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Chavela Vargas

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The Most Excellent
Chavela Vargas
Vargas, 2009
Born
María Isabel Anita Carmen de Jesús Vargas Lizano

(1919-04-17)17 April 1919
San Joaquín de Flores,Heredia Province, Costa Rica
Died5 August 2012(2012-08-05)(aged 93)
Cuernavaca,Morelos, Mexico
Occupations
  • Singer
  • songwriter
  • actress
Years active1961–2012
Musical career
Genres
Instrument(s)
  • Vocals
  • acoustic guitar
LabelsRCA Mexicana

Chavela Vargas(Spanish pronunciation:[tʃaˈβelaˈβaɾɣas];bornMaría Isabel Anita Carmen de Jesús Vargas Lizano[a];17 April 1919 – 5 August 2012) was a Costa Rican-born Mexican singer, she gained widespread recognition for her distinctive interpretations of Mexicanrancheras.However, her impact extends beyond this genre, encompassing various styles within popularLatin American music.

An influential interpreter, Vargas left a legacy on both the Americas and Europe. Notably, she served as a muse to influential figures likePedro Almodóvar.Renowned for her poignant and captivating performances, she earned the title "la voz áspera de la ternura", translated as 'the rough voice of tenderness'.[1]Her accolades include aLatin Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award,and the Grand Cross of theOrder of Isabella the Catholicfor her contributions to music.

Early life and career[edit]

Vargas during a concert in Spain, 2006

She was born inCosta Rica,inSan Joaquín de Flores,as Isabel Vargas Lizano, daughter of Francisco Vargas and Herminia Lizano. She was baptized on 15 July 1919 with the forenames "María Isabel Anita Carmen de Jesús." She had a difficult childhood: her parents divorced and left her under the care of an uncle, and she contractedpoliomyelitis.She went byChavela,which is apet namefor Isabel. At age 17,[2]she abandoned her native country due to lack of opportunities for a musical career, seeking refuge in Mexico, where an entertainment industry was burgeoning. There she resided for more than seventy years and obtained Mexican nationality.[citation needed]

For many years shesang on the streets,but in her thirties she became a professional singer.[3]In her youth she dressed as a man, smoked cigars, drank heavily, carried a gun, and was known for her characteristic redjorongo,which she wore in performances until old age. Vargas was radical in her negation ofheteronormativity.Since she preferred to dress like a man, Vargas’ parents hid their defiantly nonfeminine daughter from guests.[4]

Vargas sang thecanción rancherain her own peculiar style. The ranchera was sung from a man's perspective and with a mariachi accompaniment. Chavela sang this type of song as a solo, using only guitar and voice. She often slowed down the tempo of melodies to draw more dramatic tension out of songs, so they could be taken as naughtily humorous.

Towards the end of the 1950s, she became known within artistic circles, due in part to her performances in Acapulco, center of international tourism, where she sang at the Champagne Room of the restaurant La Perla. Her first album,Noche de Bohemia(Bohemian Night), was released in 1961 with the professional support ofJosé Alfredo Jiménez,one of the foremost singer/songwriters of Mexican ranchera music.[5]She eventually recorded more than 80 albums.[6]Vargas was hugely successful during the 1950s, the 1960s, and the first half of the 1970s, touring in Mexico, the United States, France, and Spain[7]and was close to many prominent artists and intellectuals of the time, includingJuan Rulfo,Agustín Lara,Frida Kahloand her husband,Diego Rivera,Dolores Olmedoand Jiménez.[1]Vargas was known to have had various lesbian relationships, and is rumored to have had affairs withFrida KahloandAva Gardner.[8]Although her lyrics were addressed to women, Vargas did not publicly come out until the age of 81 in her 2002 autobiographyAnd If You Want to Know about My Past(Y si quieres saber de mi pasado).[8]

Partial retirement and return to the stage[edit]

Vargas retired from performing due to a 15-year battle with alcoholism, which she described in her autobiography as "my 15 years in hell."[9]Chavela could not maintain her heavy drinking and intense lifestyle. In 1970, "submerged in an alcoholic haze" as she described it, she was taken in by anativefamily who nursed her back to health without knowing who she was. In 2003, she toldThe New York Timesthat she had not had a drink in 25 years.[10]

Vargas returned to the stage in 1991, performing at a bohemian nightclub called "El Hábito" in Coyoacán, Mexico City.[1]Her career started to recover international prominence, with performances in Latin America, Europe and the United States.[10]Vargas debuted atCarnegie Hallin 2003 at age 83[11]at the behest and promotion of Spanish directorPedro Almodóvar,an admirer and friend.

