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Cetrimonium bromide

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Cetrimonium bromide
Names
Preferred IUPAC name
N,N,N-Trimethylhexadecan-1-aminium bromide
Other names
  • Cetyltrimethylammonium bromide
  • CTAB
  • Hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide
Identifiers
3D model (JSmol)
ChEBI
ChEMBL
ChemSpider
ECHA InfoCard 100.000.283Edit this at Wikidata
KEGG
UNII
  • InChI=1S/C19H42N.BrH/c1-5-6-7-8-9-10-11-12-13-14-15-16-17-18-19-20(2,3)4;/h5-19H2,1-4H3;1H/q+1;/p-1checkY
    Key: LZZYPRNAOMGNLH-UHFFFAOYSA-McheckY
  • InChI=1/C19H42N.BrH/c1-5-6-7-8-9-10-11-12-13-14-15-16-17-18-19-20(2,3)4;/h5-19H2,1-4H3;1H/q+1;/p-1
    Key: LZZYPRNAOMGNLH-REWHXWOFAU
  • CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC[N+](C)(C)C.[Br-]
Properties
C19H42BrN
Molar mass 364.45 g/mol
Appearance white powder
Melting point 237 to 243 °C (459 to 469 °F; 510 to 516 K) (decomposes)
Pharmacology
D08AJ02(WHO)
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in theirstandard state(at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).

Cetrimonium bromide,also known with the abbreviationCTAB,is aquaternary ammoniumsurfactantwith acondensed structural formula[(C16H33)N(CH3)3]Br.

It is one of the components of the topicalantisepticcetrimide.[1]The cetrimonium (hexadecyltrimethylammonium) cation is an effective antiseptic agent against bacteria and fungi. It is also one of the main components of some buffers for theextraction of DNA.[2]It has been widely used in synthesis of gold nanoparticles (e.g.,spheres, rods, bipyramids), mesoporous silica nanoparticles (e.g.,MCM-41), and hair conditioning products. The closely related compoundscetrimonium chlorideandcetrimonium stearateare also used as topical antiseptics and may be found in many household products such as shampoos and cosmetics. CTAB, due to its relatively high cost, is typically only used in select cosmetics.

As with most surfactants, CTAB formsmicellesin aqueous solutions. At 303 K (30 °C) it forms micelles withaggregation number75–120 (depending on method of determination; average ~95) and degree of ionization, α = 0.2–0.1 (fractional charge; from low to high concentration).[3]The binding constant (K°) of Br−counterion to a CTA+micelle at 303 K (30 °C) isc.400 M-1. This value is calculated from Br−and CTA+ion selective electrode measurements andconductometrydata by using literature data for micelle size (r = ~3 nm)[citation needed],extrapolated to thecritical micelle concentrationof 1 mM[citation needed].However, K° varies with total surfactant concentration so it isextrapolatedto the point at which micelle concentration is zero.[citation needed]

Applications[edit]

Biological[edit]

Cell lysisis a convenient tool to isolate certainmacromoleculesthat exist primarily inside of the cell. Cell membranes consist ofhydrophilicandlipophilicendgroups. Therefore,detergentsare often used to dissolve these membranes since they interact with bothpolar and nonpolarendgroups. CTAB has emerged as the preferred choice for biological use because it maintains the integrity of precipitatedDNAduringits isolation.[4]Cells typically have high concentrations of macromolecules, such asglycoproteinsandpolysaccharides,that co-precipitate with DNA during the extraction process, causing the extracted DNA to lose purity. The positive charge of the CTAB molecule allows it to denature these molecules that would interfere with this isolation.[5]

Medical[edit]

CTAB has been shown to have potential use as anapoptosis-promoting anticancer agent for head and neck cancer (HNC).[6]In vitro,CTAB interacted additively with γ radiation andcisplatin,two standard HNC therapeutic agents. CTAB exhibited anticancer cytotoxicity against several HNC cell lines with minimal effects on normalfibroblasts,a selectivity that exploits cancer-specific metabolic aberrations.In vivo,CTABablatedtumor-forming capacity of FaDu cells and delayed growth of established tumors. Thus, using this approach, CTAB was identified as a potential apoptogenic quaternary ammonium compound possessingin vitroandin vivoefficacy against HNC models. CTAB is also recommended by the World Health Organisation (WHO) as a purification agent in the downstream vaccine processing of polysaccharide vaccines.[7]

Protein electrophoresis[edit]

