Effluent

Effluentiswastewaterfrom sewers or industrial outfalls that flows directly intosurface waters,either untreated or after beingtreatedat a facility.^[1]The term has slightly different meanings in certain contexts, and may contain variouspollutantsdepending on the source.^[2]

Definition

Effluent is defined by theUnited States Environmental Protection Agency(EPA) as "wastewater–treated or untreated–that flows out of a treatment plant, sewer, or industrial outfall. Generally refers to wastes discharged into surface waters".^[1]TheCompact Oxford English Dictionarydefines effluent as "liquid waste or sewage discharged into a river or the sea".^[3]Wastewater is not usually described as effluent while beingrecycled,re-used, or treated until it is released to surface water. Wastewaterpercolatedorinjectedintogroundwatermay not be described as effluent ifsoilis assumed to perform treatment byfiltrationorion exchange;^[4]although concealed flow through fracturedbedrock,lava tubes,limestone caves,^[5]orgravelin ancientstream channels^[6]may allow relatively untreated wastewater to emerge assprings.^[7]

Description

Effluent in the artificial sense is in general considered to bewater pollution,such as the outflow from asewage treatmentfacility or anindustrial wastewaterdischarge. An effluentsump pump,for instance, pumps waste from toilets installed below a main sewage line. In the context ofwaste water treatment plants,effluent that has been treated is sometimes calledsecondary effluent,ortreated effluent.This cleaner effluent is then used to feed thebacteriainbiofilters.^[8]

In the context of athermal power stationand other industrial facilities, the output of the cooling system may be referred to as the effluent cooling water, which is noticeably warmer than the environment and is calledthermal pollution.^[9]^: 375Inchemical engineeringpractice, effluent is the stream exiting achemical reactor.^[10]

Effluent may carry pollutants such as fats, oils and greases; solvents, detergents and other chemicals; heavy metal; other solids; and food waste.^[2]Possible sources include a wide range of manufacturing industries, mining industries, oil and gas extraction, and service industries.^[11]

Treatment

There are several kinds of wastewater which are treated at the appropriate type of treatment plant. Domestic wastewater (also called municipal wastewater orsewage) is processed at asewage treatment plant.For industrial wastewater, treatment either takes place in a separateindustrial wastewater treatmentfacility, or in a sewage treatment plant (usually after some form of pre-treatment). Other types of wastewater treatment plants includeagricultural wastewater treatmentandleachatetreatment plants.

Treating wastewater efficiently is challenging, but improved technology allows for enhanced removal of specific materials, increasedre-use of water,and energy production from waste.^[2]^[12]^[13]^[14]

Pollution control regulation

United States effluent guidelines

In the United States, theClean Water Actrequires all direct effluent discharges to surface waters to be regulated with permits under theNational Pollutant Discharge Elimination System(NPDES).^[15]^[16]Indirect dischargers–facilities which send their wastewater to municipal sewage treatment plants–may be subject to pretreatment requirements.^[17]NPDES permits require discharging facilities to limit or treat effluent to the levels that result from using the most effectivetreatment technologiespossible at a practical cost to mitigate the effects of discharges on the receiving waters.^[16]EPA has published technology-based regulations, called "effluent guidelines",for 59 industrial categories.^[11]The agency reviews the standards annually, conducts research on various categories, and makes revisions as appropriate.^[16]Noncompliance with these standards and all other conditions in the permits is punishable by law.^[18]Each year, effluent guidelines regulations prevent billions of pounds of contaminants from being released into bodies of water.^[19]

EPA regulations require effluent limitations to be expressed as mass-based limits (rather than concentration-based limits) in the permits, so that discharging facilities will not use dilution as a substitute for treatment. In cases where setting mass-based limits are infeasible, the permit authority must set conditions in the permit that prohibit dilution.^[20]

United States sewage treatment standards

The U.S. "Secondary Treatment Regulation" is the national standard for municipal sewage treatment plants.^[21]

