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Channel drift

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Not to be confused withFrequency drift.

Channel driftornetwork decay[1]is the gradual shift of atelevision networkaway from its original programming, to either target a newer and more profitable audience, or to broaden its viewership by including lessnicheprogramming. Often, this results in a shift from informative or artisticquality programmingaimed at cultured and educated viewers toward sensational, ratings-based orreality-formattedprogramming designed solely for the entertainment of a mass audience. Channel drift frequently features the incorporation ofinfotainment,reality television and heavy advertising into the channel's lineup.

Overview[edit]

United States[edit]

Cable[edit]

Networks primarily focused on a particular topic, such asHistory Channel,tend to add shows that the channel's management feel that a larger audience wants to see, thus leading to additional profits. By producing irrelevant or low-quality programming they can increase their ratings to a target audience, increase viewership and increase revenues. The degree of channel drift can vary: some of the nonconforming programming may retain some degree of association with the channel's original purpose (such as in the case of the History Channel,Pawn Stars,American Pickers,andTop Shot), while other programming may have no association whatsoever (such asAx MenandIce Road Truckers).

Channel drift can also result from the acquisition of sports rights orrerunsof popular television series that would otherwise not fit the channel's format;Outdoor Life Network,for instance, acquired the rights to theNational Hockey Leaguein 2005, so the network began transitioning toward a general sports network known today asNBCSN.Conversely,WGN Americaabandoned its expensive sports packages in 2014 as part of its drift from aChicago-centricsuperstationinto a nationally oriented general entertainment channel;[2]WGN America eventually started a gradual transition away from entertainment programming, structured as such due to contractual commitments to existing syndicated programming, to adopt acable newsformat asNewsNationin March 2021.[3]

A channel mayrebranditself to more accurately reflect its new content. Sci-Fi Channel changed its name toSyfyfor both trademark reasons[4]and to allow a stretching of the network's definition of appropriate programming to include content such asLaw & Order: Special Victims Unitreruns andWWEprofessional wrestling. (WWE moved toUSA Networkin 2016.)[5][6]Another example is the conversion ofCourt TVtotruTV,which allowed it to show more reality-based programming (though initially retaining alaw enforcementfocus, such as repeats ofWorld's Wildest Police Videos) and slowly phase out their advertiser-repellinglegal systemandcourtroom programming.This process ended in October 2009 whenthe remaining courtroom analysisprograms transitioned toCNN.com's legal news section and occasional court coverage fromCNN Centeron the mainline channel. TruTV then aired competitions,hidden cameraprank shows, and even the first three rounds of theNCAA Division I men's basketball tournament.[7]TruTV was further reformatted to a more conventional reality network with a strong emphasis on comedy on 27 October 2014, and then to comedy programming full-time in 2016 with the addition of scripted programming. Court TV was revived as a digital subchannel network in 2019. Other examples include the drifting ofThe Learning Channel,which has officially renamed itself under the three-letterorphan initialism"TLC" since its transition to primarily reality television series, and that of most of theMTV Networks.[clarification needed]

MTV Networks were a pioneer in channel drift. Music Television (asMTVwas originally known) was originally devoted to popularmusic videosupon its launch in August 1981, but began adding reality programs and other entertainment geared toward a young adult audience in the 1990s, gradually beginning a progression toward its current focus of reality and scripted programming. The music videos on the main channel were eventually limited to overnight and morning time periods, and were eventually pushed to spinoff networksMTV2,then toMTV Hits.MTV2 itself gradually drifted from an all-music video format to include reruns of MTV programs, original series, and acquired off-network sitcoms;[8][9]MTV Hits was later discontinued in favor ofNickMusic.

Video Hits One likewise began as an outlet foradult contemporary musicbefore transitioning to an urban pop culture channel asVH1;Country Music Televisiondrifted to southern culture and general rerun programming as CMT; andThe Nashville Network,perhaps the most dramatic, drifted to general entertainment format as The National Network[10]and then to a heavily male-oriented program lineup known asSpike,[11]only to drift back toward general entertainment in 2015 and become theParamount Networkin 2018.

