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Cave nectar bat

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Cave nectar bat
Eonycteris spelaea
Scientific classificationEdit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Order: Chiroptera
Family: Pteropodidae
Subfamily: Rousettinae
Tribe: Eonycterini
Genus: Eonycteris
Species:
E. spelaea
Binomial name
Eonycteris spelaea
(Dobson,1871)
Cave nectar bat range
Synonyms[1]
  • Eonycteris bernsteiniTate,1942
  • Macroglossus spelaeusDobson,1871

Thecave nectar bat,dawn bat,common dawn bat,common nectar batorlesser dawn bat(Eonycteris spelaea)[1]is a species ofmegabatwithin the genusEonycteris.The scientific name of the species was first published byDobsonin 1871.

Description

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The upper parts of the cave nectar bat are grey-brown to dark brown to black. The underparts are paler and the neck is sometimes yellowish brown. The muzzle of this bat is elongated, and particularly adapted for drinkingnectar.The species has as well an external tail. The head and body length measures 8.5–11 cm (3.3–4.3 in), the tail length is about 1.5–1.8 cm (0.59–0.71 in) and the forearm length measures 6–7 cm (2.4–2.8 in)[2]

Habits and habitat

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The cave nectar bat is found inprimary forestsand in disturbed and agricultural areas. It roosts in caves, in larger groups, with some roosts exceeding 50,000 individuals, and it sometimes roosts with other bat species. In some places, this species seems to have adapted well to leafy, semi-urban habitats. Due to its large roosting size it has an IUCN status of "least concerned" however, only limited data is available on population size and trends.E. spelaeatravels many kilometres each night in search of the nectar of flowering trees and shrubs. Because of that, this bat species is a very important pollinator of fruit trees, such asdurians,[2]notablyDurio zibethinusandDurio graveolens.[3][4][5]It also feeds on and pollinates other commercially important crops such as banana (Musaspp.) andjackfruit(Artocarpus heterophyllus).[6]In addition to pollinating these plants, the cave nectar bat is an important pollinator for major crops, including up to 55 species of plants. Their tendencies to pollinate certain plants is determined by the proximity of their living quarters. There are at least thirteen plant taxa that the cave nectar bat feeds upon. The dependence on the proximity of the plants explain the variation of which plants that the cave nectar bats pollinate and feed upon.[7]For this reason,E. spelaeais seen as an important species for pollination in disturbed areas bordering on urban and agricultural farms.

Distribution

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E. spelaealives inBangladesh,[8]Brunei,Cambodia,Indonesia(Java,Kalimantan,Sumatra,Sulawesiand some other small islands),Laos,Malaysia,Myanmar,Philippines,Singapore,Thailand,Vietnam,China,IndiaandTimor-Leste.[2]It had been previously recorded fromGomantong Caves,Sukau,Segama,andMadaiinSabah;Niah,Sungai Tinjar,andKuchinginSarawak;andSungai TengahandKutaiinKalimantan.[9][10][11][12]

Conservation

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This species is killed forbushmeatinCambodia,Myanmar and the Philippines.[13]

Research

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ThegenomeofEonycteris spelaeawas recently sequenced usingPacBiolong-read sequencing.[14]As a small,frugivorous,specialist nectar-feedingbatwith good flight potential and that can breed 1–2 times a year,[15]it is an ideal species as an animal model for bats. Recent evidence has shown this species can carry multiple viruses such asfiloviruses,[16][17]coronaviruses,[18]astrovirus,[19]picornavirus,[20]lyssavirus,[21]pteropineorthoreovirus[22]andflavivirus,[23]all without obvious signs of disease.

