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Chișinău

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Coordinates:47°01′22″N28°50′07″E/ 47.02278°N 28.83528°E/47.02278; 28.83528
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Chișinău
Capital cityandmunicipality
City Gates
Valea Morilor Park
Flag of Chișinău
Flag
Coat of arms of Chișinău
Coat of arms
Nickname(s):
Orașul din piatră albă
(lit. 'The city of white stone')
Location of Chișinău in Moldova
Location of Chișinău in Moldova
Chișinău is located in Moldova
Chișinău
Chișinău
Chișinău is located in Europe
Chișinău
Chișinău
Coordinates:47°01′22″N28°50′07″E/ 47.02278°N 28.83528°E/47.02278; 28.83528
CountryMoldova
First written mention14 October 1436[1]
Government
• TypeMayor–council government
•MayorIon Ceban
(National Alternative Movement)
Area
[2]
•Capital cityandmunicipality123 km2(47 sq mi)
• Metro
571.6 km2(217.5 sq mi)
Elevation
85 m (279 ft)
Population
(2014 census)[3]
•Capital cityandmunicipality532,513
• Estimate
(2019)[4]
639,000
• Density4,329/km2(11,210/sq mi)
•Urban
[4]
702,300
•Rural
[4]
77,000
•Metro
[4]
779,300
GDP
[5]
•Capital cityandmunicipality€3.448 billion (2015)
• Per capita€5,400 (2015)
Time zoneUTC+02:00(EET)
• Summer (DST)UTC+03:00(EEST)
Postal code
MD-20xx
Area code+373-22
ISO 3166 codeMD-CU
HDI(2021)0.835[6]
high·1st
Websitechisinau.md
aAs the population of the Municipality of Chișinău (which comprises the city of Chișinău and 34 other suburban localities)[7]

Chișinău(/ˌkɪʃɪˈnaʊ/KISH-in-OW,USalso/ˌkiːʃiːˈnaʊ/kee-shee-NOW,Romanian:[kiʃiˈnəw]ⓘ;formerly known asKishinev)[a]is thecapitalandlargest cityofMoldova.[8]The city is Moldova's main industrial and commercial centre, and is located in the middle of the country, on the riverBîc,a tributary of theDniester.According to the results of the2014 census,the city proper had a population of 532,513, while the population of the Municipality of Chișinău (which includes the city itself and other nearby communities) was 700,000. Chișinău is the most economically prosperous locality in Moldova and its largest transportation hub. Nearly a third of Moldova's population lives in the metro area.

Moldova has ahistory of winemakingdating back to at least 3,000 BCE, and as the capital city, Chișinău hosts the yearly national wine festival every October.[9][10]Though the city's buildings were badly damaged during theSecond World Warand earthquakes, there remains a rich architectural heritage, especially in the form ofSocialist realismandBrutalist architecture.The city's central railway station boasts aRussian-Imperialarchitectural style, and maintains direct rail links to Romania. The Swiss-Italian-Russian architectAlexander Bernardazzidesigned many of the city's buildings, including theChișinău City Hall,Church of Saint Theodore,and the Church of Saint Panteleimon. The city hosts theNational Museum of Fine Arts,Moldova State University,Brancusi Gallery, theNational Museum of History of Moldovawith over 236,000 exhibits, and bustling markets in the north of the city, including the house whereAlexander Pushkinonce resided while in exile fromAlexander I of Russia,and which has now been turned into a museum. The city'sNativity Cathedral,located at the centre of the city and constructed in the 1830s, has been described as a "masterpiece" ofNeoclassical architecture.[11]

Etymology

[edit]

The origin of the city's name is unclear. A theory suggests that the name may come from thearchaicRomanian wordchișla(meaning "spring", "source of water" ) andnouă( "new" ), because it was built around a small spring, at the corner of Pușkin and Albișoara streets.[12]

The other version, formulated by (or attributed to[13])Ștefan Ciobanu,(occasionally toIorgu Iordan) Romanian historian and academician, holds that the name was formed the same way as the name ofChișineu(alternative spelt asChișinău) in WesternRomania,near the border with Hungary. Its Hungarian name isKisjenő,from which the Romanian name originates.[14]Kisjenő comes fromkis"small" and the Jenő, one of the sevenHungarian tribesthat entered theCarpathian Basinin 896. At least 24 other settlements are named after the Jenő tribe.[15][16]

A third theory byKiss Lajoslinguist andslavisthold (as possible origin), that the name came from thecumankešene ( "grave",kurgan) and thekarachayian"cemetery",and these came from thepersiankāšāne(house) word.[10][1]