Glycoproteinsform broad, fuzzy bands in SDS-PAGE (Laemmli-electrophoresis) because of their broad distribution of negative charges. Using positively charged detergents such as CTAB will avoid issues associated with glycoproteins. Proteins can be blotted from CTAB-gels in analogy towestern blots( "eastern blot" ), and Myelin-associated high hydrophobic protein can be analyzed using CTAB 2-DE.[citation needed]

DNA extraction[edit]

CTAB serves as an important surfactant in the DNA extraction buffer system to remove membrane lipids and promote cell lysis. Separation is also successful when the tissue contains high amounts ofpolysaccharides.[2]CTAB binds to the polysaccharides when the salt concentration is high, thus removing polysaccharides from solution. A typical recipe can be to combine 100 mL of 1 M Tris HCl (pH 8.0), 280 mL 5 M NaCl, 40 mL of 0.5 MEDTA,and 20 g of CTAB then adddouble distilled water(ddH2O) to bring total volume to 1 L.

Nanoparticle synthesis[edit]

Surfactants play a key role innanoparticlesynthesis by adsorbing to the surface of the forming nanoparticle and lowering its surface energy.[8][9]Surfactants also help to prevent aggregation (e.g.viaDLVOmechanisms).

Au nanoparticle synthesis[edit]

Gold(Au) nanoparticles are interesting to researchers because of their unique properties that can be used in applications such ascatalysis,optics,electronics,sensing,andmedicine.[10]Control of nanoparticle size and shape is important in order to tune its properties. CTAB has been a widely used reagent to both impart stability to these nanoparticles as well as control their morphologies. CTAB may play a role in controlling nanoparticle size and shape by selectively or more strongly binding to various emergingcrystal facets.

Some of this control originates from the reaction of CTAB with other reagents in the gold nanoparticle synthesis. For example, in aqueous gold nanoparticle syntheses,chlorauric acid(HAuCl4) may react with CTAB to create a CTA+-AuCl−
4complex.[11][12]The gold complex is then reacted withascorbic acidto producehydrochloric acid,an ascorbic acid radical, and CTA-AuCl3.The ascorbic acid radical and CTA-AuCl3react spontaneously to create metallic Au0nanoparticles and other byproducts. An alternative or simultaneous reaction is the substitution of Cl−with Br−about the Au(III) center. Both complexation with the ammonium cation and/or speciation of the Au(III) precursor influence the kinetics of the nanoparticle formation reaction and therefore influence the size, shape, and (size and shape) distributions of the resulting particles.

However, CTA+-AuCl−
4should not be called acomplex,electrostatic interaction ofquaternary ammonium cationwith AuCl−
4results in formation of anion pairat best. CTA+does not have any donating centers which can form a coordination complex with Au(III) metal centers.

Mesoporous materials[edit]

CTAB is used as the template for the first report of orderedmesoporous materials.[13]Microporous and mesoporous inorganic solids (with pore diameters of ≤20 Å and ~20–500 Å respectively) have found great utility as catalysts and sorption media because of their large internal surface area. Typical microporous materials are crystalline framework solids, such aszeolites,but the largest pore dimensions are still below 2 nm which greatly limit application. Examples of mesoporous solids includesilicasand modified layered materials, but these are invariablyamorphousorparacrystalline,with pores that are irregularly spaced and broadly distributed in size. There is a need to prepare highly ordered mesoporous material with good mesoscale crystallinity. The synthesis of mesoporous solids from the calcination ofaluminosilicategels in the presence of surfactants was reported. The material possesses regular arrays of uniform channels, the dimensions of which can be tailored (in the range of 16 Å to >100 Å) through the choice of surfactant, auxiliary chemicals, and reaction conditions. It was proposed that the formation of these materials takes place by means of a liquid-crystal 'templating' mechanism, in which the silicate material forms inorganic walls between ordered surfactantmicelles.CTAB formed micelles in the solution and these micelles further formed a two dimensionalhexagonalmesostructure. The silicon precursor began to hydrolyze between the micelles and finally filled the gap with silicon dioxide. The template could be further removed by calcination and left a pore structure behind. These pores mimicked exactly the structure of mesoscale soft template and led to highly ordered mesoporous silica materials.