WhileNickelodeonhas largely remained a children's-oriented channel throughout its history, its late-nightNick at Niteprogramming block (which forNielsen ratingspurposes is a separate channel from Nickelodeon) has drifted greatly from airing classic television (first from theGolden Age of Television,later expanding to shows from the 1960s and 1970s), to more recent shows still airing in localsyndication,to its current focus on adolescent and young adult audiences similar to that of ABC Family (nowFreeform). Nick at Nite launchedTV Landas a spin-off channel due to its increased focus on more recent programming (as well as the elimination of non-sitcomprogramming on Nick at Nite), only for TV Land itself to eventually shift to more recent programming and even original programming. In recent years, networks such asCozi TVandMeTVhave emerged to fill this gap with their programming being primarily 1950s–1960s television shows; even those networks have left older content to early hours in their broadcast day for more recent content.Retro Television Networkis the most prominent network still focused on 1950s and 1960s television shows.

Nickelodeon's cable channelNicktoonsis another example of channel drift, though in that channel's particular case, it has never had a particularly strong focus on anything other than being an overflow channel for Nickelodeon. In 2014, Nicktoons added sports content to its lineup to little viewer interest, but the block continues as three of the programs (NFL Rush Zone,WWE Slam CityandWild Grinders) were produced by sports leagues or to promoteViacompersonalities on other networks (forWild Grinders,MTVhostRob Dyrdek). Recently, Nicktoons' schedule has begun to feature live-action sitcoms on a cyclical basis, depending on the current output and success of Nickelodeon's animated series.

Channel drift can also result from a network's ownerpurchasing a competing channeland drifting one or both channels' formats to avoid overlapping. The aforementioned TNN was one example of this, as its Southern culture programming overlapped extensively with CMT's. ABC Family was also an example asThe Walt Disney Company's 2001 purchase of the channel fromNews Corporationdramatically reduced its carriage of children's programming in order to avoid redundancy with Disney Channel.Destination America,a channel prone to frequent format changes over the course of its history, began as a network targeting rural middle America; parent companyDiscovery Communications' purchase of the formerScrippscable networks brought it under the same corporate umbrella asGreat American Country,and thus Destination America began adding professional wrestling (briefly) and paranormal ghost-hunting programs to its schedule. Both GAC and Destination America were candidates to be reformatted entirely in 2019 to make way for the Magnolia Network, which is now expected to replaceDIY Networkwhen it launches in 2021.

Another case of channel drift isHLN,which started as CNN2. Its format originally consisted of rolling half-hour newscasts that were updated periodically throughout the day; one year after its launch, the channel changed its name to CNN Headline News to better reflect the rolling news format. By 2005, its programming began to include hour-long specialty and discussion-based news programs similar to those found on the main CNN channel (such asShowbiz Tonight,Nancy GraceandIssues with Jane Velez-Mitchell) and by 2013, it had ceased its scaled back rolling news coverage further – relegating it to morning and early afternoon timeslots – and shifted toward crime mysteries and docudramas, showing programs such asForensic Files.

Broadcast[edit]

One of the earliest examples of channel drift, and one that predates modern cable television, was programming changes byCBS.During the late 1960s, CBS had a reputation as a network with a disproportionate number of shows that targeted rural and older viewers, seen by advertisers as undesirable due to ingrained buying habits on the one hand and a greater perception of poverty on the other. Beginning in 1970, incoming network vice presidentFred Silvermanorchestrated the "rural purge,"in which these shows were canceled in favor of shows targeting younger, suburban viewers with more disposable income.