Sexuality and coming out[edit]

Long considered anopen secret,[12]she publiclycame outas a lesbian at age 81 in her 2002 autobiography.[13]Her coming out was not surprising to her fans. For years Vargas refused to change the genders in her songs.[14]In "Paloma Negra" ( "Black Dove" ), Vargas accuses a woman of partying all night long and breaking her heart.[14]Vargas herself, as a young woman, was alleged to have had an affair with Frida Kahlo during Kahlo's marriage tomuralistDiego Rivera.[15][16]From 1988 to 1993, she was in a relationship with her lawyerAlicia Elena Pérez Duarte.[17][18]

Gender performance & masculinity[edit]

Vargas'gender performativitydid not reflect the Westernbinary of genderbecause she wore moremasculineclothing, which in the 1940s, included pants,charro suits,sombreros,guayaberas,and ponchos. InChavela,Vargas remembers people telling her, "she doesn't dress like a woman, style her hair or wear her makeup like a woman."[19]Mid-20th century Mexico was not as accepting of Vargas and her music because her gender expression and sexual orientation were constantly questioned throughout her career. Anthropologists includingRoger Lancaster,Joseph Carrier, Stephen O. Murray studied the intersections of gender and sexuality in Latin America,[20]and they claim, "that patterns of sexuality can be as easily affected by political, social, and economic currents as gender relations."[20]Vargas was publicly identified as a lesbian and her music would reflect queer love, joy, and heartbreak.Emma Perezcommented on Vargas' role in shaping queerness in Mexico's music industry and calls it thesitioshe "formed within Mexican popular music, a space/place for mestiza lesbian subjectivity, desire, and sexuality."[21]Vargas' ability to engage with her sexuality through her music amidst finding success in a traditional country, where there was deep-rooted homophobia andreligious fundamentalism,paved the way for LGBTQ artists likeConcha Buikaand other Latin women artists such asLila Downs,Eugenia León,La Santa Cecilia,Julieta Venegas,and more.

Vargas' live performances and her music were passionate yet subtle references to her personal life. She naturally challenged structural notions of masculinity through her music and performance, since "she often declined to change the pronouns in love songs written by men from 'she' to 'he.' But she also tended to shun modern gender pigeonholes, noting that many described her as 'una rareza' -- a rarity."[22]Vargas' artistry was determined by her queer experiences and performance, which was an image she held long before it was widely celebrated and accepted.

Vargas' songwriting resonated heavily with queer audiences. Marvette Perez,[23]curator of Latin-American Culture and Music for the Smithsonian Museum of American History, described her sentiments on Vargas' song "Macorina" in an interview withNPR:"I don’t think there could be a more queer song for a woman to sing. The song says, ‘Ponme la mano aqui, Macorina.’'Put your hand right here, Macorina.' And whenever she sang the song, she put such sexuality, desire, and kind of sensuality into it that you knew why she was singing, why she was singing and to whom she was singing it. She was singing it to a woman.”[24]Vargas captured audiences through her performances on stage and her masculine gender performance, which would posthumously become part of her understated queer legacy.[25]

Her experience as a masculine ranchera singer in the 20th century led to marginalization and hate, which made her path as a woman in ranchera music much more difficult to garner more supporters.[12]On the other hand, her fans recognize her "unsettling, coded, but undeniable connection between her interpretations and her physicality (the unique vocal technique to infuse emotions into the songs, her body in performance) must be turned comfortingly back to the realm of musicianship."[21]Those who loved Vargas saw the brilliance in hergender-bendingstyle and music, so she was able to thrive and find success even though her appearance was generally not accepted.

Appearances in film[edit]

Vargas is featured in many of Almodóvar's films, includingLa flor de mi secretoin both song and video. She said, however, that acting was not her ambition, although she had previously participated in films such as the 1967 movieLa Soldadera.[1]Vargas also appeared inFrida,singing "La Llorona"(" The Weeping Woman ").[16]Her classic "Paloma Negra" ( "Black Dove" ) was also included in the soundtrack of the film. She appeared inAlejandro González Iñárritu'sBabel,singing "Tú me acostumbraste" ( "I got used to you" ),[26]a bolero byFrank Domínguez.

On 10 February 2017, the biographical filmChaveladebuted. Directed byCatherine GundandDaresha Kyi,the film featuresPedro Almodóvar,Elena BenarrochandMiguel Boséamong others.[27]

Death and legacy[edit]

Chavela Vargas died inCuernavaca,Mexico, after being hospitalized for several weeks due to respiratory issues. Her official Facebook page reported that her final words were, "I leave with Mexico in my heart."

