in coat colour, with northeastern African specimens tending to be predominantly black with small white and yellow patches, while southern African ones are more brightly coloured, sporting a mix of brown, black and white coats.[7]Much of the species' coat patterning occurs on the trunk and legs. Little variation in facial markings occurs, with the muzzle being black, gradually shading into brown on the cheeks and forehead. A black line extends up the forehead, turning blackish-brown on the back of the ears. A few specimens sport a brown teardrop-shaped mark below the eyes. The back of the head and neck are either brown or yellow. A white patch occasionally occurs behind the fore legs, with some specimens having completely white fore legs, chests and throats. The tail is usually white at the tip, black in the middle and brown at the base. Some specimens lack the white tip entirely, or may have black fur below the white tip. These coat patterns can be asymmetrical, with the left side of the body often having different markings from the right.[39]

Distribution and habitat

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The African wild dog occurs foremost in Southern and East Africa.[2] It is rare in North Africa and mostly absent in West Africa, with the only potentially viable population occurring in Senegal'sNiokolo-Koba National Park.It is occasionally sighted in other parts ofSenegal,GuineaandMali.Its distribution is patchy in East Africa.[41] It inhabits mostlysavannasandaridzones, generally avoiding forested areas.[29]This preference is likely linked to its hunting habits, which require open areas that do not obstruct vision or impede pursuit.[36]It travels throughscrubland,woodlandandmontaneareas in pursuit of prey. A forest-dwelling population has been identified in theHarenna Forest,a wet montane forest up to an elevation of 2,400 m (7,900 ft) in theBale MountainsofEthiopia.[42]At least one record exists of a pack being sighted on thesummitofMount Kilimanjaro.[29]In Zimbabwe, it has been recorded at the elevation of 1,800 m (5,900 ft).[12]In Ethiopia, several packs were sighted at elevations of 1,900 to 2,800 m (6,200 to 9,200 ft), and a dead individual was found in June 1995 at 4,050 m (13,290 ft) on theSanetti Plateau.[43]A stable population comprising more than 370 individuals is present inKruger National Park.[44]

Behaviour and ecology

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Social and reproductive behaviour

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Play fighting after a kill in Tswalu Kalahari Reserve
Regurgitating food for puppies at den site at Working with Wildlife
Regurgitating food for puppies at den site at Working with Wildlife

The African wild dog have strong social bonds, stronger than those of sympatric lions and spotted hyenas; thus, solitary living and hunting are extremely rare in the species.[45]It lives in permanent packs consisting of two to 27 adults and yearling pups. The typical pack size in the Kruger National Park and theMaasai Marais four or five adults, while packs inMoremiandSelous Game Reservescontain eight or nine. However, larger packs have been observed and temporary aggregations of hundreds of individuals may have gathered in response to the seasonal migration of vastspringbokherds in Southern Africa.[46]Males and females have separate dominance hierarchies, with the latter usually being led by the oldest female. Males may be led by the oldest male, but these can be supplanted by younger specimens; thus, some packs may contain elderly male former pack leaders. The dominant pair typically monopolises breeding.[39]The species differs from most other social carnivorans in that males remain in the natal pack, while females disperse (a pattern also found inprimatessuch asgorillas,chimpanzees,andred colobuses). Furthermore, males in any given pack tend to outnumber females 3:1.[29]Dispersing females join other packs and evict some of the resident females related to the other pack members, thus preventing inbreeding and allowing the evicted individuals to find new packs of their own and breed.[39]Males rarely disperse, and when they do, they are invariably rejected by other packs already containing males.[29]Although arguably the most social canid, the species lacks the elaborate facial expressions and body language found in the gray wolf, likely because of the African wild dog's less hierarchical social structure. Furthermore, while elaborate facial expressions are important for wolves in re-establishing bonds after long periods of separation from their family groups, they are not as necessary to African wild dogs, which remain together for much longer periods.[18]The species does have an extensive vocal repertoire consisting of twittering, whining, yelping, squealing, whispering,barking,growling,gurling, rumbling, moaning and hooing.[47]