Chișinău is known in Russian asKishinyov(Кишинёв,pronounced[kʲɪʂɨˈnʲɵf]), while Moldova's Russian-language media call itKishineu(Кишинэу,pronounced[kʲɪʂɨˈnɛʊ]). It is writtenKişinövin the LatinGagauz alphabet.It was also written asChișineuin pre–20th-century Romanian[17]and asКишинэуin theMoldovan Cyrillic alphabet.Historically, the English-language name for the city,Kishinev,was based on the modified Russian one because it entered the English language via Russian at the time Chișinău was part of theRussian Empire(e.g.Kishinev pogrom). Therefore, it remains a common English name in some historical contexts. Otherwise, the Romanian-basedChișinăuhas been steadily gaining wider currency, especially inwritten language.The city is also historically referred to asLithuanian:Kišiniovas,Hungarian:Kisjenő,‹See Tfd›German:Kischinau,(German:[ˌkɪʃiˈnaʊ̯]ⓘ);Polish:Kiszyniów,(Polish:[kʲiʂɨˈɲuf]ⓘ);Ukrainian:Кишинів,romanized:Kyshyniv,(Ukrainian:[ˈkɪʃɪnʲiv]ⓘ);Bulgarian:Кишинев,romanized:Kishinev;Yiddish:קעשענעװ,romanized:Keshenev;orTurkish:Kişinev

History

[edit]
Main articles:History of ChișinăuandTimeline of Chișinău
Historical affiliations

First Bulgarian Empire681–968
Kievan Rus969–971
Mongol Empire1241–1263
Golden Horde1241–1327
Kingdom of Hungary1328–1359
Principality of Moldavia1328–1386, 1436–1812
Grand Duchy of Lithuania1387–1502
Ottoman Empire1503–1806
Russian Empire1812–1917
RussiaRussian Republic1917
Moldavian Democratic Republic1917–1918
Kingdom of Romania1918–1940
Soviet Union1940–1941
Kingdom of Romania1941–1944
Soviet Union1944–1991
Moldova1991–present

Moldavian period

[edit]

Founded in 1436 as amonasteryvillage, the city was part of thePrincipality of Moldavia(which, starting with the 16th century became avassal state of the Ottoman Empire,but still retaining its autonomy). At the beginning of the 19th century Chișinău was a small town of 7,000 inhabitants.

Russian Imperial period

[edit]
Chișinău, 1889

In 1812, in the aftermath of theRusso-Turkish War (1806–1812),the eastern half of Moldaviawas cededby the Ottomans to theRussian Empire.The newly acquired territories became known asBessarabia.

Under Russian government, Chișinău became the capital of the newly annexedoblast(laterguberniya) ofBessarabia.By 1834, animperialtownscape with broad and long roads had emerged as a result of a generousdevelopment plan,which divided Chișinău roughly into two areas: the old part of the town, with its irregular building structures, and a newer city centre and station. Between 26 May 1830 and 13 October 1836 the architectAvraam Melnikovestablished theCatedrala Nașterea Domnuluiwith a magnificent bell tower. In 1840 the building of theTriumphal Arch,planned by the architect Luca Zaushkevich, was completed. Following this the construction of numerous buildings and landmarks began.

On 28 August 1871, Chișinău was linked byrailwithTiraspol,and in 1873 withCornești.Chișinău-Ungheni-Iașirailway was opened on 1 June 1875 in preparation for theRusso-Turkish War (1877–1878).The town played an important part in the war between Russia and theOttoman Empire,as the mainstaging areaof the Russian invasion. During theBelle Époque,the mayor of the city wasCarol Schmidt,whose contribution to the modernisation of the city is still commemorated by Moldovans.[18][19]Its population had grown to 92,000 by 1862, and to 125,787 by 1900.[20]

Pogroms and pre-revolution

[edit]
Main article:Kishinev pogrom

In the late 19th century, especially due to growing anti-Semitic sentiment in theRussian Empireand better economic conditions in Moldova, many Jews chose to settle in Chișinău. By the year 1897, 46% of the population of Chișinău was Jewish, over 50,000 people.[21]

As part of the pogrom wave organized in the Russian Empire, a largeanti-Semiticriot was organized in the town on 19–20 April 1903, which would later be known as theKishinev pogrom.The rioting continued for three days, resulting in 47 Jews dead, 92 severely wounded, and 500 suffering minor injuries. In addition, several hundred houses and many businesses were plundered and destroyed.[22]Some sources say 49 people were killed.[23]The pogroms are largely believed to have been incited by anti-Jewish propaganda in the only official newspaper of the time,Bessarabetz(Бессарабецъ). Mayor Schmidt disapproved of the incident and resigned later in 1903. The reactions to this incident included a petition toTsarNicholas II of Russiaon behalf ofthe American peopleby US PresidentTheodore Rooseveltin July 1903.[24]