On August 6, 2012, Chavela’s funeral was held inPlaza Garibaldiin the center of Mexico city. The filmChavelaincluded footage of her funeral. Hundreds of fans and loved ones gathered in order to honor her legacy where they played her music and drank her favorite drink,tequila.Chavela's ashes were scattered in Chalchi Hills,Morelos, Mexico.[28]

The filmChavelamentions that after her new found popularity inSpain,she no longer rejected the word “lesbian” despite having previously been offended by the term. In the film, Chavela states that there is no longer a need to be scared about defining herself as a lesbian, and embraced being open about who you are.[12]In the film, one of the last statements she makes is that “My song is dedicated to all the women of the world: Mothers, daughters, sisters, wives, friends, and lovers.”[14]

A slogan that she lived by and would often tell her fans was “Human beings love, and that’s all that matters. Don’t ask them who they love or why.” She had categorized the person she was before leaving for Mexico as Isabella, someone that she held dear. Whereas ‘Chavela’ was born in 1942 when she moved to Mexico and was someone who was “Cabrona.”In the persona of Chavela, she found a safety net for herself that allowed her to continue living despite the turmoil she had faced. In one of her last interviews in the film, she states, “When you’re true to yourself, you win in the end.”[12]

On 17 April 2013,Googlecelebrated her 94th birthday with aGoogle Doodle.[29]

In August 2019, Vargas was one of the honorees inducted in theRainbow Honor Walk,awalk of famein San Francisco'sCastro neighborhoodnotingLGBTQpeople who have "made significant contributions in their fields."[30][31][32]

References in other works[edit]

Joaquín Sabina's song "Por el Boulevard de los Sueños Rotos" ( "Down the Boulevard of Broken Dreams" ) is dedicated to Vargas.[1]Sergio Ramírez Mercado,a Nicaraguan writer, published in 2011 the novelLa Fugitiva,a fictionalized account of the life of Costa Rican writerYolanda Oreamuno.In Ramírez' work, Oreamuno's life is told by three women who met her. According to many critics, one of the female characters telling Oreamuno's history is a singer who resembles Chavela Vargas. The character talks about her own life and her non-reciprocated love for Yolanda Oreamuno.[33]

In 2012, the artistJuan Carlos del Vallepresented a series of portraits of Vargas at the Centro Cultural de España en México, Mexico City.[34]

Selected discography[edit]

  • Con el cuarteto Lara Foster,1961
  • Hacia la vida,1966
  • Corridos de la revolución,1970
  • Amanecí en tus brazos,1973
  • La Original,1973
  • Lamento Borincano,1973
  • Poema 20,1975
  • Noche Bohemia,1989
  • Noche de Ronda,1989
  • Piensa en míAKAVuelve,1991
  • Boleros,1991
  • La Llorona,1994
  • Sentimiento de México(vol. 1), 1995
  • De México y del Mundo,1995
  • Le canta a México,1995
  • Volver, volver,1996
  • Dos,1996
  • Grandes mementos,1996
  • Macorina,1994/1996
  • Chavela Vargas,1997
  • Pasión bolero,1999
  • Colección de oro,1999
  • Con la rondalla del amor de Saltillo,2000
  • Para perder la cabeza,2000
  • Las 15 grandes de Chavela Vargas,2000
  • Grandes éxitos,2002
  • Para toda la vida,2002
  • Discografía básica,2002
  • Antología,2004
  • Somos,2004
  • En Carnegie Hall,2004
  • La Llorona,2004
  • Cupaima,2006/2007
  • Soledad,2007
  • Piensa en mí,on Splendor in the Grass byPink Martini,2009
  • Luz de Luna,on San Patricio byThe Chieftainsfeaturing Ry Cooder, 2010
  • Por mi culpa!,2010
  • Luna Grande,2012

See also[edit]

Notes[edit]

  1. ^In thisSpanish name,the first or paternalsurnameisVargasand the second or maternal family name isLizano.

References[edit]