References

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  1. ^abcWaldien, D.L.; Adleson, S.; Wilson, Z. (2020)."Eonycteris spelaea".IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.2020:e.T7787A22128326.doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T7787A22128326.en.Retrieved19 November2021.
  2. ^abcShepherd, Chris R.; Shepherd, Loretta Ann (2012).A Naturalist's Guide to the Mammals of Southeast Asia.Wiltshire, UK: John Beaufoy Publishing. p. 22.ISBN978-1-906780-71-5.
  3. ^Soepadmo, Engkik; Eow, BK (31 August 1977). Mabberley, DJ; Lan, Chang Kiaw (eds.)."The Reproductive Biology ofDurio zibethinusMurr "(pdf).The Gardens' Bulletin, Singapore.29:25–33.ISSN2382-5812.OCLC918436212.Retrieved12 November2017.
  4. ^Start, A.N.; Marshall, A.G. (1976). "Nectarivorous Bats as Pollinators of Trees in West Malaysia". In Burley, J.; Styles, B.T. (eds.).Tropical Trees: Variation, Breeding and Conservation.Linnean Society Symposium Series. Vol. 2. London, UK: Academic Press. pp. 141–159.ISBN978-0121451509.OCLC476102040.
  5. ^Brown, Michael J. (1997). Arora, R.K.; Ramanatha Rao, V.; Rao, A.N. (eds.).Durio,a Bibliographic Review(PDF).New Delhi, India: International Plant Genetic Resource Institute. p. 13.ISBN9789290433187.OCLC38754437.Retrieved11 November2017.
  6. ^Lim, Voon-Ching; Ramli, Rosli; Bhassu, Subha; Wilson, John-James (2018-03-26)."Pollination implications of the diverse diet of tropical nectar-feeding bats roosting in an urban cave".PeerJ.6:e4572.doi:10.7717/peerj.4572.ISSN2167-8359.PMC5875395.PMID29607265.
  7. ^Thavry, H.; Cappelle, J.; Bumrungsri, S.; Thona, L.; Furey, N. M. (2017)."The diet of the cave nectar bat (Eonycteris spelaea, Dobson) suggests it pollinates economically and ecologically significant plants in Southern Cambodia".Zoological Studies.56(56): e17.doi:10.6620/ZS.2017.56-17.PMC6517731.PMID31966216.
  8. ^Red List of Bangladesh Volume 2: Mammals(PDF).IUCN, International Union for Conservation of Nature, Bangladesh Country Office. 2015.ISBN978-984-34-0735-1.Retrieved18 March2022– via Portals.iucn.org.
  9. ^J. Payne; C. M. Francis; K. Phillipps (1985).A field guide to the mammals of Borneo.Kota Kinabalu, Sabah: The Sabah Society.ISBN978-967-99947-1-1.
  10. ^Ghanem, Simon J.; Voigt, Christian C. (2012), "Increasing Awareness of Ecosystem Services Provided by Bats",Advances in the Study of Behavior,Elsevier, pp. 279–302,doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-394288-3.00007-1,ISBN9780123942883
  11. ^SHAO, W. W.; HUA, P. Y.; ZHOU, S. Y.; ZHANG, S. Y.; CHEN, J. P. (May 2008). "Characterization of microsatellite loci in the lesser dawn bat (Eonycteris spelaea)".Molecular Ecology Resources.8(3): 695–697.doi:10.1111/j.1471-8286.2007.02051.x.ISSN1755-098X.PMID21585874.S2CID10081806.
  12. ^Esselstyn, Jacob A. (2010-02-23). "At Long Last, an Authoritative Guide to the Mammals of Indochina".Journal of Mammalian Evolution.17(3): 215–216.doi:10.1007/s10914-010-9132-z.ISSN1064-7554.S2CID37160888.
  13. ^Mickleburgh, S.; Waylen, K.; Racey, P. (2009)."Bats as bushmeat: a global review".Oryx.43(2): 217–234.doi:10.1017/s0030605308000938.