On 22 August 1905, another violent event occurred: the police opened fire on an estimated 3,000 demonstrating agricultural workers. Only a few months later, on 19–20 October 1905, a further protest occurred, helping to force the hand of Nicholas II in bringing about theOctober Manifesto.However, these demonstrations suddenly turned intoanother anti-Jewish pogrom,resulting in 19 deaths.[24]

Romanian period

[edit]
Stephen the Greatmonument

Following the RussianOctober Revolution,Bessarabia declared independence from the crumbling empire, as theMoldavian Democratic Republic,before joining theKingdom of Romania.As of 1919, Chișinău, with an estimated population of 133,000,[25]became the second largest city in Romania.

Between 1918 and 1940, the center of the city undertook largerenovationwork. Romania granted important subsidies to its province and initiated large scale investment programs in the infrastructure of the main cities in Bessarabia, expanded the railroad infrastructure and started an extensive program to eradicate illiteracy.

In 1927, theStephen the Great Monument,by the sculptorAlexandru Plămădeală,was erected. In 1933, the first higher education institution in Bessarabia was established, by transferring the Agricultural Sciences Section of theUniversity of Iașito Chișinău, as theFaculty of Agricultural Sciences.

World War II

[edit]
Eternity– a memorial complex dedicated to the soldiers who fell in World War II and themilitary conflict in Transnistria
Train of Pain– the monument to the victims of communist mass deportations in Moldova
State Art Museum, during theCold Warperiod
Prospectul Păcii in 1980

On 28 June 1940, as a direct result of theMolotov–Ribbentrop Pact,Bessarabia wasannexed by the Soviet Unionfrom Romania, and Chișinău became the capital of the newly createdMoldavian Soviet Socialist Republic.

Following the Soviet occupation, mass deportations, linked with atrocities, were executed by theNKVDbetween June 1940 and June 1941. More than 400 people weresummarily executedin Chișinău in July 1940 and buried in the grounds of the Metropolitan Palace, the Chișinău Theological Institute, and the backyard of the Italian Consulate, where the NKVD had established its headquarters.[26]As part of the policy of political repression of the potential opposition to the Communist power, tens of thousand members of native families weredeported from Bessarabiato other regions of the USSR.

A devastating earthquakeoccurred on 10 November 1940, measuring 7.4 (or 7.7, according to other sources) on theRichter scale.Theepicenterof the quake was in theVrancea Mountains,and it led to substantial destruction: 78 deaths and 2,795 damaged buildings (of which 172 were destroyed).[27][28]

In June 1941, in order to recover Bessarabia, Romania enteredWorld War IIunder the command of the GermanWehrmacht,declaringwar on the Soviet Union.Chișinău was severely affected in the chaos of the Second World War. In June and July 1941, the city came under bombardment by Naziair raids.However, the Romanian and newly Moldovan sources assign most of the responsibility for the damage to Soviet NKVDdestruction battalions,which operated in Chișinău until 17 July 1941, when it was captured by Axis forces.[29]

During the German and Romanian military administration, the city suffered from theNazi extermination policyof its Jewish inhabitants, who were transported on trucks to the outskirts of the city and then summarily shot in partially dug pits. The number of Jews murdered during the initial occupation of the city is estimated at 10,000 people.[30]During this time, Chișinău, part ofLăpușna County,was the capital of the newly establishedBessarabia Governorateof Romania.[31]

As the war drew to a conclusion, the city was once again the scene of heavy fighting as German and Romanian troops retreated. Chișinău was captured by the Red Army on 24 August 1944 as a result of theSecond Jassy–Kishinev offensive.

Soviet period

[edit]

After the war,Bessarabiawas fully reintegrated into the Soviet Union, with around 65 percent of its territory as the Moldavian SSR, while the remaining 35 percent was transferred to theUkrainian SSR.

Two other waves of deportations of Moldova's native population were carried out by the Soviets, the first one immediately after the Soviet reoccupation of Bessarabia until the end of the 1940s and the second one in the mid-1950s.[32][33]

Trams in Chișinău (pictured Gothawagen ET54) were discontinued in 1961.

In the years 1947 to 1949, the architectAlexey Shchusevdeveloped a plan with the aid of a team of architects for the gradual reconstruction of the city.[citation needed]

There was rapid population growth in the 1950s, to which the Soviet administration responded by constructing large-scale housing and palaces in the style ofStalinist architecture.This process continued underNikita Khrushchev,who called for construction under the slogan "good, cheaper, and built faster." The newarchitectural stylebrought about dramatic change and generated the style that dominates today, with largeblocks of flatsarranged in considerable settlements.[citation needed]These Khrushchev-era buildings are often informally calledKhrushchyovka.

