Charles Eliot Norton
Charles Eliot Norton | |
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![]() Charles Eliot Norton, 1903 | |
Born | |
Died | October 21, 1908 Cambridge, Massachusetts, U.S. | (aged 80)
Resting place | Mount Auburn Cemetery,Cambridge 42°22′15″N71°08′45″W/ 42.3708°N 71.1458°W |
Education | Harvard University |
Occupation(s) | Professor, literary scholar |
Signature | |
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Charles Eliot Norton(November 16, 1827 – October 21, 1908) was an American author, social critic, andHarvardprofessor of art based in New England. He was a progressive social reformer and a liberal activist whom many of his contemporaries considered the most cultivated man in the United States.[1]He was from the same notable Eliot family as the 20th-century poetT. S. Eliot,who made his career in the United Kingdom.
Early life[edit]
Norton was born in 1827 inCambridge, Massachusetts.His father,Andrews Norton(1786–1853), was aUnitariantheologian, and Dexter professor of sacred literature atHarvard;his mother was Catherine Eliot, a daughter of the merchantSamuel Eliot.Charles William Eliot,president of Harvard, was his cousin. Norton graduated from Harvard in 1846, where he was a member of theHasty Pudding,and started in business with an East Indian trading firm inBoston,traveling toIndiain 1849.[2]
After a tour inEurope,where he was influenced by John Ruskin and pre-Raphaelite painters, he returned to Boston in 1851, and devoted himself to literature and art.[3]He translatedDante'sVita Nuova(1860 and 1867) and theDivina Commedia(1891-91-92, 3 vols, 1902 being the publication year of Norton's thorough final edit). He worked tirelessly as secretary to theLoyal Publication Societyduring theCivil War,communicating with newspaper editors across the country. These included journalistJonathan Baxter Harrison,who became a lifelong friend.[4]
From 1864 to 1868, he edited the highly influential magazineNorth American Review,in association withJames Russell Lowell.In 1861 he and Lowell had helpedHenry Wadsworth Longfellowin his translation of Dante and in the starting of the informal Dante Club.[3]
Marriage and family life[edit]
In 1862 Norton, at the age of 35, married 24-year-old Susan Ridley Sedgwick (21 February 1838 – 17 February 1872), daughter ofTheodore Sedgwick IIIand Sara Morgan Ashburner. They had six children together: Eliot (1863), Sarah (1864), Elizabeth (1866), Rupert (1867), Margaret (1870) andRichard(1872). Susan died at age thirty-three inDresden, Germany,following the birth of their sixth child.[5][6]
Concept of Western civilization[edit]
According toTurner (1999),"Probably only someone with Norton’s experiences and scholarly range – who had written about theMound Builders,roamedIndia,organized classical archaeology, scoured medieval archives, published nineteenth-century painting – could have concocted Western Civilization. And only then if he had filtered these materials through the sieve of college teaching during years of curricular anarchy. For Western civilization had a scholarly and pedagogical specificity about it. "[7]
Travel and friendships[edit]
From 1855 to 1874 Norton spent much time in travel and residence on the continent of Europe and in England. During this period, he began friendships withThomas Carlyle,John Ruskin,Edward FitzGeraldandLeslie Stephen,an intimacy which did much to bring American and English men of letters into close personal relation.[3]
Another friend wasJohn Lockwood Kipling,father ofRudyard Kipling.Father and son visited Norton in Boston; the younger Kipling recalled the visit years later in his autobiography:
We visited at Boston [my father's] old friend, Charles Eliot Norton of Harvard, whose daughters I had known at The Grange in my boyhood and since. They were Brahmins of the Boston Brahmins, living delightfully, but Norton himself, full of forebodings as to the future of his land’s soul, felt the established earth sliding under him, as horses feel coming earth-tremors.... Norton spoke of Emerson and Wendell Holmes and Longfellow and the Alcotts and other influences of the past as we returned to his library, and he browsed aloud among his books; for he was a scholar among scholars.[8]
Norton was elected a Fellow of theAmerican Academy of Arts and Sciencesin 1860.[9]He began teaching at Harvard in 1874.[10]In 1875, he was appointed professor of the history of art at Harvard, a chair which was created for him and which he held until retirement in 1898.[3]He "centered his teaching upon the golden ages of art history -- classical Athens, the Italian Gothic style of Venetian architecture, and theFlorenceof the early Renaissance. "[10]
TheArchaeological Institute of Americachose him as its first president (1879–1890).[3]
Norton had a peculiar genius for friendship. He is notable for his personal influence rather than for his literary productions. In 1881 he inaugurated the Dante Society, whose first presidents were Longfellow, Lowell, and Norton himself. From 1882 onward he confined himself to the study of Dante, his professorial duties, and the editing and publication of the literary memorials of many of his friends.[3]
In 1883 he published theLetters of Carlyle and Emerson;in 1886, 1887 and 1888,Carlyle's Letters andReminiscences;in 1894, theOrations and Addresses ofGeorge William Curtisand theLetters of Lowell.Norton was appointed as Ruskin'sliterary executor,and he wrote various introductions for the American "Brantwood" edition of Ruskin's works.[3]
His other publications includeNotes of Travel and Study in Italy(1859), and anHistorical Study of Church-building in the Middle Ages: Venice, Siena, Florence(1880). He organized exhibitions of the drawings ofJ. M. W. Turner(1874) and of Ruskin (1879), for which he compiled the catalogues.[3]In 1886, he opposed the opening of a "drinking saloon" on the main street near his home, in a letter which reveals little empathy for, or understanding of the significance of, Irish immigration to Cambridge in that era.[11]Like his friend Ruskin, Norton believed one of the best things one could do for working-class people was to give them opportunities to gain satisfaction by engaging inworkmanship,as opposed to monotonous routine labor where they have to work like machines.T. J. Jackson Learshas described Norton as the foremost American proponent of theArts and Crafts movement.Norton was a founding member ofThe Society of Arts and Crafts of Boston.[12]
Later years[edit]
In 1881 he helped found theAmerican School of Classical Studies in Athens.During the first years of the twentieth century, Norton spoke out in favor of legalizedeuthanasia.He lent his name to a movement led by Ohio socialite Anna S. Hall to passphysician-assisted suicidelegislation inOhioandIowa.[13] Norton died at "Shady Hill," the house where he had been born, on October 21, 1908, and was buried atMount Auburn Cemetery.