References

^^a ^b"Terms of Environment".Washington, D.C.: United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). February 1993. p. 10. EPA 175-B-93-001.
^^a ^b ^cTuser, Cristina (2021-10-27)."What is Effluent?".Water & Wastes Digest.Endeavor Business Media, LLC.
^"AskOxford: effluent".Ask Oxford.com.Oxford University Press. 2010.^{[dead link]}
^Rich, Linville G. (1980).Low-Maintenance Mechanically Simple Wastewater Treatment Systems.New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company. pp. 181–186.ISBN 0-07-052252-9.
^Linsley, Ray K.; Franzini, Joseph B. (1972).Water-Resources Engineering(Second ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company. pp. 84 & 85.ISBN 0-07-037959-9.
^Harr, M.E. (1962).Groundwater and Seepage.New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company. p. 26.ISBN 0-07-026740-5.
^Steel, E.W.; McGhee, Terence J. (1979).Water Supply and Sewerage(Fifth ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company. pp. 81–82.ISBN 0-07-060929-2.
^George Tchobanoglous; Franklin L. Burton; H. David Stensel (2003).Wastewater engineering: Treatment and reuse(4th ed.). Boston: McGraw-Hill.ISBN 0-07-041878-0.OCLC 48053912.
^Laws, Edward A. (2017).Aquatic Pollution: An Introductory Text(4th ed.). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons.ISBN 978-1-119-30450-0.
^Fogler, H. Scott (2006).Elements of Chemical Reaction Engineering.Hoboken, NJ: Prentice Hall. p. 43.ISBN 978-0-13-127839-4.
^^a ^b"Industrial Effluent Guidelines".EPA. 2022-11-07.
^Brandt, Malcolm J.; Johnson, K. Michael; Elphinston, Andrew J.; Ratnayaka, Don D. (2017-01-01). "Chapter 10. Specialized and Advanced Water Treatment Processes". In Brandt, Malcolm J.; Johnson, K. Michael; Elphinston, Andrew J.; Ratnayaka, Don D. (eds.).Twort's Water Supply (Seventh Edition).Boston: Butterworth-Heinemann. pp. 407–473.doi:10.1016/b978-0-08-100025-0.00010-7.ISBN 978-0-08-100025-0.
^Jegatheesan, V.; Shu, L.; Visvanathan, C. (2011). "Aquaculture Effluent: Impacts and Remedies for Protecting the Environment and Human Health".Encyclopedia of Environmental Health.Elsevier. p. 123.doi:10.1016/b978-0-444-52272-6.00340-8.ISBN 978-0-444-52272-6.
^ProQuest LLC (2018).Energy from Toxic Organic Water for Head and Power Generation.Woodhead Publishing.ISBN 978-0-08-102529-1.OCLC 1096233045.
^"NPDES Permit Limits".National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System.EPA. 2021-10-11.
^^a ^b ^c"Learn about Effluent Guidelines".EPA. 2022-09-09.
^"National Pretreatment Program Overview".NPDES.EPA. 2022-10-03.
^"Effluent Guidelines Implementation & Compliance".EPA. 2022-09-09.
^"Effluent Guidelines Plan".EPA. 2022-11-18.
^EPA. "Calculating NPDES permit conditions."Code of Federal Regulations,40 CFR 122.45
^EPA. "Secondary Treatment Regulation." Code of Federal Regulations,40 CFR 133

[EPA_effluent_defn-1] "Terms of Environment".Washington, D.C.: United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). February 1993. p. 10. EPA 175-B-93-001.

[WWD-effluent-2] Tuser, Cristina (2021-10-27)."What is Effluent?".Water & Wastes Digest.Endeavor Business Media, LLC.

[3] "AskOxford: effluent".Ask Oxford.com.Oxford University Press. 2010.^{[dead link]}

[4] Rich, Linville G. (1980).Low-Maintenance Mechanically Simple Wastewater Treatment Systems.New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company. pp. 181–186.ISBN 0-07-052252-9.