The period of the most significantredevelopment of the citybegan in 1971, when theCouncil of Ministersof the Soviet Union adopted a decision "On the measures for further development of the city of Kishinev," which secured more than one billionrublesin investment from thestate budget,[34]and continued until theindependence of Moldovain 1991. The share of dwellings built during the Soviet period (1951–1990) represents 74.3 percent of total households.[35]

On 4 March 1977, the city was again jolted by a devastatingearthquake.Several people were killed, and panic broke out.[citation needed]TheIntourist Hotel,a flagship property constructed by theSoviet state-owned travel monopoly of the same name,was completed in 1978.[36]

On 22 April 1993, the city inaugurated the Monument to the Victims of Jewish Ghettos, a public monument centring on a bronze statue of theBiblical prophetMoses,which serves as a symbol of remembrance to the thousands of Jews who perished during the holocaust. The monument was designed by architect Simeon Shoihet and sculptor Naum Epelbaum. It stands on Ierusalim Street, marking the site of the main entrance to the Chișinău ghetto, which was established in the lower part of the city in July 1941, shortly after the German and Romanian troops occupied the area.[37][unreliable source?]

After independence

[edit]

SinceMoldovan independencefollowing thedissolution of the Soviet Union,many streets of Chișinău have beenrenamed after historic persons, places or events.Independence from the Soviet Union was followed by a large-scale renaming of streets and localities from a Communist theme into a national one.[38]

On 5 September 2022, the country's first Christian university Universitatea Moldo-Americană opened its doors, supported by the Scandinavian broadcasterVisjon Norgeand several donors inNorway,and run in cooperation with theAmerican Southeastern UniversityinFlorida,United States.[39]

FollowingRussia's invasion of Ukraine,Moldova allowed more than 600,000 Ukrainian civilians to flee Ukraine across their border. Despite being among thepoorest states in Europe,Moldova has continued to host more than 100,000Ukrainian refugees,many of them in Chișinău.[40][41][42]

On 23 November 2022, the Chișinău Court of Appeal ruled thatChișinău International Airportwill return to state ownership, according tojustice ministerSergiu Litvinenco,more than three months after an international court allowed Moldova to terminate a 49-year concession deal with airport operator Avia Invest.[43]In April 2023, theDutch governmentopened a new embassy in Chișinău.[44]

On 21 May 2023, tens of thousands of Moldovans took to the streets in a massive rally, theEuropean Moldova National Assembly,to support the country'sEuropean Union membership bid.[45][46]Moldovan police said more than 75,000 demonstrators were present at the rally organised by Moldovan presidentMaia Sandu.[47]

Later that month, Chișinău hosted a major international summit of theEuropean Political Communityorganised to discuss the illegal Russian invasion of Ukraine as well as cybersecurity, migration and energy security, and regional issues inAzerbaijan,Armenia,andclashes in Kosovo.[48][49][50]

Geography

[edit]
"Museum of the village" (Muzeul satului), located on the southern outskirts of the city

Chișinău is located on the riverBâc,a tributary of theDniester,at47°0′N28°55′E/ 47.000°N 28.917°E/47.000; 28.917,with an area of 120 km2(46 sq mi). The municipality comprises 635 km2(245 sq mi).

The city lies in central Moldova and is surrounded by a relatively level landscape with very fertile ground.

Chișinău is roughly equidistant between the borders with Romania (58 kms.) and Ukraine (54 kms.), and between the northernmost (188 kms.) and southernmost (179 kms.) points of Moldova, thus meaning that it is very close to Moldova's geographic centre.

Climate

[edit]
Botanical garden

Chișinău has ahumid continental climate(Köppen climate classificationDfa) characterised by warm summers and cold, windy winters. Winter minimum temperatures are often below 0 °C (32 °F), although they rarely drop below −10 °C (14 °F). In summer, the average maximum temperature is approximately 25 °C (77 °F), however, temperatures occasionally reach 35 to 40 °C (95 to 104 °F) in mid-summer in downtown. Although averagehumidityduring summer is relatively low, most of the annualprecipitationoccurs during summer, causing infrequent yet heavy storms.

Spring and autumn temperatures vary between 16 and 24 °C (61 and 75 °F), and precipitation during this time tends to be lower than in summer but with more frequent yet milder periods of rain.

