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Cellulite

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
This article is about subcutaneous fat. For the subcutaneous infection, seeCellulitis.For the plastic, seeCelluloid.
Cellulite
Other namesAdiposis edematosa, dermopanniculosis deformans, status protrusus cutis, gynoid lipodystrophy, orange peel syndrome
The dimpled appearance of cellulite
SpecialtyPlastic surgery

Celluliteorgynoid lipodystrophy(GLD) is the herniation of subcutaneousfatwithin fibrousconnective tissuethat manifests as skin dimpling andnodularity,often on thepelvicregion (specifically thebuttocks), lower limbs, andabdomen.[1][2]Cellulite occurs in most postpubescent females.[3]A review gives a prevalence of 85–98% of women of European descent,[4]but it is considerably less common in women of East Asian descent.[5][6]It is believed to bephysiologicalrather thanpathological.It can result from a complex combination of factors, includingdiet,sedentary lifestyle,hormonal imbalanceorheredity,among others.

Causes

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The causes of cellulite include changes inmetabolism,physiology,diet and exercise habits, obesity, alteration ofconnective tissuestructure,hormonalfactors,geneticfactors, the microcirculatory system, theextracellular matrix,and subtleinflammatoryalterations.[1][3][7]

Hormonal factors

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Hormones play a dominant role in the formation of cellulite.Estrogenis thought to be an important hormone in the development of cellulite, and it has been proposed that an imbalance ofestrogenrelative toprogesteronemay be associated with cellulite. However, there has been no reliable clinical evidence to support the claim thatestrogenlevels are linked to cellulite, and many women with elevated estrogen levels do not get cellulite.[8]Other hormones—includinginsulin,thecatecholaminesadrenaline,cortisolandnoradrenaline,thyroid hormones,andprolactin—are believed to participate in the development of cellulite.[1]

Genetic factors

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There is a genetic element in individual susceptibility to cellulite.[1]Researchers have traced the genetic component of cellulite to particularpolymorphismsin theangiotensin converting enzyme(ACE) andhypoxia-inducible factor 1A(HIF1a) genes.[9]Evidence for the heredity of cellulite is supported from studies showing that both the presence and degree of cellulite is similar between females within the same family.[6]

Predisposing factors

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Several factors have been shown to affect the development of cellulite.Sex,ethnicity,biotype,distribution of subcutaneous fat, andpredispositiontolymphaticand circulatory insufficiency have all been shown to contribute to cellulite.[1]It has been found to be considerably less common in women of East Asian descent, than in white women.[5]

Lifestyle

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A high-stresslifestyle causes an increase in the level ofcatecholamines,which have also been associated with the development of cellulite.[1]Inactivity can cause vascular stasis, contributing to cellulite formation.[5]Excessive carbohydrate consumption may also be related to cellulitis in some instances.[5]

Treatments

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Cellulite can be resistant to a variety of treatments.[10]Aside from "topical" products (creams,ointments) and injectables (collagenase), treatments for cellulite includenon-invasive therapysuch as mechanical suction or mechanical massage. Energy-based devices includeradio frequencywith deep penetration of the skin, ultrasound,[11]cryotherapy chambers,[12]laser and pulsed-light devices.[13][14]Combinations of mechanical treatments and energy-based procedures are widely used.[13]Ionithermie,a form ofelectrotherapyusingelectrical muscle stimulation,has been described as ineffective.[15][16]More invasive 'subcision' techniques utilize a needle-sizedmicroscalpelto cut through the causative fibrous bands of connective tissue. Subcision procedures (manual, vacuum-assisted, or laser-assisted) are performed in specialist clinics with patients given local anaesthetic.[14]

Epidemiology

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In European populations, cellulite is thought to occur in 80–90% of post-adolescent females.[9][17]Its existence as a real disorder has been challenged,[18]and the prevailing medical opinion is that it is merely the "normal condition of many women".[19]It is rarely seen in males.[1]

History

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The growing interest in cellulite has historically been linked to the growth of the cosmetic industry in the west, as well as globalization. The term was first used in the 1920s by spa and beauty services to promote their services, and began appearing in English-language publications in the late 1960s, with the earliest reference inVoguemagazine,"Like a swift migrating fish, the wordcellulitehas suddenly crossed the Atlantic. "[20]According to Italian researcher Martina Grimaldi, cellulite has often been pathologized as a "disease" in Western European news media, and it has been shown that French magazines promoting this misinformation are often funded by pharmaceutical companies that manufacture anti-cellulite skincare products.[21]American journalistSusan Faludinotes that the Western beauty advertisements have attempted to portray cellulite as a symptom of women's social progress; that cellulite is caused by being a working, independent woman. Faludi writes that such messaging is motivated by a fear within the cosmetic industry that women's social progress might lead to declining profits in the beauty industry as a whole, noting that profits did decline in the 1970s and 1980s, the era ofsecond-wave feminism.[22]