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/CharlesEliotNortonGrave.jpg/220px-CharlesEliotNortonGrave.jpg)
Legacy[edit]
Norton was widely admired for the breadth of his intellectual interests, remarkable scholarship and interest in the common good. He was awarded the honorary degrees of Litt.D. (Cambridge) and D.C.L. (Oxford), as well as the L.H.D. from Columbia and the LL.D. from both Harvard and Yale. One of his many students at Harvard wasJames Loeb,who in 1907 created the "Charles Eliot Norton Memorial Lectureship" in archaeology.[14]TheCharles Eliot Norton Lecturesare given annually by distinguished professors at Harvard. Norton bequeathed the more valuable portion of his library to Harvard.
References[edit]
- ^Dowling (2007)
- ^Chisholm 1911,pp. 797–798.
- ^abcdefghChisholm 1911,p. 798.
- ^Turner (1999)
- ^A Sedgwick Genealogy
- ^Turner, James(1999).The Liberal Education of Charles Eliot Norton
- ^Turner, James(1999). "invention of concept of western civilization".The Liberal Education of Charles Eliot Norton.Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 385.ISBN978-0801871085.
- ^Rudyard Kipling,Something of Myself: For My Friends, Known and Unknown — The Complete Unfinished Autobiography,London: MacMillan and Co., 1951 (first published 1937). pp. 127–28
- ^"Book of Members, 1780–2010: Chapter N"(PDF).American Academy of Arts and Sciences.RetrievedSeptember 11,2016.
- ^abArthur Efland (1990).History of Art Education: Intellectual and Social Currents in Teaching the Visual Arts.New York:Teachers College Press.ISBN978-0-8077-7003-0.
- ^For a copy of his letter, seeCambridge Civic Journal Forum
- ^T. J. Jackson Lears(1994). "Origin of the American Craft Revival: Persons and Perceptions".No Place of Grace: Antimodernism and the Transformation of American Culture 1880-1920.University of Chicago Press.p. 66.ISBN0226469700.
- ^Appel, Jacob M.(2004). "A Duty to Kill? A Duty to Die? Rethinking the Euthanasia Controversy of 1906" inBulletin of the History of Medicine,Vol. 78, No. 3
- ^The Charles Eliot Norton Memorial Lectureship, Archaeological Institute of America
Sources[edit]
- public domain:Chisholm, Hugh,ed. (1911). "Norton, Charles Eliot".Encyclopædia Britannica.Vol. 19 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 797–798. This article incorporates text from a publication now in the
- Dowling, Linda.Charles Eliot Norton: The Art of Reform in Nineteenth-Century America.(University of New Hampshire Press, 2007) 245ppISBN978-1-58465-646-3.
- Sullivan, Mark W. "Charles Eliot Norton", in Tiffany K. Wayne, ed., Ralph Waldo Emerson: A Critical Companion (Facts on File, 2010).
- Turner, James C.The Liberal Education of Charles Eliot Norton.(Johns Hopkins University Press, 1999)
- Verduin, Kathleen, "TheMedievalismof Charles Eliot Norton, "in:Cahier Calin: Makers of the Middle Ages. Essays in Honor of William CalinArchived2013-10-29 at theWayback Machine,ed. Richard Utz and Elizabeth Emery (Kalamazoo, MI: Studies in Medievalism, 2011), pp. 59–61.
External links[edit]
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- Works by Charles Eliot NortonatProject Gutenberg
- Works by or about Charles Eliot NortonatInternet Archive
- Works by Charles Eliot NortonatLibriVox(public domain audiobooks)
- Charles Eliot Norton PapersatHoughton Library,Harvard University
- Guide to Charles Eliot Norton. Correspondence 1891-1908at theUniversity of Chicago Special Collections Research Center
- 1827 births
- 1908 deaths
- Harvard University faculty
- Eliot family (United States)
- Euthanasia in the United States
- American art historians
- American magazine editors
- American translators
- American non-fiction writers
- Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences
- Translators of Dante Alighieri
- Burials at Mount Auburn Cemetery
- American social reformers
- Hasty Pudding alumni
- American male non-fiction writers
- Presidents of the Archaeological Institute of America
- Members of the American Academy of Arts and Letters