Bird's eye view of theCentral park
Climate data for Chișinău (1991–2020, extremes 1886–present)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 16.6
(61.9) 		20.7
(69.3) 		25.7
(78.3) 		31.6
(88.9) 		35.9
(96.6) 		37.5
(99.5) 		39.4
(102.9) 		39.2
(102.6) 		37.3
(99.1) 		32.6
(90.7) 		23.8
(74.8) 		18.3
(64.9) 		39.4
(102.9)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 1.1
(34.0) 		3.4
(38.1) 		9.2
(48.6) 		16.4
(61.5) 		22.3
(72.1) 		26.1
(79.0) 		28.4
(83.1) 		28.3
(82.9) 		22.3
(72.1) 		15.5
(59.9) 		8.1
(46.6) 		2.7
(36.9) 		15.3
(59.5)
Daily mean °C (°F) −1.8
(28.8) 		−0.2
(31.6) 		4.5
(40.1) 		11.0
(51.8) 		16.8
(62.2) 		20.7
(69.3) 		22.9
(73.2) 		22.6
(72.7) 		17.0
(62.6) 		10.8
(51.4) 		4.8
(40.6) 		−0.2
(31.6) 		10.7
(51.3)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) −4.2
(24.4) 		−3.0
(26.6) 		0.7
(33.3) 		6.3
(43.3) 		11.8
(53.2) 		15.9
(60.6) 		17.9
(64.2) 		17.5
(63.5) 		12.5
(54.5) 		7.1
(44.8) 		2.1
(35.8) 		−2.5
(27.5) 		6.8
(44.2)
Record low °C (°F) −28.4
(−19.1) 		−28.9
(−20.0) 		−21.1
(−6.0) 		−6.6
(20.1) 		−1.1
(30.0) 		3.6
(38.5) 		7.8
(46.0) 		5.5
(41.9) 		−2.4
(27.7) 		−10.8
(12.6) 		−21.6
(−6.9) 		−22.4
(−8.3) 		−28.9
(−20.0)
Averageprecipitationmm (inches) 36
(1.4) 		31
(1.2) 		35
(1.4) 		39
(1.5) 		54
(2.1) 		65
(2.6) 		67
(2.6) 		49
(1.9) 		48
(1.9) 		47
(1.9) 		43
(1.7) 		41
(1.6) 		555
(21.8)
Average extreme snow depth cm (inches) 7
(2.8) 		6
(2.4) 		3
(1.2) 		0
(0) 		0
(0) 		0
(0) 		0
(0) 		0
(0) 		0
(0) 		0
(0) 		1
(0.4) 		3
(1.2) 		7
(2.8)
Average rainy days 8 7 11 13 14 14 12 10 10 11 12 10 132
Average snowy days 13 13 8 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 11 51
Averagerelative humidity(%) 82 78 71 63 60 63 62 60 66 73 81 83 70
Mean monthlysunshine hours 70 96 155 210 283 301 326 308 220 162 81 65 2,277
Source 1: Pogoda.ru.net[51]
Source 2:NOAA(sun, 1991–2020)[52]

Law and government

[edit]
Chișinău City Hall

Municipality

[edit]

Moldova is administratively subdivided into 3 municipalities, 32 districts, and 2 autonomous units. With a population of 662,836 inhabitants (as of 2014), the Municipality of Chișinău (which includes the nearby communities) is the largest of these municipalities.[53]

Besides the city itself, the municipality comprises 34 other suburban localities: 6 towns (containing further 2 villages within), and 12 communes (containing further 14 villages within). The population, as of the2014 Moldovan census,[7]is shown in brackets:

Cities/towns

[edit]

Communes

[edit]

Administration

[edit]
Administrative sectors of Chișinău: 1-Centru, 2-Buiucani, 3-Râșcani, 4-Botanica, 5-Ciocana

Chișinău is governed by the City Council and theMayor(Romanian:Primar), both elected once every four years.

Local government

[edit]

The municipality in its totality elects a mayor and a local council, which then name fivepretors,one for each sector. They deal more locally with administrative matters. Each sector claims a part of the city and several suburbs:[54]

Centru
Buiucani
Râșcani
Botanica
Ciocana

Economy

[edit]
MallDovashopping centre

Historically, the city was home to fourteen factories in 1919.[25]Chișinău is the financial and business capital of Moldova. Its GDP comprises about 60% of the national economy[55]reached in 2012 the amount of 52 billion lei (US$4 billion). Thus, the GDP per capita of Chișinău stood at 227% of the Moldova's average. Chișinău has the largest and most developed mass media sector in Moldova, and is home to several related companies ranging from leading television networks and radio stations to major newspapers. All national and international banks (15) have their headquarters located in Chișinău.

Notable sites around Chișinău include Cineplex Loteanu, the new mallsMallDova,Port Mall and best-known retailers, such as N1, Linella, Kaufland, Fourchette and Metro. While many locals continue to shop at thebazaars,many upper class residents and tourists shop at the retail stores and at MallDova. Jumbo, an older mall in the Botanica district, and Sun City, in the centre, are more popular with locals.