  1. ^abcdeBoccanera, Jorge, Entrelineas: Dialogos con Jorge Boccanera, ed. Mario José Grabivker (Buenos Aires: Ediciones instituto movilizador fondos cooperativos C.L., 1999)
  2. ^Vargas (2002). In the interview with Jorge Boccanera, Vargas is quoted as saying she arrived in Mexico at 17.
  3. ^Garrido, Isaac (5 August 2012)."Chavela Vargas Dead At Age 93, Famed Mexican Singer Challenged Catholic And Chauvinist Preconceptions".The Huffington Post.Retrieved5 August2012.
  4. ^"Review: How Costa Rican singer Chavela Vargas defied the rules of the gender game and more in a new documentary".Los Angeles Times.5 October 2017.Retrieved23 December2020.
  5. ^Diccionario de la Música Española e Hispanoamericana.5 vols. Madrid: Sociedad General de Autores y Editores, 2002. s.v. "Vargas, Chavela".
  6. ^Yarbro-Bejarano, Yvonne. "Crossing the Border with Chabela Vargas: A Chicana Femme's Tribute" [sic] Chap. 3,Sex and Sexuality in Latin America(New York: New York University Press, 1997)
  7. ^Diccionario de la Música Española e Hispanoamericano. 5 vols. Madrid: Sociedad General de Autores y Editores, 2002.
  8. ^ab"Chavela Vargas: A Legend Of Latin American Song".NPR.org.Retrieved23 December2020.
  9. ^Vargas (2002), p. 189
  10. ^abChavela Vargas, Mexican Ranchera Singer, Dies at 936 August 2012.The New York Times.
  11. ^Vargas, Chavela. (2006) Chavela at Carnegie Hall, CD recording, Tommy Boy
  12. ^abcdGund, Catherine& Kyi, Daresha (Directors) (2017).Chavela(Documentary film). Syldavia Cinema.
  13. ^Siadate, Nazly (20 August 2012)."Chavela Vargas and Frida Kahlo an Item in '60s-era Mexico?".Pride.Retrieved24 September2019.
  14. ^abcGarsd, Jasmine (5 August 2012)."Chavela Vargas: A Legend Of Latin American Song".NPR.Retrieved24 September2019.
  15. ^Sofía Ruiz-Alfaro PhD (2012) From Chavela to Frida: Loving from the Margins, Journal of Homosexuality, 59:8, 1131-1144,doi:10.1080/00918369.2012.712818
  16. ^abVargas, Chavela,Y si quieres saber de mi pasado,ed. J.C. Vales, 2nd ed. (Madrid: Santillana Ediciones Generales, 2002)
  17. ^"Documental mostrará el amor de Chavela Vargas por las mujeres"[Documentary Demonstrates the Love of Chavela Vargas for Women].El Universal(in Spanish). Mexico City, Mexico.Associated Press.31 July 2018. Archived fromthe originalon 9 December 2018.Retrieved24 April2022.
  18. ^Sánchez Olmos, Pablo (25 July 2020)."Chavela Vargas: su pasión por el tequila, las pistolas y su abogada"[Chavela Vargas: Her Passion for Tequila, Pistols and Her Lawyer].El Mundo(in Spanish). Madrid, Spain. Archived fromthe originalon 8 September 2020.Retrieved24 April2022.
  19. ^Chavela (2017),retrieved25 April2022
  20. ^abGuy, Donna J. (9 December 2010). Moya, Jose C (ed.)."Gender and Sexuality in Latin America".The Oxford Handbook of Latin American History.doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195166217.001.0001.ISBN978-0-19-516621-7.Retrieved25 April2022.
  21. ^abYarbro-Bejarano, Y (2000)."Crossing the Border with Chavela Vargas: A Chicana Femme's Tribute".Berlin: LOLAPress.Retrieved25 April2022.
  22. ^Fausset, Richard (6 August 2012)."Defiant singer was a cultural force in Mexico".Latina.Retrieved25 April2022.
  23. ^"Marvette Pérez, 1961-2013".National Museum of American History.26 August 2013.Retrieved25 April2022.
  24. ^Villegas, Jordan (14 June 2021)."The Gender-Bending Costa Rican Singer Who Redefined Ranchera Music".Latina.Retrieved25 April2022.
  25. ^Queer Legacies.University of Chicago Press.
  26. ^"Tu Me Acostumbraste - Chavela Vargas on Odeo".Archived fromthe originalon 11 October 2008.
  27. ^"Chavela".IMDb.com.4 October 2017.
  28. ^"Tears and Tequila: Mexico City Says Goodbye to Chavela Vargas: The Two-Way: NPR".NPR.Archived fromthe originalon 22 September 2016.
  29. ^"Chavela Vargas' 94th Birthday".Google.17 April 2013.
  30. ^Barmann, Jay (2 September 2014)."Castro's Rainbow Honor Walk Dedicated Today".SFist.Archived fromthe originalon 10 August 2019.Retrieved15 August2019.
  31. ^Bajko, Matthew S. (5 June 2019)."Castro to see more LGBT honor plaques".TheBay Area Reporter.Retrieved16 August2019.
  32. ^Yollin, Patricia (6 August 2019)."Tributes in Bronze: 8 More LGBT Heroes Join S.F.'s Rainbow Honor Walk".KQED: The California Report.Retrieved16 August2019.
  33. ^"Sergio Ramírez: política y ficción"(in Spanish). Sigueleyendo. 8 April 2011. Archived fromthe originalon 11 April 2011.
  34. ^"Noticias 22 | Chavela Vargas y Juan Carlos del Valle. Un diálogo existencial 2012".18 September 2012 – viaYouTube.

External links[edit]

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