Chadic languages
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Chadic | |
---|---|
Geographic distribution | Nigeria,Niger,Chad,Cameroon |
Linguistic classification | Afro-Asiatic
|
Proto-language | Proto-Chadic |
Subdivisions | |
Language codes | |
ISO 639-5 | cdc |
Glottolog | chad1250 |
Map of the distribution of the Chadic languages within Africa | |
Detailed map of the distribution of Chadic languages in Western and Central Africa |
TheChadic languagesform a branch of theAfroasiatic language family.They are spoken in parts of theSahel.They include 196 languages[1]spoken across northernNigeria,southernNiger,southernChad,and northernCameroon.By far the most widely spoken Chadic language isHausa,alingua francaof much of inland EasternWest Africa,particularly Niger and the northern half of Nigeria.
Composition
[edit]Paul Newman(1977) classified the languages into the four groups which have been accepted in all subsequent literature. Further subbranching, however, has not been as robust;Roger Blench(2006), for example, only accepts the A/B bifurcation of East Chadic.[2]Subsequent work by Joseph Lovestrand argues strongly that Kujarge is a valid member of East Chadic. The placing of Luri as a primary split of West Chadic is erroneous. Bernard Caron (2004) shows that this language is South Bauchi and part of the Polci cluster. A suggestion for including thelanguage isolateKujargéas an early-diverged member, which subsequently became influenced by East Chadic, has been made by Blench (2008).[3]
- Chadic
- West Chadic
- theHausa,Ron,Bole,andAngas languages
- theBade,Warji,andZaar languages
- Biu–Mandara(Central Chadic)
- East Chadic
- Masa
- West Chadic
Loanwords
[edit]Chadic languages contain many Nilo-Saharan loanwords from either theSonghayorMabanbranches, pointing to early contact between Chadic and Nilo-Saharan speakers as Chadic was migrating west.[4]
AlthoughAdamawa languagesare spoken adjacently to Chadic languages, interaction between Chadic and Adamawa is limited.[5]
Pronouns
[edit]Pronouns in Proto-Chadic, as compared to pronouns in Proto-Afroasiatic (Vossen & Dimmendaal 2020:351):[6]
Pronoun | Proto-Chadic | Proto-Afroasiatic |
---|---|---|
1 | *ní | *i ~ *yi |
2M | *ka | *ku, *ka |
2F | *ki(m) | *kim |
3M | *nì | *si, *isi |
3F | *ta | |
1PL | *mun (incl.), *na (excl.) | (*-na ~ *-nu ~ *-ni)? |
2PL | *kun | *kuuna |
3PL | *sun | *su ~ *usu |
Comparative vocabulary
[edit]Sample basic vocabulary in different Chadic branches listed in order from west to east, with reconstructions of other Afroasiatic branches also given for comparison:
Language | eye | ear | nose | tooth | tongue | mouth | blood | bone | tree | water | eat | name |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Proto-Chadic[7] | *ydn | *km/*ɬm | *ntn | *s₃n; *ƙ-d | *ls₃- | *bk | *br | *ƙs₃ | *ymn | *hrɗ(hard);*twy(soft) | *s₃m | |
Hausa[8] | ido | kunne | hanci | haƙori | harshe | baki | jini | ƙashi | itaci; bishiya | ruwa | ci | suna |