African wild dog populations inEast Africaappear to have no fixedbreeding season,whereas those in Southern Africa usually breed during the April–July period.[45]Duringestrus,the female is closely accompanied by a single male, which keeps other members of the same sex at bay.[29]The estrus period can last as long as 20 days.[48]Thecopulatory tiecharacteristic of mating in most canids has been reported to be absent[49]or very brief (less than one minute)[50]in African wild dog, possibly an adaptation to the prevalence of larger predators in its environment.[51]Thegestationperiod lasts 69–73 days, with the interval between each pregnancy being 12–14 months typically. The African wild dog produces more pups than any other canid, with litters containing around six to 16 pups, with an average of 10, thus indicating that a single female can produce enough young to form a new pack every year. Because the amount of food necessary to feed more than two litters would be impossible to acquire by the average pack, breeding is strictly limited to the dominant female, which may kill the pups of subordinates. After giving birth, the mother stays close to the pups in the den, while the rest of the pack hunts. She typically drives away pack members approaching the pups until the latter are old enough to eat solid food at three to four weeks of age. The pups leave the den around the age of three weeks and are suckled outside. The pups are weaned at the age of five weeks, when they are fed regurgitated meat by the other pack members. By seven weeks, the pups begin to take on an adult appearance, with noticeable lengthening in the legs, muzzle, and ears. Once the pups reach the age of eight to 10 weeks, the pack abandons the den and the young follow the adults during hunts. The youngest pack members are permitted to eat first on kills, a privilege which ends once they become yearlings.[29]African wild dogs have an average lifespan of about 10 to 11 years in the wild.[52]

When separated from the pack, an African wild dog becomes depressed and can die as a result ofbroken heart syndrome.[53][54]

Male/female ratio

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Packs of African wild dogs have a high ratio of males to females. This is a consequence of the males mostly staying with the pack whilst female offspring disperse and is supported by a changing sex-ratio in consecutive litters. Those born to maiden females contain a higher proportion of males, second litters are half and half and subsequent litters biased towards females with this trend increasing as females get older. As a result, the earlier litters provide stable hunters whilst the higher ratio of dispersals amongst the females stops a pack from getting too big.[5]

Sneeze communication and ‘voting’

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African wild dog pack in Kruger National Park

Populations in theOkavango Deltahave been observed ‘rallying’ before setting out to hunt. Not every rally results in a departure, but departure becomes more likely when more individual dogs ‘sneeze’. Thesesneezesare characterized by a short, sharp exhale through the nostrils.[55]When members of dominant mating pairs sneeze first, the group is much more likely to depart. If a dominant dog initiates, around three sneezes guarantee departure. When less dominant dogs sneeze first, if enough others also sneeze (about 10), then the group will go hunting. Researchers assert that wild dogs in Botswana "use a specific vocalization (the sneeze) along with a variable quorum response mechanism in the decision-making process [to go hunting at a particular moment]".[55]

Inbreeding avoidance

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Because the African wild dog largely exists in fragmented, small populations, its existence is endangered. Inbreeding avoidance by mate selection is a characteristic of the species and has important potential consequences for population persistence.[56]Inbreeding is rare within natal packs. Inbreeding may have been selected against evolutionarily because it leads to the expression of recessive deleterious alleles.[57]Computer simulations indicate that all populations continuing to avoid incestuous mating will become extinct within 100 years due to the unavailability of unrelated mates.[56]Thus, the impact of reduced numbers of suitable unrelated mates will likely have a severe demographic impact on the future viability of small wild dog populations.[56]

Hunting and diet

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Wild dogs kill aCommon Elandat Working with Wildlife in South Africa

The African wild dog is a specialised pack hunter of common medium-sizedantelopes.[58]It and the cheetah are the only primarily diurnal African large predators.[29]The African wild dog hunts by approaching prey silently, then chasing it in a pursuit clocking at up to 66 km/h (41 mph) for 10–60 minutes.[46]The average chase covers some 2 km (1.2 mi), during which the prey animal, if large, is repeatedly bitten on the legs, belly, and rump until it stops running, while smaller prey is simply pulled down and torn apart.[5]