[5] Linsley, Ray K.; Franzini, Joseph B. (1972).Water-Resources Engineering(Second ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company. pp. 84 & 85.ISBN 0-07-037959-9.

[6] Harr, M.E. (1962).Groundwater and Seepage.New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company. p. 26.ISBN 0-07-026740-5.

[7] Steel, E.W.; McGhee, Terence J. (1979).Water Supply and Sewerage(Fifth ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company. pp. 81–82.ISBN 0-07-060929-2.

[8] George Tchobanoglous; Franklin L. Burton; H. David Stensel (2003).Wastewater engineering: Treatment and reuse(4th ed.). Boston: McGraw-Hill.ISBN 0-07-041878-0.OCLC 48053912.

[Laws-aquatic-9] Laws, Edward A. (2017).Aquatic Pollution: An Introductory Text(4th ed.). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons.ISBN 978-1-119-30450-0.

[10] Fogler, H. Scott (2006).Elements of Chemical Reaction Engineering.Hoboken, NJ: Prentice Hall. p. 43.ISBN 978-0-13-127839-4.

[EPA_EG_categories-11] "Industrial Effluent Guidelines".EPA. 2022-11-07.

[Brandt-12] Brandt, Malcolm J.; Johnson, K. Michael; Elphinston, Andrew J.; Ratnayaka, Don D. (2017-01-01). "Chapter 10. Specialized and Advanced Water Treatment Processes". In Brandt, Malcolm J.; Johnson, K. Michael; Elphinston, Andrew J.; Ratnayaka, Don D. (eds.).Twort's Water Supply (Seventh Edition).Boston: Butterworth-Heinemann. pp. 407–473.doi:10.1016/b978-0-08-100025-0.00010-7.ISBN 978-0-08-100025-0.

[Jegatheesan-13] Jegatheesan, V.; Shu, L.; Visvanathan, C. (2011). "Aquaculture Effluent: Impacts and Remedies for Protecting the Environment and Human Health".Encyclopedia of Environmental Health.Elsevier. p. 123.doi:10.1016/b978-0-444-52272-6.00340-8.ISBN 978-0-444-52272-6.

[14] ProQuest LLC (2018).Energy from Toxic Organic Water for Head and Power Generation.Woodhead Publishing.ISBN 978-0-08-102529-1.OCLC 1096233045.

[15] "NPDES Permit Limits".National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System.EPA. 2021-10-11.

[EPA-learn-16] "Learn about Effluent Guidelines".EPA. 2022-09-09.

[EPA-pretreatment-17] "National Pretreatment Program Overview".NPDES.EPA. 2022-10-03.

[18] "Effluent Guidelines Implementation & Compliance".EPA. 2022-09-09.

[19] "Effluent Guidelines Plan".EPA. 2022-11-18.

[20] EPA. "Calculating NPDES permit conditions."Code of Federal Regulations,40 CFR 122.45

[21] EPA. "Secondary Treatment Regulation." Code of Federal Regulations,40 CFR 133

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v t e Rivers,streamsandsprings
Rivers (lists)	Alluvial river Braided river Blackwater river Channel Channel pattern Channel types Confluence Distributary Drainage basin Subterranean river River bifurcation River ecosystem River source Tributary
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Fluvial flow	Helicoidal flow International scale of river difficulty Log jam Meander Plunge pool Rapids Riffle Shoal Stream capture Waterfall Whitewater
Surface runoff	Agricultural wastewater First flush Urban runoff
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River engineering	Aqueduct Balancing lake Canal Check dam Dam Drop structure Daylighting Detention basin Erosion control Fish ladder Floodplain restoration Flume Infiltration basin Leat Levee River morphology Retention basin Revetment Riparian-zone restoration Stream restoration Weir
River sports	Canyoning Fly fishing Rafting River surfing Riverboarding Stone skipping Triathlon Whitewater canoeing Whitewater kayaking Whitewater slalom
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