Proto-Ron[9] | *kumu | **atin | *haŋgor | *liʃ | *fo | ɟɑ̄lɑ̄, tɾɔ̃̄ | *kaʃ | *sum | ||||
Proto-South Bauchi[10] | *(gwà)yìr(-ŋ) | *kə̂m(-si) | *bʸak(-ì) | *bìràm | *gu(ŋ)ul | *pit-ə̀ | *(yì)sûm(-s₃) | |||||
Polci[11] | yiir | kəəm | cin | haƙori | shen | bii | buran; bəran | gooloo | pət | maa | ci | suŋ |
Proto-Central Chadic[12] | *hadaj; *tsɨʸ | *ɬɨmɨɗʸ | *hʷɨtsɨnʸ | *ɬɨɗɨnʸ | *ɗɨrɨnɨhʸ; *ɣanaɗʸ; *naɬɨj | *maj | *ɗiɬ; *kɨrakaɬʸ | *hʷɨp | *ɗɨjɨm | *zɨm | *ɬɨmɨɗʸ | |
Proto-Masa[13] | *ir | *hum | *cin | *s- | *si | *vun | *vuzur | *sok | *gu | *mb- | *ti | *sem |
Kujarge[14] | kunɟu | kumayo ~ kime | kaata | kiya | aliŋati | apa | ɪbɪrí | (kaɟeɟa), kàyɛ́ya | kaʃíè | ʃia | (tona), tuye [imp. sg.]; tuwona [imp. pl.] | rúwà |
Other Afroasiatic branches | ||||||||||||
Proto-Cushitic[15] | *ʔil- | *ʔisŋʷ- | *ʔiɬkʷ- | *caanrab- | *ʔaf-/*yaf- | *mikʷ’-; *moc’- | *-aħm-/*-uħm-; *ɬaam- | *sim-/*sum- | ||||
Proto-Maji[16] | *ʔaːb | *háːy | *aːç’u | *eːdu | *uːs | *inču | *haːy | *um | ||||
Tarifiyt Berber[17] | ŧit’t’ | aməžžun, aməz’z’uɣ | ŧinzā | ŧiɣməsŧ | iřəs | aqəmmum | iđammən | iɣəss | aman | šš | isəm | |
Coptic | ia | ma'aje | ša | šol, najhe | las | ro | snof | kas | šēn | mou | wōm | ran |
Proto-Semitic[18] | *ʕayn- | *ʔuḏn- | *ʔanp- | *šinn- | *lišān- | *dam- | *ʕaṯ̣m- | *ʕiṣ̂- | *mā̆y- | *ʔ-k-l | (*šim-) | |
Proto-Afroasiatic[19] | *ʔǐl- | *-ʔânxʷ- | *sǐn-/*sǎn- 'tip, point' | *-lis’- 'to lick' | *âf- | *dîm-/*dâm- | *k’os- | *ɣǎ | *âm-; *akʷ’- | *-mǎaʕ-; *-iit-; *-kʷ’-̌ | *sǔm-/*sǐm- |
Bibliography
[edit]- Caron, Bernard 2004. Le Luri: quelques notes sur une langue tchadique du Nigeria. In: Pascal Boyeldieu & Pierre Nougayrol (eds.), Langues et Cultures: Terrains d’Afrique. Hommages à France Cloarec-Heiss (Afrique et Language 7). 193–201. Louvain-Paris: Peeters.
- Lukas, Johannes (1936) 'The linguistic situation in the Lake Chad area in Central Africa.'Africa,9, 332–349.
- Lukas, Johannes. Zentralsudanische Studien, Hamburg 1937;
- Newman, Paul; Ma, Roxana (1966). "Comparative Chadic: Phonology and lexicon".Journal of African Languages.5:218–251.hdl:2022/21342.
- Newman, Paul (1977) 'Chadic classification and reconstructions.'Afroasiatic Linguistics5, 1, 1–42.
- Newman, Paul (1978) 'Chado-Hamitic 'adieu': new thoughts on Chadic language classification', in Fronzaroli, Pelio (ed.),Atti del Secondo Congresso Internazionale di Linguistica Camito-Semitica.Florence: Instituto de Linguistica e di Lingue Orientali, Università di Firenze, 389–397.
- Newman, Paul (1980)The Classification of Chadic within Afroasiatic.Leiden: Universitaire Pers Leiden.
- Herrmann Jungraithmayr,Kiyoshi Shimizu:Chadic lexical roots.Reimer, Berlin 1981.
- Herrmann Jungraithmayr, Dymitr Ibriszimow:Chadic lexical roots.2 volumes. Reimer, Berlin 1994
- Schuh, Russell (2003) 'Chadic overview', in M. Lionel Bender, Gabor Takacs, and David L. Appleyard (eds.),Selected Comparative-Historical Afrasian Linguistic Studies in Memory ofIgor M. Diakonoff,LINCOM Europa,55–60.