African wild dog pack consuming ablue wildebeestinMadikwe Game Reserve,South Africa

African wild dogs adjust their hunting strategy to the particular prey species. They will rush at wildebeest to panic the herd and isolate a vulnerable individual, but pursue territorial antelope species (which defend themselves by running in wide circles) by cutting across the arc to foil their escape. Medium-sized prey is often killed in 2–5 minutes, whereas larger prey such as wildebeest may take half an hour to pull down. Male wild dogs usually perform the task of grabbing dangerous prey, such aswarthogs,by the nose.[59] A species-wide study showed that by preference, where available, five prey species were the most regularly selected, namely thegreater kudu,Thomson's gazelle,impala,Cape bushbuckandblue wildebeest.[58][60]More specifically, in East Africa, its most common prey is the Thomson's gazelle, while in Central and Southern Africa, it targetsimpala,reedbuck,kob,lechweandspringbok,[29]and smaller prey such ascommon duiker,dik-dik,hares,spring hares,insects and cane rats.[45][61]Staple prey sizes are usually between 15 and 200 kg (33 and 441 lb), though some local studies put upper prey sizes as variously 90 to 135 kg (198 to 298 lb). In the case of larger species such as kudu and wildebeest, calves are largely but not exclusively targeted.[58][62][63]However, certain packs in theSerengetispecialized in hunting adultplains zebrasweighing up to 240 kg (530 lb) quite frequently.[64]Another study claimed that some prey taken by wild dogs could weigh up to 289 kg (637 lb).[65]This includesAfrican buffalojuveniles during the dry season when herds are small and calves less protected.[62]Footage fromLower Zambezi National Parktaken in 2021 showed a large pack of wild dogs hunting an adult, healthy buffalo, though this is apparently extremely rare.[66]One pack was recorded to occasionally prey onbat-eared foxes,rolling on the carcasses before eating them. African wild dogs rarely scavenge, but have on occasion been observed to appropriate carcasses from spotted hyenas, leopards, cheetahs, lions, and animals caught insnares.[12]

Hunting success varies with prey type, vegetation cover and pack size, but African wild dogs tend to be very successful: often more than 60% of their chases end in a kill, sometimes up to 90%.[67]An analysis of 1,119 chases by a pack of six Okavango wild dogs showed that most were short distance uncoordinated chases, and theindividualkill rate was only 15.5 percent. Because kills are shared, each dog enjoyed an efficientbenefit–cost ratio.[68][69]

Small prey such asrodents,haresand birds are hunted singly, with dangerous prey such ascane ratsandOld World porcupinesbeing killed with a quick and well-placed bite to avoid injury. Small prey is eaten entirely, while large animals are stripped of their meat and organs, leaving the skin, head, and skeleton intact.[45][70]The African wild dog is a fast eater, with a pack being able to consume aThomson's gazellein 15 minutes. In the wild, the species' consumption is 1.2–5.9 kg (2.6–13.0 lb) per African wild dog a day, with one pack of 17–43 individuals in East Africa having been recorded to kill three animals per day on average.[12]

Unlike most social predators, African wild dogs will regurgitate food for other adults as well as young family members.[45]Pups old enough to eat solid food are given first priority at kills, eating even before the dominant pair; subordinate adult dogs help feed and protect the pups.[71]

Enemies and competitors

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Pack confronting a spotted hyena inSabi Sand Game Reserve