  14. ^Wen, Ming; Ng, Justin H J; Zhu, Feng; Chionh, Yok Teng; Chia, Wan Ni; Mendenhall, Ian H; Lee, Benjamin PY-H; Irving, Aaron T; Wang, Lin-Fa (2018-10-01)."Exploring the genome and transcriptome of the cave nectar bat Eonycteris spelaea with PacBio long-read sequencing".GigaScience.7(10).doi:10.1093/gigascience/giy116.ISSN2047-217X.PMC6177735.PMID30247613.
  15. ^Nowak, Ronald M. (1999).Walker's mammals of the world.The Johns Hopkins University Press.ISBN0801857899.OCLC444327317.
  16. ^Laing, Eric D.; Mendenhall, Ian H.; Linster, Martin; Low, Dolyce H. W.; Chen, Yihui; Yan, Lianying; Sterling, Spencer L.; Borthwick, Sophie; Neves, Erica Sena (January 2018)."Serologic Evidence of Fruit Bat Exposure to Filoviruses, Singapore, 2011–2016".Emerging Infectious Diseases.24(1): 114–117.doi:10.3201/eid2401.170401.ISSN1080-6040.PMC5749470.PMID29260678.
  17. ^Yang, Xing-Lou; Zhang, Yun-Zhi; Jiang, Ren-Di; Guo, Hua; Zhang, Wei; Li, Bei; Wang, Ning; Wang, Li; Waruhiu, Cecilia (March 2017)."Genetically Diverse Filoviruses in Rousettus and Eonycteris spp. Bats, China, 2009 and 2015".Emerging Infectious Diseases.23(3): 482–486.doi:10.3201/eid2302.161119.ISSN1080-6040.PMC5382765.PMID28221123.
  18. ^Mendenhall, I. H.; Borthwick, S.; Neves, E. S.; Low, D.; Linster, M.; Liang, B.; Skiles, M.; Jayakumar, J.; Han, H. (2016-09-16)."Identification of a Lineage D Betacoronavirus in Cave Nectar Bats (Eonycteris spelaea) in Singapore and an Overview of Lineage D Reservoir Ecology in SE Asian Bats".Transboundary and Emerging Diseases.64(6): 1790–1800.doi:10.1111/tbed.12568.ISSN1865-1674.PMC7159162.PMID27637887.
  19. ^Mendenhall, Ian H.; Skiles, Maggie M.; Neves, Erica Sena; Borthwick, Sophie A.; Low, Dolyce H.W.; Liang, Benjamin; Lee, Benjamin P.Y.-H.; Su, Yvonne C.F.; Smith, Gavin J.D. (December 2017)."Influence of age and body condition on astrovirus infection of bats in Singapore: An evolutionary and epidemiological analysis".One Health.4:27–33.doi:10.1016/j.onehlt.2017.10.001.ISSN2352-7714.PMC5678831.PMID29159263.
  20. ^Kapoor, A.; Simmonds, P.; Lipkin, W. I.; Zaidi, S.; Delwart, E. (2010-07-28)."Use of Nucleotide Composition Analysis To Infer Hosts for Three Novel Picorna-Like Viruses".Journal of Virology.84(19): 10322–10328.doi:10.1128/jvi.00601-10.ISSN0022-538X.PMC2937767.PMID20668077.
  21. ^Lumlertdacha, Boonlert; Boongird, Kalyanee; Wanghongsa, Sawai; Wacharapluesadee, Supaporn; Chanhome, Lawan; Khawplod, Pkamatz; Hemachudha, Thiravat; Kuzmin, Ivan; Rupprecht, Charles E. (February 2005)."Survey for Bat Lyssaviruses, Thailand".Emerging Infectious Diseases.11(2): 232–236.doi:10.3201/eid1102.040691.ISSN1080-6040.PMC3320458.PMID15752440.
  22. ^Taniguchi, Satoshi; Maeda, Ken; Horimoto, Taisuke; Masangkay, Joseph S.; Puentespina, Roberto; Alvarez, James; Eres, Eduardo; Cosico, Edison; Nagata, Noriyo (2017-02-11). "First isolation and characterization of pteropine orthoreoviruses in fruit bats in the Philippines".Archives of Virology.162(6): 1529–1539.doi:10.1007/s00705-017-3251-2.ISSN0304-8608.PMID28190201.S2CID26357185.
  23. ^Varelas-Wesley, Irene;Calisher, Charles H.(1982-11-01). "Antigenic Relationships of Flaviviruses with Undetermined Arthropod-Borne Status *".The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene.31(6): 1273–1284.doi:10.4269/ajtmh.1982.31.1273.ISSN0002-9637.PMID6293325.
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