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Chiang Hung

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
"Keng Hung" redirects here. For the modern city, seeJinghong.
For the Hong Kong Olympic sprinter, seeChiang Wai Hung.
For the Taiwanese table tennis athlete, seeChiang Hung-chieh.
Chiang Hung State
Keng Hung
Cảnh lũng kim điện quốc
1180–1950
Chiang Hung (Chiang Hoong) on a 19th-century map including the Chinese Shan States
Chiang Hung (Chiang Hoong)on a 19th-century map including theChinese Shan States
StatusShan stateunder the suzerainty ofBurma,SiamandChina(1180–1892)
Native Chiefdomof China (1892–1950)
CapitalChiang Hung (present dayXishuangbanna Dai Autonomous Prefecture)
History
• Chiang Hung state established
1180
• Annexed byChina
1950
Today part ofChina

Chiang Hung,SipsongpannaorKeng Hung[1](Tai Lü:ᦵᦋᧂᦣᦳᧂᧈ;Thai:เมืองหอคำเชียงรุ่ง;MueangHo Kham Chiang Rung,Chinese:Xa lí or giang hồng) was one of the states ofShansunder the suzerainty of Burma and China.[2]

Chiang Hung was inhabited mainly byTai Lü people,a branch of the Shans or Tai, hence its other name Meung Lu. Its capital was the city of Chiang Hung, modernJinghong.The kingdom, in its most powerful state in the 13th century, covered a large area before being subjugated by neighboring powers such as theYuan dynasty,theLan Nakingdom, and theKonbaung dynasty.Chinese dynastiesrecognized the local leaders astusiof Cheli (Chinese:Xa lí tuyên úy sử).[3]

History

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The history of the state can be divided in two periods:

Early history

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Phanya Coeng,Paya Jueang (Thai:พญาเจื่อง) or Chao Jueang Han (Thai:เจ้าเจื่องหาญ) was said to wage wars with the nativeAkhaand otherTai peoplesin the area and established the kingdom in favor ofTai Lü peopleat Chiang Hung or Heo Kam on theMekongin 1180.[4]In the early 13th century, King Inmueng greatly expanded Heokam territories. The tributaries of Heokam kingdom includesKengtung(Meuang Khün),Chiang Saen(Ngoenyang), Meuang Thaeng (modernDien Bien Phu– the capital ofTai Dam people), and Xieng Thong (Luang Prabang), making Heokam the sole leader of Tai kingdoms in the north. The Tai Lü people then began scattering throughout Heokam’s area of influence.

However, Heokam then fell to the Mongol invasions in 1290 and became a tributary ofYuan dynasty.After a rebellion and subsequent capture of the city by KingMangrai,the Mongols made a peace agreement and the city remained under Mangrai's rule.[5]The Mongols granted the title Chao Saenwi Fa (Thai:เจ้าแสนหวีฟ้า) and the surname of Dao to the Kings of Chiang Hung. The power vacuum in the area was filled by newly formed Lanna kingdom evolving from Ngoenyang state.Mangraithe Great of Lanna put Chiang Hung under Lanna tributary. However, Lanna authority weakened in the early 16th century and Heokam enjoyed a brief period of autonomy until Lanna was conquered by BurmeseToungoo dynastyin 1558. The Burmese underBayinnaunghad already put the area under its control and Chiang Hung became a Burmese tributary. The Burmese divided Heokam into twelvepans (administration units), translated by the Tai Lü peopleSipsong Panna(i.e. Twelve districts). Sipsong Panna served as the battlegrounds betweenBurmaand theQing dynasty.

Heokam faced three centuries ofBurmese rule.In efforts to recover the manpower taken byBurma,Buddha Yodfa Chulalokordered Prince Adthavorapaño ofNanto invadeKengtungand Chiang Hung to gather the Tai peoples there into Nan and otherLannacities. Today, Nan hosts the largest Tai Lue community in Thailand. Also KingKawilaofChiang Maiinvaded Chiang Hung to get the people. The Tai Lue people and culture therefore surged into Lanna.

Dynastic struggle

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A dynastic struggle in 1847 brought chaos to Chiang Hung. According to Siamese chronicles KingMahawanofChiang Hungdied in 1847, to be succeeded by his sonPrince Sarawan.However, Mahawan's unclePrince Mahakhanantook the throne. Prince Sarawan fled toDaliin dismay and sought supports fromQing dynasty.Sarawan returned and killed Mahakhanan, Mahakhanan's son,Prince Nokam,went toAvato gain supports fromPagan Min.The Burmese invaded and took Chiang Hung - culminating a large Tai Lue emigration intoLanna.[6]Prince Nokam was then crowned but was later killed by his own nobles. Ava then re-installed Sarawan as the king.