Another example of channel drift is the case of theFox Broadcasting Company.Throughout its early existence, and even after itsascent to major network status,Fox had a reputation for lowbrow, alternative programming andknockoffsof other networks' hit shows, both aimed at a very young demographic. Beginning with the major success ofAmerican Idolin the early 2000s, Fox drifted away somewhat from this reputation; its dramas and sitcoms became more conventional, on the level of the historicBig Three television networks,and it put less emphasis on reality programs later that decade.

One less obvious, but nonetheless true, example of the phenomenon has occurred since the 1980s in American public television. From the origins of the medium in the late 1950s, stations, who were then affiliated withNational Educational Television,the precursor to the currentPBS,served two specific audiences: first, they provided, on weekdays, instructional programming for children used in school classrooms, to supplement traditional curricula; second, they served adults (on evenings and weekends) by scheduling shows that were alternatives to the fare available on commercial broadcasting, such as theatrical plays, classical music concerts, literary dramas, and serious public affairs initiatives like investigative reporting and civil discussion of political matters, things that had been mostly abandoned by the commercial networks with the end of theGolden Age of Televisionin and around 1960. Beginning with thePublic Broadcasting Act of 1967,the Federal government, along with those of most U.S. states, invested in production and distribution of such programming via NET/PBS and the construction of a large number of new stations. The political climate of the time was decidedlyliberaland thus supportive of generous governmental funding of the medium, which developed its institutions accordingly.

However, the 1970s saw a political turnrightward,increasingly suspicious of Federal programs especially, and originally-anticipated steady increases in public taxpayer support did not materialize, leaving the new PBS and its stations with significant monetary gaps that had to be filled by other sources. "Pledge drives,"at least an annual occurrence on stations, emerged in the mid-1970s to address cutbacks from theCorporation for Public Broadcastingthat occurred due to political changes and the economic recessions of that period; members of the general public donated money to the station in exchange for certain privileges. Also, stations and program producers began to cultivate so-called "underwriting" (a modified form of advertising that did not interrupt shows in progress) from businesses, particularly large corporations who were then motivated by a sense ofnoblesse obligeto their communities and the country at large (in later years, these grants were targeted more toward certain genres, raising suspicions by critics that they constitutedde factocommercial advertising). This generated another large source of revenue. Some stations went so far as to stage week-long "auctions" of merchandise or services donated by retailers and other businesses, to which viewers placed "bids," from which the winner received the item or service in exchange for a donation to the station; these were quite successful in many markets from the 1970s through the 2000s.

In order to attract audiences who would donate to stations, which, in turn, purchased programming from other stations and producers in the PBS system, program managers felt increasingly that it was necessary to reduce the proportion of cultural and informational shows on the adult schedule, in order to appeal to a wider audience than a small, highly educated cohort. This especially became the case during pledge drives, which were imagined to be times when non-regular viewers could be appealed to with special programming. With the aging (and eventual death) of audiences who were the most enthusiastic for more serious (and heretofore customary) fare, it was felt that younger viewers with more disposable income would be more interested in programs akin to those they were accustomed to on commercial television rather than formats such as classical dramas (a number of them imports from theBritish Broadcasting Corporation) and documentaries on sometimes arcane subjects. This led to the introduction of things like lifestyle-oriented shows featuring hobbies like gardening, cooking, and home repair; specialty or niche informational programs like theNightly Business ReportandThe Charlie Rose Show;reruns of certain former commercial TV shows (e.g.,The Lawrence Welk Show,National Geographicspecials); and British-importsituation comedies(a laAre You Being Served?,Monty Python's Flying Circus). This amounted to exchanging what is termed as "high-brow" material for a more "middle-brow" approach to programming, while avoiding conspicuously mass-appeal formats such as adult-oriented game shows, action-oriented crime dramas, sensationalistic news magazines, and celebrity-driven talk shows. By the 1990s and 2000s, pledge drives became mainly reliant on fare such asTJ Lubinsky's nostalgic music specials (which themselves focus onoldiesandadult standardsmusic largely abandoned by commercial outlets) and self-help seminars of often questionable integrity (the latter were in fact not officially sanctioned by PBS and even rebuked by the network'sombudsman).[12]Despite the stated aims to appeal to a non-elderly audience, PBS could not keep up, it seemed to many, with rapid developments incable television,which began offering alternatives to viewers that were generally more sensationalistic and visually compelling than the staid, restrained traditions of the public medium. Some of those new networks in fact began aping the "how-to" and lifestyle formats that originally became popular via PBS (e.g.,HGTV,Food Network). That competition, in turn, began to influence programmers to even further diminish or outright remove any shows considered "stuffy" or slow-paced, which eliminated several long-running staples of the network (e.g.,Firing Line[original version],Wall Street Week).