Toxicity[edit]

CTAB has been used for applications from nanoparticle synthesis to cosmetics. Due to its use in human products, along with other applications, it is essential to be made aware of the hazards this agent contains. The Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Inc.[14]offers a comprehensiveMSDSfor CTAB and should be referred to for additional questions or concerns.[15]Animal testing has shown ingestion of less than 150 g of the agent can lead to adverse health effects or possibly death by CTAB causing chemical burns throughout the esophagus andgastrointestinal tractthat can be followed by nausea and vomiting.[15]If the substance continues through the gastrointestinal tract, it will be poorly absorbed in the intestines followed by excretion in feces.[16]Toxicity has also been tested on aquatic life includingBrachydanio rerio(zebra fish) andDaphnia magna(water flea). Zebra fish showed CTAB toxicity when exposed to 0.3 mg/L for 96 hours, and water fleas showed CTAB toxicity when exposed to 0.03 mg/L for 48 hours.[17]

CTAB along with otherquaternary ammonium saltshave frequently been used in cosmetics at concentrations up to 10%. Cosmetics at that concentration must only be used as rinse-off types such as shampoos. Other leave-on cosmetics are considered only safe at or below 0.25% concentrations. Injections into the body cavity of pregnant mice showedembryotoxicandteratogeniceffects. Onlyteratogeniceffects were seen with 10 mg/kg doses, while both effects were seen at 35 mg/kg doses. Oral doses of 50 mg/kg/day showed embryotoxic effects as well.[16]Similar tests were completed by giving rats 10, 20, and 45 mg/kg/day of CTAB in their drinking water for one year. At the 10 and 20 mg/kg/day doses, the rats did not have any toxic symptoms. At the highest dose, the rats began experiencing weight loss. The weight loss in the male rats was attributed to less efficient food conversion. The tests showed no microscopic alterations to the gastrointestinal tract of the rats.[18]

Other toxicity tests have been conducted using incubated human skin HaCaTkeratinocytecells. These human cells were incubated with gold nanorods that were synthesized using seed-mediated, surfactant-assisted growth of gold nanoparticles. Gold nanoparticles are shown to be nontoxic, however once the nanoparticles are put through the growth solutions, the newly formed nanorods are highly toxic. This large increase in toxicity is attributed to the CTAB that is used in the growth solutions to causeanisotropicgrowth.[19]Experiments also showed the toxicity of bulk CTAB and the synthesized gold nanorods to be equivalent. Toxicity tests showed CTAB remaining toxic with concentrations as low as 10 μM. The human cells show CTAB being nontoxic at concentrations less than 1 μM. Without the use of CTAB in this synthesis, the gold nanorods are not stable; they break into nanoparticles or undergoaggregation.[19]

The mechanism forcytotoxicityhas not been extensively studied, but there has been possible mechanisms proposed. One proposal showed two methods that led to the cytotoxicity in U87 and A172glioblastomacells. The first method showed CTAB exchanging withphospholipidscausing rearrangement of the membrane allowing β-galactosideto enter into the cell by way of cavities. At low concentrations, there are not enough cavities to cause death to the cells, but with increasing the CTAB concentration, more phospholipids are displaced causing more cavities in the membrane leading to cell death. The second proposed method is based on the dissociation of CTAB into CTA+and Br−within themitochondrialmembrane. The positively charged CTA+binds to theATP synthasenot allowing H+to bind stopping the synthesis of ATP and resulting in cell death.[20]

See also[edit]

References[edit]