Several amusement parks exist around the city. ASoviet-era one is located in the Botanica district, along the three lakes of a major park, which reaches the outskirts of the city centre. Another, the modern Aventura Park, is located farther from the centre. The Chișinău State Circus, which used to be in a grand building in the Râșcani sector, has been inactive for several years due to a poorly funded renovation project.[56]

Demographics

[edit]
City of Chișinău
YearPop.±% p.a.
1812[57]7,000—
1818[57]10,966+7.77%
1835[57]34,079+6.90%
1847[57]43,965+2.15%
185158,849+7.56%
186594,047+3.41%
YearPop.±% p.a.
1897(c)[58]108,483+0.45%
1912121,000+0.73%
1930(c)[58]114,896−0.29%
1950134,000+0.77%
1963253,500+5.03%
1980519,200+4.31%
YearPop.±% p.a.
1991676,700+2.44%
2004(c)[59]589,446−1.06%
2014(c)[3]532,513−1.01%
2017(e)[60]685,900+8.80%
2019(e)[4]639,000−3.48%
c-census; e-estimate
Chișinău population pyramid in 2021
Municipality of Chișinău
YearPop.±% p.a.
1959(c)258,910—
1970(c)415,956+4.40%
1979(c)589,140+3.94%
1989(c)770,948+2.73%
YearPop.±% p.a.
2004(c)712,218−0.53%
2014(c)662,836−0.72%
2017(e)820,500+7.37%
2019(e)779,300−2.54%
c-census; e-estimate; Source:[4][61]

According to the results of the 2014 Moldovan census, conducted in May 2014, 532,513 inhabitants live within the Chișinău city limits. This represents a 9.7% drop in the number of residents compared to the results of the2004 census.

Natural statistics (2015):[62]

Population by sector:

Sector Population (2004 cen.)[62] Population (2019 est.)[4]
Botanica 156,633 170,600
Buiucani 107,744 110,100
Centru 90,494 96,200
Ciocana 101,834 115,900
Râșcani 132,740 146,200

Ethnic composition

[edit]
Population of Chișinău according to ethnic group (Censuses 1930–2014)
Ethnic
group 		19301 19412 19593 19704 19895 20046 20147
Number % Number % Number % Number % Number % Number % Number %
Moldovans* 48,456 42.17 43,024 81.24 69,722 32.38 137,942 37.90 366,468 51.26 481,626 68.94 304,860 67.18
Romanians* 331 0.15 513 0.14 – 31,984 4.58 65,605 14.46
Russians 19,631 17.09 5,915 11.17 69,600 32.22 110,449 30.35 181,002 25.32 99,149 14.19 42,174 9.29
Ukrainians 563 0.49 1,745 3.29 25,930 12.00 51,103 14.04 98,190 13.73 58,945 8.44 26,991 5.95
Bulgarians 541 0.47 183 0.35 1,811 0.84 3,855 1.06 9,224 1.29 8,868 1.27 4,850 1.07
Gagauz – 17 0.03 1,476 0.68 2,666 0.73 6,155 0.86 6,446 0.92 3,108 0.68
Others 45,705 39.78 2,078 3.92 45,626 21.12 54,688 15.03 47,525 6.65 11,605 1.66 6,210 1.37
Total 114,896 52,962 216,005 363,940 714,928 712,218 469,402
*Since the independence of Moldova, there is anongoing controversyover whetherMoldovansandRomaniansare the same ethnic group.
**These percentages are for the 469,402 reviewed citizens in the 2014 census that answered the ethnicity question. An additional estimated 193,434 inhabitants of the Municipality of Chișinău weren't reviewed.
1Source:[2].2Source:[3]Archived1 November 2018 at theWayback Machine.3Source:[4].4Source:[5].5Source:[6].6Source:[7].7Source:[8].

Languages

[edit]
Languages usually spoken in Chișinău (Censuses 1989–2014)
First
language 		19891 20042 20143
Number % Number % Number %
Romanian* – 258,910 37.06 197,101 43.78
Moldovan* 117,527 17.34 199,547 28.56 133,027 29.55
Russian 482,436 71.20 234,037 33.50 115,434 25.64
Other languages 77,627 11.46 6,106 0.87 4,635 1.03
Total 714,928 712,218 469,402
*The Moldovan language represents theglottonym(dialect) given to the Romanian language in the Republic of Moldova.
1Sursă:[9][failed verification].2Sursă:[10].3Sursă:[11].