At about the same time, development in technologies such asvideo cassette recordersenabled schoolteachers to bypass the need to schedule their classes around broadcasts of instructional material; typically, either school support staff would record the shows or teachers would do so themselves by using their VCRs' overnight silent-record function (some stations accommodated the latter practice by using what would otherwise be "dead air" time). Some PBS stations, in fact, took advantage of the changes to directly provide educational programs to schools without using airtime at all, something that accelerated with the emergence ofvideo on demandvia the internet in the 2000s. That created a void in the daytime hours that PBS executives decided to fill with a new generation of children's programming, aimed at preschoolers. To supplement beloved historic programs such asSesame StreetandReading Rainbow,the network and leading stations developed several animated series with an educational and/or ethical emphasis. Part of that was also occasioned by the fact that commercial stations and networks were canceling children's cartoons, many of which were considered of dubious quality in any case, due to changing viewing habits and the FCC mandate, imposed in 1996, that required broadcast stations (of any kind) to include at least three hours per week of informational and educational programs for young people.

Therefore, with the original mission of public television having drastically changed in both its dimensions since its 1950s origins due to technological, political, and cultural shifts, channel drift became quite endemic to PBS and its affiliates. As such, this occurrence has left voids for adult viewers that have been filled mainly by two sources. First, the main fine arts source for television is the cable-and-satellite-distributedClassic Arts Showcase,which is funded entirely by an endowment from the estate of its founder and is not dependent whatsoever on private donations or government funding, unlike the PBS system. Second, serious, civil public affairs programming is frequently found on theC-SPANnetworks, non-profit public services provided by cable companies and paid for by a portion of each customer's monthly bill. This supplements PBS news programming such as thePBS NewshourandWashington Week,two of the remaining public affairs programs on the national schedule.

Counterexamples[edit]

Channel drift is not always successful, and can often lead to backlash.The Weather Channel(TWC), for instance, faced criticism for its attempts to add entertainment programming to its schedule (which had historically focused primarily on weather news and information), culminating in the controversial introduction of a Friday-night movieblockfeaturing films with some relation to weather as a plot point (such asThe Perfect Storm). Citing the network's carriage fees and drift towards entertainment content,Dish Networkdropped TWC and replaced it withWeatherNation'sThe Weather Caston 21 May 2010,[13][14][15]only to reach a deal to carry TWC again three days later.[16]In January 2014, TWC faced a similarcarriage disputewithDirecTV,who dropped the channel by citing its carriage fees, and complaints from viewers over the amount ofreality programmingit had carried. DirecTV added a competing channel,WeatherNation TV,as an alternative.[17][18]TWC reached a new carriage agreement with DirecTV on 8 April 2014, with the network agreeing to reduce the amount of reality programming it carries on weekdays.[19]