References

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  1. ^abcdefgRossi, Ana Beatris R; Vergnanini, Andre Luiz (2000)."Cellulite: A review".Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology.14(4): 251–62.doi:10.1046/j.1468-3083.2000.00016.x.PMID11204512.S2CID18504078.
  2. ^Pinna, K. (2007).Nutrition and diet therapy.Belmont, CA: Wadsworth. p. 178.
  3. ^abAvram, Mathew M (2004). "Cellulite: A review of its physiology and treatment".Journal of Cosmetic and Laser Therapy.6(4): 181–5.CiteSeerX10.1.1.506.7997.doi:10.1080/14764170410003057.PMID16020201.S2CID20205700.
  4. ^Janda, K; Tomikowska, A (2014)."Cellulite - causes, prevention, treatment".Annales Academiae Medicae Stetinensis.60(1): 29–38.PMID25518090.
  5. ^abcdYoung, V Leroy; DiBernardo, Barry E (18 May 2021)."Comparison of Cellulite Severity Scales and Imaging Methods".Aesthetic Surgery Journal.41(6): NP521–NP537.doi:10.1093/asj/sjaa226.PMC8129470.PMID32785706.
  6. ^abRao, Jaggi; Gold, Michael H; Goldman, Mitchel P (2005). "A two-center, double-blinded, randomized trial testing the tolerability and efficacy of a novel therapeutic agent for cellulite reduction".Journal of Cosmetic Dermatology.4(2). Wiley: 96.doi:10.1111/j.1473-2165.2005.40208.x.ISSN1473-2130.PMID17166206.S2CID10123904."heredity: empirically, it has been found that the degree and presence of cellulite, as with body habitus, is often similar between females within the same family; race: Caucasian women are more likely to develop cellulite than Asian or African American women;9
  7. ^Terranova, F.; Berardesca, E.; Maibach, H. (2006)."Cellulite: Nature and aetiopathogenesis".International Journal of Cosmetic Science.28(3): 157–67.doi:10.1111/j.1467-2494.2006.00316.x.PMID18489272.S2CID15618447.
  8. ^Bissoon, Lionel (October 2006).The Cellulite Cure.Meso Press. p. 74.ISBN978-0-9764821-0-9.
  9. ^abEmanuele, E; Bertona, M; Geroldi, D (2010). "A multilocus candidate approach identifies ACE and HIF1A as susceptibility genes for cellulite".Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology.24(8): 930–5.doi:10.1111/j.1468-3083.2009.03556.x.PMID20059631.S2CID26214159.
  10. ^Rossi, Anthony M.; Katz, Bruce E. (2014). "A Modern Approach to the Treatment of Cellulite".Dermatologic Clinics.32(1): 51–9.doi:10.1016/j.det.2013.09.005.PMID24267421.
  11. ^Juhász M, Korta D, Mesinkovska NA (2018). "A Review of the Use of Ultrasound for Skin Tightening, Body Contouring, and Cellulite Reduction in Dermatology".Dermatol Surg.44(7): 949–963.doi:10.1097/DSS.0000000000001551.PMID29846343.S2CID44101405.
  12. ^Ingargiola, Michael J.; Motakef, Saba; Chung, Michael T.; Vasconez, Henry C.; Sasaki, Gordon H. (2015)."Cryolipolysis for Fat Reduction and Body Contouring".Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery.135(6). Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health): 1581–1590.doi:10.1097/prs.0000000000001236.ISSN0032-1052.PMC4444424.PMID26017594.
  13. ^abGold, Michael H. (2012)."Cellulite – an overview of non-invasive therapy with energy-based systems".Journal der Deutschen Dermatologischen Gesellschaft.10(8): 553–8.doi:10.1111/j.1610-0387.2012.07950.x.PMID22726640.S2CID21099081.
  14. ^abFriedmann DP, Vick GL, Mishra V (2017)."Cellulite: a review with a focus on subcision".Clin Cosmet Investig Dermatol.10:17–23.doi:10.2147/CCID.S95830.PMC5234561.PMID28123311.
  15. ^Feldman, Melissa (2018-03-09)."Ionithermie Cellulite Treatment Reviews: Does It Work?".Consumer Health Digest.Retrieved2023-12-24.
  16. ^Coleman, Kyle M.; Coleman, William P.; Benchetrit, Arie (December 2009)."Non-Invasive, External Ultrasonic Lipolysis".Seminars in Cutaneous Medicine and Surgery.28(4): 263–267.doi:10.1016/j.sder.2009.10.004.ISSN1085-5629.
  17. ^Wanner, M; Avram, M (2008)."An evidence-based assessment of treatments for cellulite".Journal of Drugs in Dermatology.7(4): 341–5.PMID18459514.Free access icon
  18. ^Nürnberger, F.; Müller, G. (1978). "So-Called Cellulite: An Invented Disease".The Journal of Dermatologic Surgery and Oncology.4(3): 221–9.doi:10.1111/j.1524-4725.1978.tb00416.x.PMID632386.
  19. ^MedlinePlus Encyclopedia:Cellulite
  20. ^Vogue15 Apr 1968 110/1[non-primary source needed]
  21. ^Hackett, Paul M. W.; Hayre, Christopher M. (2 December 2020).Handbook of Ethnography in Healthcare Research.Routledge. p. 166.ISBN978-1-000-26398-5.In the text "The female body between science and guilt: The story of cellulite", Ghigi (2004) explains the role of French magazines in the construction of the concept of cellulite. It shows how two French magazines, "Votre Beaute"and"Marie Claire"have helped to show cellulite as a disease. In fact, these are two newspapers funded by pharmaceutical companies that manufacture anti-cellulite products.
  22. ^Faludi, Susan (18 November 2009).Backlash: The Undeclared War Against American Women.Crown. p. 213.ISBN978-0-307-42687-1.

Further reading

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  • Khan, Misbah H.; Victor, Frank; Rao, Babar; Sadick, Neil S. (2010). "Treatment of cellulite. Part I. Pathophysiology".Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology.62(3): 361–70, quiz 371–2.doi:10.1016/j.jaad.2009.10.042.PMID20159304.
  • Khan, Misbah H.; Victor, Frank; Rao, Babar; Sadick, Neil S. (2010). "Treatment of cellulite. Part II. Advances and controversies".Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology.62(3): 373–84, quiz 385–6.doi:10.1016/j.jaad.2009.10.041.PMID20159305.
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  • Media related toCelluliteat Wikimedia Commons
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