Religion

[edit]

Chișinău is the seat of theMoldovan Orthodox Church,as well as of theMetropolis of Bessarabia.The city has multiple churches andsynagogues.[25]

Cityscape

[edit]
Panorama of Chișinău at night

Architecture

[edit]
The Gate
Soviet-style apartment buildings in Chișinău
Romashka Tower
Romashka Tower, the tallest building in Moldova
See also:Wooden church of Hirișeni

Chișinău's growth plan was developed in the 19th century. In 1836 the construction of theKishinev Cathedraland itsbelfrywas finished. The belfry was demolished in Soviet times and was rebuilt in 1997. Chișinău also displays a tremendous number of Orthodox churches and 19th-century buildings around the city such asCiuflea Monasteryor theTransfiguration Church.Much of the city is made from limestone quarried fromCricova,leaving a famouswine cellarthere.

Many modern-style buildings have been built in the city since 1991. There are many office and shopping complexes that are modern, renovated or newly built, including Kentford, SkyTower, andUnión Fenosaheadquarters. However, the old Soviet-style clusters of living blocks are still an extensive feature of the cityscape.

Culture and education

[edit]
See also:List of public schools in ChișinăuandList of universities in Moldova

Education

[edit]

The city is home to 9 public and 8 private universities, theAcademy of Sciences of Moldova,a number of institutions offering high school and 1–2 years ofcollege education.Among them areMoldova State University,theAcademy of Economic Studies of Moldova,Alexandru cel Bun Military Academy,Nicolae Testemițanu State University of Medicine and Pharmacy,andIon Creangă State Pedagogical University.

On 5 September 2022, the country's first Christian university Universitatea Moldo-Americană opened its doors, supported by the Scandinavian broadcasterVisjon Norgeand several donors inNorway,and run in cooperation with theAmerican Southeastern UniversityinFlorida,United States.[39]

In Chișinău there are several museums. The three national museums are the National Museum of Ethnography and Natural History, theNational Museum of Fine Arts,and theNational Museum of History of Moldova.The National Museum of Ethnography and Natural History was founded in October 1889 by baron Alexandru Stuart, moved to its current location in 1905, and is the oldest museum in Moldova.[63]It houses more than 135,000 exhibit pieces, among them a life-sized reconstruction of the skeleton of a dinothere, discovered in the Rezine region in 1966.[64]It also includes exhibits onnatural history,natural sciences,archaeology,paleontology,geology,andethnography.[65]The building was designed by the architectVladimir Tsygankoin a distinctiveMoorish architectural stylewith a signature frontal façade consisting of a triangular pediment supported by twoDoric columns.[66][67]

TheNational Library of Moldovais also located in Chișinău.[68]

Events and festivals

[edit]

Chișinău, as well as Moldova as a whole, still show signs of ethnic culture. Signs that say "Patria Mea" (English: My homeland) can be found all over the capital. While few people still wear traditional Moldavian attire, large public events often draw in such original costumes.

Moldova National Wine DayandWine Festivaltake place every year in the first weekend of October, in Chișinău. The events celebrate the autumn harvest and recognises the country's long history of winemaking, which dates back to at least 3,000 BCE.[69][70]Moldova has been called the wine capital of Europe and its yearly festival is a major cultural and tourist event, and every year the streets are filled with people enjoying food, wine, dance, and music taking over the streets.[9][71]Moldova's most-awarded sommelier Mihai Druta has described Moldovan wine as being about "small producers and family wineries making premium wine. And nothing costs more than 100 Euro a bottle."[71]The Daily Expressin 2019 described the city as "Europe's latest hotspot" in which journalist Maisha Frost praised "its wines, monumental wineries and their epic tasting sessions."[72]She described the city's Carpe Diemwine baras "the flagship for a flourishing new breed of craft-style makers."

Media

[edit]

The majority of Moldova'smedia industryis based in Chișinău. There are almost 30 FM-radio stations and 10 TV-channels broadcasting in Chișinău. The first radio station in Chișinău,Radio Basarabia,was launched by theRomanian Radio Broadcasting Companyon 8 October 1939, when the religious service was broadcast on air from theNativity Cathedral.The first TV station in the city,Moldova 1,was launched on 30 April 1958, whileNicolae Lupanwas serving as the redactor-in-chief ofTeleRadio-Moldova.[73]

The state national broadcaster in the country is thestate-ownedMoldova 1,which has its head office in the city. The broadcasts ofTeleradioMoldovahave been criticised by the Independent Journalism Center as showing 'bias' towards the authorities.[74]

Other TV channels based in Chișinău arePro TV Chișinău,PRIME,Jurnal TV,Publika TV,CTC,DTV,Euro TV,TV8,etc. In addition to television, most Moldovan radio and newspaper companies have their headquarters in the city. Broadcasters include the national radioVocea Basarabiei,Prime FM, BBC Moldova, Radio Europa Libera, Kiss FM Chișinău, Pro FM Chișinău, Radio 21, Fresh FM, Radio Nova,Russkoye Radio,Hit FM Moldova, and many others.