The formerFamily Channelis one of the few known instances in which the amount of channel drift allowed was limited to some degree. Launching as religious networkCBN Satellite Service(a cable extension of televangelistPat Robertson'sChristian Broadcasting Network) in 1977, it later incorporated family-oriented secular programs by 1984, which became the channel's dominant form of programming for nearly two decades. In 1990, CBN agreed to spin-off the network toInternational Family Entertainment,but with strings attached: it is required to air CBN's flagship programThe 700 Clubtwice each weekday as well as a day-long CBNtelethoneach January in perpetuity as part of a long-termtime-buy.Following its sale toNews Corporation,CBN made another long-term time-buy on the station to air a daily half-hour CBN talk show, then known asLiving the Life,to the lineup. AfterThe Walt Disney Companyacquired the channel from News Corporation in 2001, Disney planned to reformat the channel as "XYZ" (a reverse reference to theAmerican Broadcasting Company's abbreviation) and shift its target to a more hip audience such as college students or young women; possibly to avoid redundancies with the existing family-friendlyDisney Channel.To create XYZ, Fox Family would have had to cease to exist — Disney would have had to create XYZ as an entirely new network, and negotiate carriage agreements with pay television providers from scratch (something that, in modern times, is fairly common, but would have been much more disruptive to one of the most widely distributed channels on cable).[20][21]Nonetheless, under the ABC Family brand, the channel drifted from its strictly family-friendly format under Disney ownership; the channel gradually dropped series aimed at children from its schedule and incorporated programs aimed at young adults featuringprofanity,some violence, and some sexual content, alongside its family-oriented series and films, and now airs a standard disclaimer before each broadcast ofThe 700 Clubin which The Walt Disney Company disowns any connection to the show. Disney further denied the "Family" stipulation existed in late 2015 when it announced plans to rename the channel "Freeform"in January 2016.[22]In February 2009,Disney XDwas originally launched as a boy-oriented TV channel, with the parent channel's shows aimed mostly at girls aged 13 – 16. Four years later, after the network was found to have a surprisingly high female audience, Disney XD added some programs with female protagonists, such asKim PossibleandStar vs. the Forces of Evil,while maintaining a mostly action-driven format.

In more recent years, networks have started abandoning the idea of channel drift as some of the channels experienced poor results.AMC(originally an outlet for "American Movie Classics" ) drifted successfully into premium scripted dramas in the late 2000s, such asMad Men,The Walking DeadandBreaking Bad.However, a further drift into unscripted shows such as4th and Loud(a docuseries focusing on anArena Football League teamowned by members of the rock bandKiss) andGame of Arms(areality series following competitivearm wrestlers) were mostly unsuccessful, prompting the network to cancel all but two of the shows (Comic Book Men,a docuseries following acomic book storeowned by filmmakerKevin Smith,and theWalking Dead-relatedtalk showTalking Dead) in favor of focusing more on its core scripted slate.[23]

In the early-2010s,USA Network—which built a niche for lightheartedcomedy-dramasthrough the 2000s—attempted to augment them with originalsitcoms(such asBenchedandSirens) to build upon its acquisition of off-network reruns ofModern Family.USA mostly backed away from that approach by 2014, as it prepared a shift away from its previous "blue sky" direction for its drama slate.[24][25]

Outside the United States[edit]

In some countries, cable television channels are subject to the rules and regulations set forth by each country's communications bureau and must be licensed accordingly.

Canada[edit]

In Canada,specialty televisionchannels were initially subject to conditions of license requiring them to operate within quotas of specific categories of programs. This system was designed primarily to ensure the integrity of channels that were licensed with the expectation of a specific format, and to prevent undue competition with established channels–a practice referred to as the "genre protection" rules.

For example, the presence ofMuchMusicas an established music channel in Canada led to applications of these rules impacting the later launch of MTV-branded channels in Canada;Craig Media'sMTV Canadawas licensed as a channel featuring entertainment and informal education programming targeting youth and young adults, and could not devote more than 10% of its weekly programming to "music video clips" in order to protect MuchMusic. However, following complaints by its ownerCHUM Limited(who also accused Craig of having used the pretense of a youth-based service to contravene the genre protection rule by, ultimately, offering a music-based service), the CRTC ruled that MTV Canada violated this quota due to music video content contained within programs such asMaking the VideoandMTV Select—even though the program categories distinguish music-related programs and music videos.[26][27]Contrarily, sister channelMTV2 Canadawas able to devote its lineup to music video programming, as it was licensed as part of "Music 5" —a specialty service consisting of channels devoted to specific genres of music.[28][29]

