Herbert Vaughan

For the Welsh author, historian, and bibliographer, seeHerbert Millingchamp Vaughan.

His Eminence Herbert Vaughan MHM
Cardinal,Archbishop of Westminster Primate of England and Wales
Vaughan, 1890s
Church	Catholic
Province	Westminster
Diocese	Westminster
Appointed	8 April 1892
Term ended	19 June 1903
Predecessor	Henry Edward Manning
Successor	Francis Bourne
Other post(s)	Cardinal-Priest of Santi Andrea e Gregorio al Monte Celio
Previous post(s)	Bishop of Salford(1872‍–‍1892)
Orders
Ordination	28 October 1854 by Giulio Arrigoni
Consecration	28 October 1872 byHenry Edward Manning
Created cardinal	16 January 1893 byLeo XIII
Rank	Cardinal-priest
Personal details
Born	Herbert Alfred Vaughan (1832-04-15)15 April 1832 Gloucester,United Kingdom
Died	19 June 1903(1903-06-19)(aged 71) Mill Hill,United Kingdom
Buried	Westminster Cathedral
Signature

Herbert Alfred Henry Joseph Thomas VaughanMHM(15 April 1832 – 19 June 1903) was an Englishprelateof theCatholic Church.He served asArchbishop of Westminsterfrom 1892 until his death in 1903, and was elevated to thecardinalatein 1893.He was the founder in 1866 ofSt Joseph's Foreign Missionary Society,known best as the Mill Hill Missionaries. He also founded theCatholic Truth SocietyandSt. Bede's College, Manchester.As Archbishop of Westminster, he led the capital campaign and construction ofWestminster Cathedral.

In 1871 Vaughan sent a group of Mill Hill priests to the United States to minister tofreedmen.In 1893, the American branch of the society spun off, with Vaughan's permission, to form theSociety of St Joseph of the Sacred Heart,whose members are known as Josephites.

Early life and education

Herbert Vaughan was born atGloucester,the eldest son of Lieutenant-Colonel John Francis Vaughan, of an oldrecusant(Catholic) family, the Vaughans ofCourtfield,Herefordshire.His mother,Eliza RollsfromThe Hendre,Monmouthshire,was a Catholic convert and intensely religious. All five of the Vaughan daughters became nuns, while six of the eight sons receivedHoly Ordersand became priests.Two were later called as bishops in addition to Herbert:Rogerbecame Archbishop ofSydney, AustraliaandJohnbecametitular bishopofSebastopolisandauxiliary bishopinSalford, England.A nephew,Francis,became Bishop ofMenevia, Wales.

In 1841 Herbert, the eldest, went to study for six years atStonyhurst College,then to theJesuitschool ofBrugelette,Belgium (1846–1848), and then with theBenedictinesatDownside Abbey,nearBath,England.

In 1851 Vaughan went to Rome, and studied for two years at theCollegio Romano,where for a time he shared lodgings with the poet,Aubrey Thomas de Vere.He became a friend and disciple ofHenry Edward Manning.Manning, a Catholic convert, became the second CardinalArchbishop of Westminsterfollowing the restoration of the Catholic hierarchy in Great Britain in 1850.

Career

Vaughan received Holy Orders atLuccain 1854. On his return to England, he became Vice-President ofSt Edmund's College,at that time the chief seminary in the south of England for candidates for the priesthood. Since childhood, Vaughan had been filled with zeal for foreign missions. He convincedCardinal Wisemanand the bishops to agree to a proposal to build a seminary in England that would train priests to serve on missions throughout the British Empire. With this goal, he made a fund-raising trip toAmericain 1863,from which he returned with £11,000.

In 1868, Vaughan became proprietor ofThe Tablet.He wroteJames McMaster,owner of theNew York Freeman's Journal and Catholic Register,"No one can appreciate more highly than I do the great mission of the Catholic press in these days of steam and universal education."

He succeeded in openingSt Joseph's Foreign Missionary College,Mill Hill Park,London, in 1869.That same year, theTenth Provincial Council of Baltimorepassed a decree exhorting all bishops to establish missions and schools in their dioceses for African Americans. Subsequently, the Council Fathers wrote a letter requesting clergy for that purpose to Vaughan, superior general at Mill Hill. In 1871, Vaughan led a group of priests to the US to establish a mission society to minister tofreedmeninthe South.