The biggest broadcasters are SunTV,StarNet(IPTV),Moldtelecom(IPTV), Satellit and Zebra TV. In 2007 SunTV and Zebra launcheddigital TVcable networks.

Further information on the defunct newspaper founded in 1933:Mișcarea femenistă

Politics

[edit]
Presidential Palacein Chișinău

Elections

[edit]
See also:2023 Moldovan local elections

Transport

[edit]
Chișinău Railway Station,exterior
Trolleybuson the street

Airport

[edit]

Chișinău International Airportoffers connections to major destinations in Europe and Asia.

FlyOneandHiSkyairlines have their headquarters, and Wizz-Air has its hub on the grounds of Chișinău International Airport.[75]

Road

[edit]

The most popular form of internaltransport in Moldovais generally the bus.[citation needed]Although the city has just three main terminals, buses generally serve as themeans of transportbetween cities in and outside of Moldova. Popular destinations includeTiraspol,Odesa(Ukraine),IașiandBucharest(Romania).

Rail

[edit]

The second most popular form of domestic transportation within Moldova is via railways. The total length of the network managed byMoldovan Railway(as of 2009) is 1,232 kilometres (766 miles). The entire network is single track and is not electrified. The central hub of all railways isChișinău Central Railway Station.There is another smaller railway station –Revacalocated on the city's ends.

Chișinău Railway Station has an international railway terminal with connections toBucharest,Kyiv,Minsk,Odesa,Moscow,Samara,VarnaandSt. Petersburg.Due to the simmering conflict between Moldova and the unrecognisedTransnistria republicthe rail traffic towards Ukraine is occasionally stopped.[citation needed]

Public transport

[edit]

Trolleybuses

[edit]
See also:Trolleybuses in Chișinău

There is widetrolleybusnetwork operating as common public transportation within city. From 1994, Chișinău saw the establishment of new trolleybus lines, as well as an increase in capacity of existing lines, to improve connections between the urban districts. The network comprises 22 trolleybus lines being 246 km (153 mi) in length. Trolleybuses run between 05:00 and 03:00. There are 320 units daily operating in Chișinău. However the requirements are as minimum as 600 units.[clarification needed]A trolleybus ticket costs 6 lei (ca. $0.31). It is the cheapest method of transport within Chișinău municipality.

Buses

[edit]

There are 29 lines of buses within Chișinău municipality. At each public transportation stops there is attached a schedule for buses and trolleybuses. There are approximately 330 public transportation stops within Chișinău municipality. There is a big lack of buses inside city limits, with only 115 buses operating within Chișinău.[76]

Minibuses

[edit]

In Chișinău and its suburbs, privately operated minibuses known as "rutieras"generally follow the major bus andtrolleybusroutes and appear more frequently.[77]

As of October 2017, there are 1,100 units of minibuses operating within Chișinău. Minibuses services are priced the same as buses – 3leifor a ticket (ca. $0.18).[78]

Traffic

[edit]

The city traffic becomes more congested as each year passes. Nowadays there are about 300,000 cars in the city plus 100,000 transit transports coming to the city each day.[citation needed]The number of personal transports is expected to reach 550,000 (without transit) by 2025.[citation needed]

Sport

[edit]
Zimbru Stadium

Footballis the most widely followed sport in Chișinău. Local clubs such asZimbruandDacia Buiucanicompete in theMoldovan Super Liga(first division), whileReal SuccesandVictoria Bardarplay in theLiga 1(second division).

Zimbru Stadium,which opened in May 2006 with a seating capacity of 10,500, meets all the requirements for hosting official international matches and serves as the home venue for theMoldova national football team.

Since 2011,CS Femina-Sport Chișinăuhas organized women's competitions in seven sports.

Arena Chișinău,anindoor arenawas opened in 2022.

TheFMF Beach Soccer Arena,abeach soccerstadium that opened in 2022, was the main venue for theSocca EuroCupevents held in 2023 and 2024.[79]

The city also hosts the annualChișinău International Marathon.

Notable people

[edit]

Natives

[edit]

Residents

[edit]

Twin towns – sister cities

[edit]
See also:List of twin towns and sister cities in Moldova

Chișinău istwinnedwith:[80]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^/ˈkɪʃɪnɒf,-nɛf/KISH-in-off, -⁠ef,USalso/-nɛv/-⁠ev;Russian:Кишинёв,romanized:Kishinyov

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Further reading

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[edit]
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