Asecond incarnation of MTV Canadalaunched byCTVglobemediain 2005 was also restricted in its airing of music content, but this time as the result of drift from its original format as TalkTV.[30][31]

Outside of North America[edit]

TheSouth African Broadcasting Corporationoriginally had its 3 main channels dedicated to specific ethnic groups and their home languages.SABC 1primarily broadcasts shows that target theBantu-speakers,whileSABC 2focused onAfrikaansprogramming andSABC 3aimed at the English-speaking South Africans. With the fall ofapartheid,SABC2 eventually transitioned to a mix of English and other languages, including Afrikaans, and more programming shifting over to other venues such asDStv,withKykNETthe most prominent example.

In September 2020,GMA News TVbegan its gradual transition from its original news format to general entertainment and sports, since the acquisition of rights toNCAAand additional entertainment programs due to the increase of its commercial load. This changes was targeted by mounting viewers' criticism where entertainment programs should be pre-emptied for thenews coverage,notably when thePhilippineswas hit byTyphoon Goni (Rolly)[32]which later re-branded asGTVin February 2021.[33][34][35][36][37][38]

Radio format drift[edit]

To a certain extent, channel drift can also occur in radio, especiallymusic radio:see, for instance, the transition fromoldiestoclassic hits,beautiful musictosmooth jazz,andMORtoadult contemporary.In these cases, channel drift occurs when a format's older music becomes less popular or profitable (often due to the fans of that music dying, retiring, and leaving the area, or aging out of advertising demographics) and newer music is inserted into the playlist to draw younger listeners.

See also[edit]

References[edit]