- Data sets
- Kraft, Charles H. (1981). "CLDF:Wordlist".CLDF dataset derived from Kraft's "Chadic Wordlists" from 1981.Geneva.doi:10.5281/zenodo.3534953.
{{cite book}}
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See also
[edit]- Proto-Chadic reconstructions(Wiktionary)
References
[edit]- ^"Chadic Languages; Ethnologue".
- ^Blench, 2006.The Afro-Asiatic Languages: Classification and Reference ListArchived2013-10-07 at theWayback Machine(ms)
- ^Blench, Roger. 2008.Links between Cushitic, Omotic, Chadic and the position of KujargeArchived2019-12-22 at theWayback Machine.5th International Conference of Cushitic and Omotic languages.
- ^Ehret, Christopher (5 December 2006)."The Nilo-Saharan background of Chadic".Studies in African Linguistics.35:56–66.doi:10.32473/sal.v35i0.107316.S2CID195404449.
- ^Blench, Roger. 2012.Linguistic evidence for the chronological stratification of populations South of Lake Chad.Presentation for Mega-Tchad Colloquium in Naples, September 13–15, 2012.
- ^Vossen, Rainer and Gerrit J. Dimmendaal (eds.). 2020.The Oxford Handbook of African Languages.Oxford: Oxford University Press.
- ^Jungraithmayr, Herrmann; Ibriszimow, Dymitr (1994).Chadic Lexical Roots: Tentative reconstruction, grading, distribution and comments.(Sprache und Oralität in Afrika; 20), volume I, Berlin: Dietrich Reimer Verlag.
- ^Cosper, Ronald. 2015. Hausa dictionary. In: Key, Mary Ritchie & Comrie, Bernard (eds.) The Intercontinental Dictionary Series. Leipzig: Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology. (Available online athttp://ids.clld.org/contributions/220Archived2020-01-01 at theWayback Machine,Accessed on 2019-12-31.)
- ^Blench, Roger. no date.Ron comparative wordlistArchived2015-04-21 at theWayback Machine.
- ^Shimizu, Kiyoshi. 1978.The Southern Bauchi group of Chadic languages: a survey report.(Africana Marburgensia: Sonderheft, 2.) Marburg/Lahn: Africana Marburgensia.
- ^Cosper, Ronald. 2015. Polci dictionary. In: Key, Mary Ritchie & Comrie, Bernard (eds.) The Intercontinental Dictionary Series. Leipzig: Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology. (Available online athttp://ids.clld.org/contributions/221Archived2020-01-01 at theWayback Machine,Accessed on 2019-12-31.)
- ^Gravina, Richard. 2014.Proto-Central Chadic LexiconArchived2021-01-20 at theWayback Machine.Webonary.
- ^Shryock, Aaron (June 1997)."The classification of the Masa group of languages".Studies in African Linguistics.26(1): 30–62.doi:10.32473/sal.v26i1.107396.S2CID185914860.
- ^Doornbos, Paul. 1981. Field notes on Kujarge, language metadata, 200-word list plus numerals and pronouns.
- ^Ehret, Christopher (1987). "Proto-Cushitic Reconstruction".Sprache und Geschichte in Afrika.8:7–180.
- ^Aklilu, Yilma (2003). "Comparative phonology of the Maji languages".Journal of Ethiopian Studies.36:59–88.
- ^Kossmann, Maarten. 2009.Tarifiyt Berber vocabularyArchived2024-05-26 at theWayback Machine.In: Haspelmath, Martin & Tadmor, Uri (eds.)World Loanword Database.Leipzig: Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology.
- ^Kogan, Leonid (2012). "Proto-Semitic Lexicon". In Weninger, Stefan (ed.).The Semitic Languages: An International Handbook.Walter de Gruyter. pp. 179–258.ISBN978-3-11-025158-6.
- ^Ehret, Christopher(1995).Reconstructing Proto-Afroasiatic (Proto-Afrasian): vowels, tone, consonants, and vocabulary.University of California Press.ISBN0-520-09799-8.