Lionsdominate African wild dogs and are a major source of mortality for both adults and pups.[72]Population densities are usually low in areas where lions are more abundant.[73]One pack reintroduced intoEtosha National Parkwas wiped out by lions. A population crash in lions in theNgorongoro Conservation Areaduring the 1960s resulted in an increase in African wild dog sightings, only for their numbers to decline once the lions recovered.[72]As with other large predators killed by lion prides, the dogs are usually killed and left uneaten by the lions, indicating the competitive rather than predatory nature of the lions' dominance.[74][75]However, a few cases have been reported of old and wounded lions falling prey to African wild dogs.[76][77]On occasion, packs of wild dogs have been observed defending pack members attacked by single lions, sometimes successfully. One pack in the Okavango in March 2016 was photographed by safari guides waging "an incredible fight" against a lioness that attacked a subadult dog at an impala kill, which forced the lioness to retreat, although the subadult dog died. A pack of four wild dogs was observed furiously defending an old adult male dog from a male lion that attacked it at a kill; the dog survived and rejoined the pack.[78]

African wild dogs commonly lose their kills to larger predators.[79]Spotted hyenasare importantkleptoparasites[72]and follow packs of African wild dogs to appropriate their kills. They typically inspect areas where wild dogs have rested and eat any food remains they find. When approaching wild dogs at a kill, solitary hyenas approach cautiously and attempt to take off with a piece of meat unnoticed, though they may be mobbed in the attempt. When operating in groups, spotted hyenas are more successful in pirating African wild dog kills, though the latter's greater tendency to assist each other puts them at an advantage against spotted hyenas, which rarely work cooperatively. Cases of African wild dogs scavenging from spotted hyenas are rare. Although African wild dog packs can easily repel solitary hyenas, on the whole, the relationship between the two species is a one-sided benefit for the hyenas,[80]with African wild dog densities being negatively correlated with high hyena populations.[81]Beyond piracy, cases of interspecific killing of African wild dogs by spotted hyenas are documented.[82]African wild dogs areapex predators,only fatally losing contests to larger social carnivores.[83]When briefly unprotected, wild dog pups may occasionally be vulnerable to largeeagles,such as themartial eagle,when they venture out of their dens.[84]

Threats

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The African wild dog is primarily threatened byhabitat fragmentation,which results fromhuman–wildlife conflict,transmission ofinfectious diseasesand high mortality rates; it has been exterminated in large parts of North and West Africa, and its population has greatly reduced in Central Africa,Ugandaand much ofKenya.[2]Surveys in the Central African Republic'sChinkoarea revealed that the African wild dog population decreased from 160 individuals in 2012 to 26 individuals in 2017. At the same time,transhumantpastoralistsfrom the border area with Sudan moved in the area with their livestock.[83]

Conservation

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Thenon-governmental organizationAfrican Wild Dog Conservancy began working in 2003 to conserve the African wild dog in northeastern and coastal Kenya, a convergence zone of twobiodiversity hotspots.This area largely consists of community lands inhabited by pastoralists. With the help of local people, a pilot study was launched confirming the presence of a population of wild dogs largely unknown to conservationists.[85]Over the next 16 years, local ecological knowledge revealed this area to be a significant refuge for African wild dogs and an important wildlife corridor connecting Kenya's Tsavo National Parks with the Horn of Africa in an increasingly human-dominated landscape. This project has been identified as a wild dog conservation priority by the IUCN/SSC Canid Specialist Group.[86][87]

In culture

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Ancient Egypt

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Cosmetic palettefrom theNaqada IIIperiod depicting African wild dogs,Louvre.

Depictions of African wild dogs are prominent oncosmetic palettesand other objects fromEgypt'spredynastic period,likely symbolising order over chaos and the transition between the wild and the domestic dog. Predynastic hunters may have identified with the African wild dog, as theHunters Paletteshows them wearing the animals' tails on their belts. By thedynastic period,African wild dog illustrations became much less represented, and the animal's symbolic role was largely taken over by the wolf.[88][89]

Ethiopia

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According toEnno Littmann,the people ofEthiopia'sTigray Regionbelieved that injuring a wild dog with a spear would result in the animal dipping its tail in its wounds and flicking the blood at its assailant, causing instant death. For this reason, Tigrean shepherds used to repel wild dog attacks with pebbles rather than with edged weapons.[90]

