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Catarrhini

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Catarrhines
Temporal range:Late Eocene–Holocene
Stump-tailed macaques
Chimpanzees(Pan troglodytes) at Walter Zoo,Gossau, St. Gallen,Switzerland
Scientific classificationEdit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Order: Primates
Suborder: Haplorhini
Infraorder: Simiiformes
Parvorder: Catarrhini
É. Geoffroy,1812[1][2]
Superfamilies


sister:Platyrrhini

Synonyms
  • Catarrhine monkeys
  • Old World anthropoids
  • Old World monkeys (from acladisticdefinition that includes apes, and thus humans)[3][2]
  • Simiadae,W.C.L. Martin, 1841[3]

TheparvorderCatarrhini/kætəˈraɪnaɪ/(known commonly ascatarrhine monkeys,Old World anthropoids,orOld World monkeys) consists of theCercopithecoideaandapes(Hominoidea). In 1812,Geoffroygrouped those two groups together and established the name Catarrhini, "Old World monkeys", ( "singes de l'Ancien Monde"inFrench).[4][3][5][2][6][excessive citations]Its sister in the infraorderSimiiformesis the parvorderPlatyrrhini(New World monkeys).[2]There has been some resistance to directly designate apes (and thus humans) as monkeys despite the scientific evidence, so "Old World monkey" may be taken to mean the Cercopithecoidea or the Catarrhini.[4][7][8][9][10][6][11][12][13][14][excessive citations]That apes are monkeys was already realized byGeorges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffonin the 18th century.[3]Linnaeusplaced this group in 1758 together with what we now recognise as thetarsiersand the New World monkeys, in a single genus "Simia"(sansHomo).[15]The Catarrhini are all native toAfricaandAsia.Members of thisparvorderare calledcatarrhines.

The Catarrhini are the sister group to the New World monkeys, thePlatyrrhini.[16][17][18][19]Some six million years before the ape - Cercopithecoidea bifurcation, the Platyrrhini emerged within "monkeys" by migration to South America from Afro-Arabia (the Old World), likely by ocean.

Description

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The technical distinction between theNew Worldplatyrrhines andOld Worldcatarrhines is the shape of their noses. The platyrrhines (fromAncient Greekplaty-,"flat", andrhin-,"nose" ) have nostrils which face sideways. The catarrhines (from Ancient Greekkatà-,"down", andrhin-,"nose" ) have nostrils that face downwards. Catarrhines also never haveprehensiletails, and have flat fingernails and toenails, a tubularectotympanic(ear bone), and eight, not 12, premolars, giving them adental formulaof2.1.2.32.1.2.3,[20]indicating 2 incisors, 1 canine, 2 premolars, and 3 molars on each side of the upper and lower jaws.

Most catarrhine species show considerablesexual dimorphismand do not form apair bond.Most, but not all, species live in social groups.[citation needed]Like the platyrrhines, the catarrhines are generallydiurnal,[20]and have grasping hands and (with the exception of bipedal humans) grasping feet.

The apes – in both traditional andphylogenicnomenclature – are exclusively catarrhine species. In traditional usage,apedescribes any tailless, larger, and more typically ground-dwelling species of catarrhine. "Ape" may be found as part of the common name of such species, such as theBarbary ape.In phylogenic usage, the term ape applies only to thesuperfamilyHominoidea.This grouping comprises the two families:Hylobatidae,the lesser apes or gibbons; andHominidae,the great apes, includingorangutans,gorillas,chimpanzees,humans,and related extinct genera, such as the prehumanaustralopithecinesand the giant orangutan relativeGigantopithecus.

Classification and evolution

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According to Schrago & Russo, New World monkeys split from their Old World kin about 35 million years ago (Mya). They use the major catarrhine division betweencercopithecoidsandhominoidsof about 25 Mya (which they argue is strongly supported by the fossil evidence), as a calibration point, and from this also calculate thegibbonsseparating from thegreat apes(including humans) about 15-19 Mya.[21]

According to Begun and Harrison, the Catarrhini split from their New World monkey kin about 44 - 40 Mya, with the first catarrhines appearing in Africa and Arabia, and not appearing in Eurasia (outside Arabia) until 18-17 Mya.[22]

Catarrhini lost the enzymeAlpha-galactosidase,present in all other mammal lineages, sometime after the split from platyrrhini. It is hypothesized that an ancient pathogen containing Alpha-galactosidase may be responsible, as only individuals with mutations that "turned off" the gene for Alpha-galactosidase would have produced antibodies against the pathogen and survived.[23][24]

The distinction between apes andmonkeysis complicated by the traditionalparaphylyofmonkeys:apes emerged as a sister group of Old World monkeys in the catarrhines, which are a sister group of New World monkeys. Therefore,cladistically,apes, catarrhines and related contemporary extinct groups such asParapithecidaeare monkeys as well, for any consistent definition of "monkey". "Old World Monkey" may also legitimately be taken to be meant to include all the catarrhines, including apes and extinct species such asAegyptopithecus,in which case the apes, Cercopithecoidea andAegyptopithecusemerged within the Old World Monkeys. Although the colloquial usage of terms likeapeandmonkeyin English reflects a misconception about their true biological relationship, this is not the case in some other languages; for example, in Russian,the same termis used to describe all simians, both with and without tails, including apes.[25]

Cladogram

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Below is acladogramwith extinct species in which the crown Catharrhini, which emerged in thePropliopithecoidea.[26][27][28][29][30][31]Also, Saadanioidea is sister of the Cercopithecoidea rather than of the Crown Catarrhini here. It is indicated how many million years ago (Mya) the clades diverged into newer clades.

Crown Simians(37)

The Platyrrhini may have emerged in e.g. the Oligopithecidae.[32]The Saadanioidea may be sister to the Propliopithecoidea s.s., and Micropithecus may be sister to the Taqah Propliopithecids.[33]

References

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  2. ^abcdGeoffroy Saint-Hilaire, M.É. (1812)."Tableau des Quadrumanes, ou des animaux composant le premier Ordre de la Classe des Mammifères".Annales du Muséum d'Histoire Naturelle.19.Paris: 85–122.Archivedfrom the original on 2019-03-27.Retrieved2019-03-26.
  3. ^abcdMartin, W.C. Linnaeus (1841).A General Introduction to The Natural History Mamminferous Animals, With a Particular View of the Physical History of Man, and the More Closely Allied Genera of the Order Quadrumana, or Monkeys.London: Wright and Co. printers. pp. 339, 340, 361.
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Further reading

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  • Sellers, Bill (2000-10-20)."Primate Evolution"(PDF).Retrieved2010-08-21.
  • Raaum, Ryan L.; Sterner, Kirstin N.; Noviello, Colleen M.; Stewart, Caro-Beth; Disotell, Todd R. (2005). "Catarrhine primate divergence dates estimated from complete mitochondrial genomes: Concordance with fossil and nuclear DNA evidence".Journal of Human Evolution.48(3): 237–257.doi:10.1016/j.jhevol.2004.11.007.PMID15737392.
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