Cervinae
| Cervinae Temporal range:Late Mioceneto recent
~ | |
|---|---|
| |
| Père David's deer(Elaphurus davidianus) | |
Scientific classification
| |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Mammalia |
| Order: | Artiodactyla |
| Family: | Cervidae |
| Subfamily: | Cervinae Goldfuss,1820 |
| Tribes | |
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For extinct genera, see text | |
TheCervinaeor theOld World deer,are asubfamilyofdeer.Alternatively, they are known as theplesiometacarpal deer,due to having lost the parts of the second and fifthmetacarpalbones closest to the foot (though retaining the parts away from the foot), distinct from the telemetacarpal deer of theCapreolinae(which have instead retained these parts of those metacarpals, while losing the parts away from the foot instead).[1]
Classification and species
[edit]The following species are recognised in extant genera:[2][3][4][5][6]
- Tribe Muntiacini
- GenusElaphodus
- Tufted deer(E. cephalophus)
- GenusMuntiacus
- Bornean yellow muntjac(M. atherodes)
- Hairy-fronted muntjac(M. crinifrons)
- Fea's muntjac(M. feae)
- Gongshan muntjac(M. gongshanensis)
- Indian muntjac(M. muntjak)
- Sumatran muntjac(M. montanum)
- Pu Hoat muntjac(M. puhoatensis)
- Leaf muntjac(M. putaoensis)
- Reeves's muntjac(M. reevesi)
- Roosevelt's muntjac(M. rooseveltorum)
- Truong Son muntjacor Annamite muntjac (M. truongsonensis)
- Giant muntjac(M. vuquangensis)
- GenusElaphodus
- Tribe Cervini ( "true" deer)
- GenusDama
- Common fallow deer(D. dama)
- Persian fallow deer(D. mesopotamica)
- GenusAxis
- Chital(A. axis)
- Calamian deer(A. calamianensis)
- Bawean deer(A. kuhlii)
- Indian hog deer(A. porcinus)
- GenusRucervus
- Barasingha(R. duvaucelii)
- Eld's deer(R. eldii)
- †Schomburgk's deer(R. schomburgki)
- GenusElaphurus
- Père David's deer(E. davidianus)
- GenusRusa
- Visayan spotted deerorPrince Alfred's deer (R. alfredi)
- Philippine deeror Philippine sambar (R. mariannus)
- Javan rusa deer(R. timorensis)
- Sambar(R. unicolor)
- GenusCervus
- Thorold's deer(C. albirostris)
- Elkor American wapiti (C. canadensis)
- Red deer(C. elaphus)
- Central Asian red deer(C. hanglu)
- Sika deer(C. nippon)
- GenusDama
The taxonomy of Cervini is poorly resolved due to conflict betweennuclear DNAandmitochondrial DNAphylogenies:
Mitchondrial DNA phylogeny after Heckeberg (2020)[7][8]
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Nuclear DNA phylogeny after Heckeberg (2020)[7][8]
| Cervidae |
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Extinct genera
[edit]- †Amphiprox
- †Cervavitus
- †Croizetoceros?
- †Dicrocerus
- †Euprox
- †Praesinomegaceros
- †Heteroprox
- †Metacervocerus
- †Praeelaphus
- †Cervavitus?(Eurasia, Late Miocene-Early Pleistocene)
- †Megaloceros(Eurasia, Early/Middle Pleistocene-Holocene, ~5700 BC)
- †Praemegaceros(Europe, Early Pleistocene-Holocene, ~5500 BC)
- †Pseudodama(Eurasia, Early Pleistocene)
- †Sinomegaceros(Central and East Asia, Early-Late Pleistocene)
- †Megaceroides(North Africa, Late Pleistocene-Holocene, ~ 4000 BC)
- †Eucladoceros(Eurasia, Late Pliocene-Early Pleistocene)
- †Candiacervus(Crete, Late Pleistocene)
- †Haploidoceros(Europe, Middle-Late Pleistocene)
Evolution
[edit]Cervinae is suggested to have split from Capreolinae at least 13.8 million years ago based on the first appearance ofEuprox,suggested to be astem-groupcervine in Europe at this time.[9]Modern Cervinae first appeared during the Late Miocene in Eastern Asia, arriving in the Indian subcontinent and Europe during the Early Pilocene.[1]The ancestor of Cervinae probably had a bifurcated antlers similar to muntjacs, with the complex antlers of Cervini evolving independently from those of Capreolinae.[10]Cervinae radiated during the Early Pleistocene, becoming the dominant group of deer across Eurasia.[1]
References
[edit]- ^abcCroitor, Roman (December 2022)."Paleobiogeography of Crown Deer".Earth.3(4): 1138–1160.Bibcode:2022Earth...3.1138C.doi:10.3390/earth3040066.ISSN2673-4834.
- ^Randi, E.; Mucci, N.; et al. (February 2001). "A mitochondrial DNA control region phylogeny of the Cervinae: speciation inCervusand implications for conservation ".Animal Conservation.4(1): 1–11.Bibcode:2001AnCon...4....1R.doi:10.1017/S1367943001001019.S2CID86572236.
- ^Pitraa, C.; Fickel, J.; et al. (December 2004). "Evolution and phylogeny of old world deer".Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution.33(3): 880–895.doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2004.07.013.PMID15522810.
- ^Alvarez D. (2007)[full citation needed]
- ^Duarte, J.M.B.; González, S.; Maldonado, J.E. (October 2008). "The surprising evolutionary history of South American deer".Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution.49(1): 17–22.doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2008.07.009.PMID18675919.
- ^"A new perspective on Ungulate Taxonomy".Archived fromthe originalon 2012-12-01.Retrieved2013-01-23.
- ^abHeckeberg, Nicola S.; Zachos, Frank E.; Kierdorf, Uwe (January 2023)."Antler tine homologies and cervid systematics: A review of past and present controversies with special emphasis on Elaphurus davidianus".The Anatomical Record.306(1): 5–28.doi:10.1002/ar.24956.ISSN1932-8486.PMID35578743.
- ^abHeckeberg, Nicola S. (2020-02-18)."The systematics of the Cervidae: a total evidence approach".PeerJ.8:e8114.doi:10.7717/peerj.8114.ISSN2167-8359.PMC7034380.PMID32110477.
- ^Mennecart, Bastien; DeMiguel, Daniel; Bibi, Faysal; Rössner, Gertrud E.; Métais, Grégoire; Neenan, James M.; Wang, Shiqi; Schulz, Georg; Müller, Bert; Costeur, Loïc (2017-10-13)."Bony labyrinth morphology clarifies the origin and evolution of deer".Scientific Reports.7(1): 13176.Bibcode:2017NatSR...713176M.doi:10.1038/s41598-017-12848-9.ISSN2045-2322.PMC5640792.PMID29030580.
- ^Samejima, Yuusuke; Matsuoka, Hiroshige (2020-06-02)."A new viewpoint on antlers reveals the evolutionary history of deer (Cervidae, Mammalia)".Scientific Reports.10(1): 8910.Bibcode:2020NatSR..10.8910S.doi:10.1038/s41598-020-64555-7.ISSN2045-2322.PMC7265483.PMID32488122.