San people

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The African wild dog also plays a prominent role in the mythology of Southern Africa'sSan people.In one story, the wild dog is indirectly linked to theorigin of death,as thehareis cursed by the moon to be forever hunted by African wild dogs after the hare rebuffs the moon's promise to allow all living things to be reborn after death.[91]Another story has the godCagntaking revenge on the other gods by sending a group of men transformed into African wild dogs to attack them, though who won the battle is never revealed.[92]The San of Botswana see the African wild dog as the ultimate hunter and traditionally believe thatshamansandmedicine mencan transform themselves into wild dogs. Some San hunters will smear African wild dog bodily fluids on their feet before a hunt, believing that doing so will give them the animal's boldness and agility. Nevertheless, the species does not figure prominently inSan rock art,with the only notable example being afriezeinMount Erongoshowing a pack hunting two antelopes.[92]

Ndebele

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TheNdebelehave a story explaining why the African wild dog hunts in packs: in the beginning, when the first wild dog's wife was sick, the other animals were concerned. Animpalawent tohare,who was a medicine man. Hare gave Impala a calabash of medicine, warning him not to turn back on the way to Wild Dog's den. Impala was startled by the scent of aleopardand turned back, spilling the medicine. Azebrathen went to Hare, who gave him the same medicine along with the same advice. On the way, Zebra turned back when he saw ablack mamba,thus breaking the gourd. A moment later a terrible howling was heard: Wild Dog's wife had died. Wild Dog went outside and saw Zebra standing over the broken gourd of medicine, so Wild Dog and his family chased Zebra and tore him to shreds. To this day, African wild dogs hunt zebras and impalas as revenge for their failure to deliver the medicine that could have saved Wild Dog's wife.[93]

In media

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Documentary

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  • A Wild Dog's Tale(2013), a single painted dog (named Solo by researchers) befriends hyenas and jackals in Okavango, hunting together. Solo feeds and cares for jackal pups.[94][95]
  • The Pale Pack,Savage Kingdom, Season 1 (2016), was the story of Botswana African wild dog pack leaders Teemana and Molao written and directed by Brad Bestelink, and narrated byCharles Dancepremiered on National Geographic.[96][97]
  • Dynasties(2018 TV series),episode 4, Produced by Nick Lyon: Tait is the elderly matriarch of a pack of painted wolves in Zimbabwe'sMana Pools National Park.Her pack is driven out of their territory by Tait's daughter, Blacktip, the matriarch of a rival pack in need of more space for their large family of 32. Their combined territory also shrunk over Tait's lifetime due to the expansion of human, hyena and lion territories. Tait leads her family into the territory of a lion pride in the midst of a drought, with Blacktip's pack in an eight month long pursuit. When Tait died, the pack was observed performing a rare "singing", the purpose of which is unclear.[98]

See also

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Explanatory notes

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  1. ^For a full set of supporting references refer to the note (a) in the phylotree atEvolution of the wolf#Wolf-like canids

References

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  1. ^abcdMartínez-Navarro, B. & Rook, L. (2003)."Gradual evolution in the African hunting dog lineage: systematic implications".Comptes Rendus Palevol.2(8): 695–702.Bibcode:2003CRPal...2..695M.doi:10.1016/j.crpv.2003.06.002.
  2. ^abcdeWoodroffe, R. & Sillero-Zubiri, C. (2020) [amended version of 2012 assessment]."Lycaon pictus".IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.2020:e.T12436A166502262.doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-1.RLTS.T12436A166502262.en.Retrieved17 February2022.
  3. ^Temminck (1820),Ann. Gen. Sci. Phys.,3:54, pl.35
  4. ^ab"African Wild Dog (Lycaon pictusTemminck, 1820) - WildAfrica.cz - Animal Encyclopedia ".Wildafrica.cz.Retrieved5 September2017.
  5. ^abcCreel, S.; Creel, N. M. (2019).The African Wild Dog: Behavior, Ecology, and Conservation.Princeton: Princeton University Press. p. 158.ISBN978-0-691-20700-1.
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Further reading

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Wikispecieshas information related toLycaon pictus.
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