  1. ^"TV 101: Channel Drift (or, what the hell happened to A&E?)".Tvsquad.com. Archived fromthe originalon 24 March 2011.Retrieved26 January2012.
  2. ^Channick, Robert.Cubs, WLS-Ch. 7 closing in on deal to air 25 games next season.Chicago Tribune.Retrieved 12 December 2014.
  3. ^"WGN America will change its name to NewsNation, moving to compete with CNN, Fox, MSNBC".Los Angeles Times.25 January 2021.Retrieved25 January2021.
  4. ^"SciFi Channel Changes Name... To 'Syfy' | Airlock Alpha".30 August 2009. Archived fromthe originalon 30 August 2009.
  5. ^"Cartoon Network's new reality shows?".LA Times.17 June 2009.Retrieved26 January2012.
  6. ^Schneider, Michael (20 March 2009)."TV rebranding a tricky proposition".Variety.Retrieved7 July2009.
  7. ^"AP: Court TV becomes Tru TV".Katu.com. Associated Press. 23 June 2008. Archived fromthe originalon 22 February 2012.Retrieved26 January2012.
  8. ^Caramanica, Jon (26 October 2011)."Look Who's Trashing 'Jersey Shore' Now".The New York Times.Retrieved8 May2012.
  9. ^Stelter, Brian (29 March 2009)."MTV to Put a Bit More Music Back, in the A.M."The New York Times.Retrieved29 March2009.
  10. ^Downey, Kevin (9 April 2001)."The new TNN: T&A, trekking and sleuths".Media Life Magazine.Archived fromthe originalon 30 September 2007.Retrieved31 August2007.
  11. ^Romano, Allison (21 April 2003)."TNN Hopes Mainly Men Will Watch" Spike TV "s".Retrieved31 August2007.
  12. ^Michael Gelter (21 August 2014)."August Escape? Not from Pledge".PBS.Archivedfrom the original on 5 December 2015.Retrieved23 March2019.
  13. ^Ovide, Shira (21 May 2010).Dish Network Dropping the Weather Channel.The Wall Street Journal.Retrieved 2010-05-21.
  14. ^"October 21, 2009 It's Always Fair Weather... on The Weather Channel".TVWeek.Archived fromthe originalon 23 October 2009.Retrieved22 September2012.
  15. ^Stelter, Brian (22 May 2010)."Just Weather, Thanks, Dish Tells Channel".The New York Times.ISSN0362-4331.Retrieved4 November2021.
  16. ^Andreeva, Nellie (24 May 2010)."The Weather Channel To Continue On Dish".Deadline.Retrieved4 November2021.
  17. ^Spangler, Todd (13 January 2014)."Weather Channel Pulled from DirecTV".Variety.Retrieved14 January2014.
  18. ^Flint, Joe (14 January 2014)."DirecTV no longer carrying Weather Channel after contract dispute".Los Angeles Times.Retrieved14 January2014.
  19. ^Lieberman, David (8 April 2014)."The Weather Channel Returns To DirecTV".Deadline Hollywood.Retrieved8 April2014.
  20. ^Top 10 Misbegotten Media Mergers of the Decade – 10. Disney buys Fox Family
  21. ^ShowBizDataAugust 24, 2005ABC Family Channel condemns Robertson but has to keep him
  22. ^"ABC Family to Rebrand Network 'Freeform' in January".Variety.6 October 2015.Retrieved26 October2015.
  23. ^Littleton, Cynthia (9 October 2014).AMC Scraps Second Season of ‘Game of Arms,’ Other Shows as Cabler Reconsiders Unscripted Genre.Variety.Retrieved 10 October 2014.
  24. ^Andreeva, Nellie.USA Network Pulls Away From Scripted Comedy, Ramps Up Drama Slate.Deadline.com.Retrieved 10 October 2014.
  25. ^Littleton, Cynthia (14 April 2016)."USA Network Revamps Brand Image, Tagline for 'Mr. Robot' Era".Variety.Retrieved3 October2017.
  26. ^"Chum complaint" an exercise in turf protection "".Mediacaster Magazine.1 February 2002. Archived fromthe originalon 26 March 2012.Retrieved9 March2019.
  27. ^"Change in the ownership structure of MTV Canada and MTV2, and the Commission's findings concerning complaints regarding the compliance of these services with their licensing decisions".CRTC. 20 September 2007.Retrieved9 March2019.
  28. ^Broadcasting Decision CRTC 2003-65CRTC 2003-02-21
  29. ^Decision CRTC 2000-539CRTC 2000-12-14
  30. ^"CTV prepares to launch 'new' MTV Canada".The Globe and Mail.Retrieved9 March2019.
  31. ^Rorke, Robert (28 March 2016)."Enough already with all the TV after-shows".New York Post.Retrieved25 June2016.
  32. ^Anarcon, James Patrick (1 November 2020)."GMA News TV trends on Twitter as netizens look for updates about typhoon Rolly".PEP.ph.Retrieved1 November2020.
  33. ^"GMA 7 beats TV5 for right to broadcast NCAA games, says source".Spin.ph.Retrieved21 November2020.
  34. ^GMA Network."Something good is coming this 2.22!".YouTube.Archivedfrom the original on 21 December 2021.Retrieved10 February2021.
  35. ^Anarcon, James Patrick."GMA News TV rebranded as Gtv following launch of entertainment programs".Pep.ph.Retrieved10 February2021.
  36. ^"The news you trust and new shows to love: GMA News TV is now GTV".GMANetwork.com.19 February 2021.Retrieved19 February2021.
  37. ^"GTV offers more variety for 'young and young at heart' audience".GMA News Online.19 February 2021.Retrieved19 February2021.
  38. ^Cua, Aric John Sy (19 February 2021)."GMA News TV to rebrand to GTV".The Manila Times.Retrieved20 February2021.

Further reading[edit]

External links[edit]

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