  1. ^Laemmli, U. K. (1970-08-15). "Cleavage of structural proteins during the assembly of the head of bacteriophage T4".Nature.227(5259): 680–685.Bibcode:1970Natur.227..680L.doi:10.1038/227680a0.ISSN0028-0836.PMID5432063.S2CID3105149.
  2. ^abClarke, Joseph D. (2009-03-01). "Cetyltrimethyl Ammonium Bromide (CTAB) DNA Miniprep for Plant DNA Isolation".Cold Spring Harbor Protocols.2009(3): pdb.prot5177.doi:10.1101/pdb.prot5177.ISSN1940-3402.PMID20147112.
  3. ^Bunton, Clifford A.; Nome, Faruk; Quina, Frank H.; Romsted, Laurence S. (1991-12-01). "Ion binding and reactivity at charged aqueous interfaces".Accounts of Chemical Research.24(12): 357–364.doi:10.1021/ar00012a001.ISSN0001-4842.
  4. ^Azmat, MA; Khan, IA; Cheema, HM; Rajwana, IA; Khan, AS; Khan, AA (2012)."Extraction of DNA suitable for PCR applications from mature leaves of Mangifera indica L".J Zhejiang Univ Sci B.13(4): 239–43.doi:10.1631/jzus.B1100194.PMC3323937.PMID22467363.
  5. ^Clarke, Joseph D. (1 March 2009). "Cetyltrimethyl Ammonium Bromide (CTAB) DNA Miniprep for Plant DNA Isolation".Cold Spring Harbor Protocols.2009(3): pdb.prot5177.doi:10.1101/pdb.prot5177.PMID20147112.
  6. ^Ito, Emma; Yip, Kenneth W.; Katz, David; Fonseca, Sonali B.; Hedley, David W.; Chow, Sue; Xu, G. Wei; Wood, Tabitha E.; Bastianutto, Carlo (2009-11-01). "Potential Use of Cetrimonium Bromide as an Apoptosis-Promoting Anticancer Agent for Head and Neck Cancer".Molecular Pharmacology.76(5): 969–983.doi:10.1124/mol.109.055277.ISSN1521-0111.PMID19654225.S2CID7767460.
  7. ^"CTAB in polysaccharide (bacterial) vaccines".22 October 2021.Archivedfrom the original on 2017-05-17.
  8. ^Mehta, S. K.; Kumar, Sanjay; Chaudhary, Savita; Bhasin, K. K. (2009-07-01)."Effect of Cationic Surfactant Head Groups on Synthesis, Growth and Agglomeration Behavior of ZnS Nanoparticles".Nanoscale Research Letters.4(10): 1197–1208.Bibcode:2009NRL.....4.1197M.doi:10.1007/s11671-009-9377-8.ISSN1556-276X.PMC2893803.PMID20596462.
  9. ^"Surfactants: Types and uses"(PDF).
  10. ^Moon, Sook Young; Kusunose, Takafumi; Sekino, Tohru (2009-09-30). "CTAB-Assisted Synthesis of Size- and Shape-Controlled Gold Nanoparticles in SDS Aqueous Solution".Materials Letters.63(23): 2038–2040.Bibcode:2009MatL...63.2038M.doi:10.1016/j.matlet.2009.06.047.
  11. ^Khan, Zaheer; Singh, Taruna; Hussain, Javed Ijaz; Hashmi, Athar Adil (2013-04-01). "Au(III)–CTAB reduction by ascorbic acid: Preparation and characterization of gold nanoparticles".Colloids and Surfaces B: Biointerfaces.104:11–17.doi:10.1016/j.colsurfb.2012.11.017.PMID23298582.
  12. ^Cheng, Wenlong; Dong, Shaojun; Wang, Erkang (2003-10-01). "Synthesis and Self-Assembly of Cetyltrimethylammonium Bromide-Capped Gold Nanoparticles".Langmuir.19(22): 9434–9439.doi:10.1021/la034818k.ISSN0743-7463.
  13. ^Kresge, C. T.; Leonowicz, M. E.; Roth, W. J.; Vartuli, J. C.; Beck, J. S. (1992-10-22). "Ordered mesoporous molecular sieves synthesized by a liquid-crystal template mechanism".Nature.359(6397): 710–712.Bibcode:1992Natur.359..710K.doi:10.1038/359710a0.S2CID4249872.
  14. ^"Cetyltrimethylammonium Bromide"(PDF).scbt.com.Retrieved7 April2024.
  15. ^ab"Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Inc. MSDS"(PDF).April 23, 2011.
  16. ^ab"Final Report on the Safety Assessment of Cetrimonium Chloride, Cetrimonium Bromide, and Steartrimonium Chloride".International Journal of Toxicology.16(3): 195–220. 1997-05-01.doi:10.1080/109158197227152.ISSN1091-5818.S2CID91433062.
  17. ^"Sigma-Aldrich MSDS"(PDF).September 29, 2008.
  18. ^Isomaa, B.; Reuter, J.; Djupsund, B. M. (1976-06-01). "The subacute and chronic toxicity of cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB), a cationic surfactant, in the rat".Archives of Toxicology.35(2): 91–96.doi:10.1007/BF00372762.ISSN0340-5761.PMID947317.S2CID21556825.
  19. ^abRAY, PARESH CHANDRA; YU, HONGTAO; FU, PETER P. (2009-02-17)."Toxicity and Environmental Risks of Nanomaterials: Challenges and Future Needs".Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part C.27(1): 1–35.Bibcode:2009JESHC..27....1R.doi:10.1080/10590500802708267.ISSN1059-0501.PMC2844666.PMID19204862.
  20. ^Schachter, David (2013).The source of toxicity in CTAB and CTAB-stabilized gold nanorods(Thesis). No Publisher Supplied.Bibcode:2013PhDT........22S.doi:10.7282/t3x63kms.

Further reading[edit]

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