In 1872 Vaughan was consecrated as the secondBishop of Salford,succeedingBishop William Turner.Vaughan relinquished his position as superior at St. Joseph's College, but in 1876 establishedSt Bede's College,conceived as a "commercial school" to prepare the sons of Manchester Catholics for a life in business and the professions. Vaughan chose to live at Hampton Grange, on the St. Bede's College campus, with his own Bishop's residence on Chapel Street inSalfordbeing given over to aSeminary.

In 1879, as the most eminent local Catholic, Vaughan was chosen by the then Home Secretary,R.A. Cross, 1st Viscount Cross,to be one of the trustees of the £1,000 compensation paid to aWhalley Rangefarm labourer, William Habron, pardoned for the murder of PC Nicholas Cock. In 1892 Vaughan succeeded Manning as Archbishop of Westminster,receiving the cardinal's hat in 1893 as Cardinal-Priest ofSanti Andrea e Gregorio al Monte Celio.

Caricature of Archbishop Vaughan byLeslie Wardon 7 January 1893 edition ofVanity Fair (British magazine)

Vaughan was a man of different type from his predecessor; he had none of theultramontaneManning's intellectual finesse or his ardor for social reform. Vaughan did however have a more open attitude to women's enfranchisement, reported as saying, "I believe that the extension of the Parliamentary Franchise to women upon the same conditions as it is held by men would be a just and beneficial measure, tending to raise rather than to lower the course of national legislation."Vaughan was an ecclesiastic of remarkably fine presence and aristocratic leanings, intransigent in theological policy, and in personal character simply devout.

In 1893 the US Mill Hill mission, based inBaltimore, Maryland,reorganised with Vaughan's blessing as an independent institution, known asSociety of St. Joseph of the Sacred Heart.Among its founders was the first African-American Catholic priest trained and ordained in the United States,Charles Uncles.

It was due to this theological "purity" that Vaughan assisted in scuttling an opportunity forrapprochementbetween Rome and the Church of England that was put into motion by a high-church Anglican,Charles Wood, 2nd Viscount Halifaxand a French priest,Ferdinand Portal.Through the efforts of Vaughan and Archbishop of CanterburyEdward White Benson,this early form ofecumenismwas put down. It culminated with the condemnation of Anglican Orders byPope Leo XIIIin his bull,Apostolicae curae.

Cardinal Vaughan's tomb in the Chapel of St Thomas of Canterbury,Westminster Cathedral

It was Vaughan's most cherished ambition to see an adequateWestminster Cathedral.He worked untiringly to secure subscriptions for a capital campaign, with the result that the foundation stone for the cathedral was laid in 1895. When Vaughan died in 1903 at the age of 71, the building was so far complete that aRequiem Masswas said there.His body was interred at the cemetery of St. Joseph's College, the headquarters of the Mill Hill Missionaries in North London but it was moved back to the cathedral and reinterred in the Chapel of St Thomas of Canterbury (the "Vaughan Chantry" ) in 2005.

Legacy

Founded

• St. Joseph Foreign Missionary College, London, United Kingdom
• St Bede's College
• St. Joseph Society of the Sacred Heart,Baltimore, MD
• Westminster Cathedral

Namesake

• In 1914, theCardinal Vaughan Memorial Schoolwas founded in his memory inHolland Park,London.

Published works

• Vaughan, Herbert Cardinal, Archbishop of Westminster (1902).The Holy Sacrifice of the Mass(Fourth ed.). St. Louis, Missouri: B. Herder.
• Vaughan, Herbert Cardinal, Archbishop of Westminster (1904). Vaughan, Msgr Canon John Stephen (ed.).The Young Priest: Conferences on the Apostolic Life.London: W: Burns and Oates Ltd.{{cite book}}:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

See also

• Catholic Church in Great Britain
• Bernard Vaughan,his brother – English Catholic Jesuit priest (1847–1922)

Sources

• This article incorporates text from a publication now in thepublic domain:Chisholm, Hugh,ed. (1911). "Vaughan, Herbert".Encyclopædia Britannica.Vol. 27 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 955–956.
• Life of Cardinal Vaughan,JG Snead Cox (2 vols., London: 1910).

Further reading

• O'Neil, Robert J. (1997).Cardinal Herbert Vaughan: Archbishop of Westminster, Bishop of Salford, Founder of the Mill Hill Missionaries.Burns & Oates.ISBN9780824517175.

External links

• Herbert Vaughan papers, 1893–1898at Pitts Theology Library,Candler School of Theology
• Herbert Vaughan, Catholic Hierarchy website