Sarawan's brother, Oalnawudh, fled to Luang Prabang and proceeded toBangkokin 1852. The Siamese nobles then saw this as an opportunity to gain control overShan Statesand Chiang Hung and planned to takeKengtungon the way to Chiang Hung. The Siamese invaded the north but were unable to penetrate the mountainous highlands. In 1855, another attempt was made to march to Chiang Hung but yet failed.

Later history and legacy

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Chiang Hung then came under the suzerainty ofQing dynastyfor about a century. After the Chinese Empire wasoverthrown,the kingdom status of Chiang Hung technically ended. However,Republic of Chinacontinued to recognize local leaders astusi.The last chieftain of Jinghong,Dao Shixun,attended the foundation ceremony of thePeople's Republic of Chinain 1949, and later became president of theYunnanMinzu Institute.Xishuangbanna Dai Autonomous Regionwas established in 1953 and became anautonomous prefecturein 1955. A former tusi of Mengpeng,Shao Cunxin,was the head of Xishuangbanna government from 1953 to 1992.

Following constant warfare in the late 18th century, a large number of Tai Lue people were displaced. Nowadays some Tai Lue settlements can be found in the northern provinces ofThailandandLaos.

Some members of the ruling family, such asDao Shixun's brother, fled toMae Sai districtinChiang Rai,Thailand in 1949. Dao Shixun visited them in 1986.[7]

List of Saophas of Chiang Hung

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  • 1160-1180Phanya Coeng,Paya Jueang
  • 1181-1201 Sam Hkai Nueng
  • 1201-1224 Ai Phoung
  • 1225-1246 Thao Hung Kaen Chaing
  • 1246-1271 Thao Haeng Luang
  • 1272-1285 Thao Phou Wark
  • 1285-1286 Yi Phiang Larg Chaing
  • 1286-1345 Sao Ai
  • 1346-1390 Sao Hkan Möng
  • 1391-1413 Sao Sida Hkam
  • 1413-1414 Thao Koum Mane
  • 1414-1415 Thao Kue Möng
  • 1415-1416 Thao Ba Gaung
  • 1416-1434 Thao Saung Möng (join with Hso Luang Hpa)
  • 1417-1431 Hso Luang Hpa (join with Thao Saung Möng)
  • 1432-1457 Thao Pra Saeng (Pha Saeng)
  • 1458-1490 Thao Sam Phau Lue Tai
  • 1490-1504 Sam Hkai Nueng
  • 1504-1538 Sao Hkan Möng
  • 1538-1561 Sao Sri Samaphan
  • 1561-1578 Sao Oun Möng
  • 1578-1579 Sao Sri Sunantha
  • 1579-1583 Sao Inn Möng
  • 1583-1628 Sao Naw Möng
  • 1628-1644 Sao Srisuthamma
  • 1645-1658 Sao Möm Hkam Lue
  • 1658-1666 Sao Möm Thao
  • 1665-1672 Sao Naw Möng
  • 1672-1686 Sao Möng Thao
  • 1686-1726 Sao Phaeng Möng
  • 1726-1729 Thao Chin Phao
  • 1729-1767 Thao Sao Wen
  • 1772-1777 Thao Wui Phin
  • 1777-1797 Sao Möm Suwan
  • 1797-1802 Sao Möm Mahawongse
  • 1803-1834 Sao Maha Nwe 1803-1834
  • 1834-1864 Suchawan Rachabutra
  • 1864-1876 Sao Möm Saw
  • 1878-1925 Sao Möm Hkam Lue
  • 1925-1943 Suwanprakang
  • 1944-1950 Sao Möm Hkam Lue

Bibliography

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  • Fred. W. Carey.A Trip to the Chinese Shan StatesThe Geographical Journal Vol. 14, No. 4 (Oct., 1899), pp. 378-394
  • Henry Rodolph Davies.Yün-nan: The Link Between India and the Yangtze,Cambridge University Press, 2010ISBN9781108010795
  • Charles Patterson Giersch,Asian Borderlands: The Transformation of Qing China's Yunnan Frontier,Harvard University Press, 2006ISBN9780674021716

See also

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References

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  1. ^"Gazetteer of Upper Burma and the Shan states"
  2. ^Kanbawsa - A Modern Review
  3. ^"Che-li Pacification Superintendency ( xa lí quân dân phủ )".Archived fromthe originalon 2011-07-19.Retrieved2009-04-15.
  4. ^แม่น้ำโขง แม่น้ำแห่งอุษาคเนย์: เชียงรุ่ง (๑)
  5. ^Miksic, John Norman;Yian, Goh Geok (2016-10-14).Ancient Southeast Asia.Taylor & Francis.ISBN978-1-317-27904-4.
  6. ^[1]ArchivedJuly 30, 2012, at theWayback Machine
  7. ^SMEsWWW."เจ้าหม่อมคำลือแห่งหอคำเชียงรุ่ง - CHAINARAI GLOBAL".www.chainarai.com.Retrieved2023-01-31.
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