Chibados
Chibados(orquimbandas)[1]arethird-genderpeople, born male, who lived most often as women. They were found among the cultures of theNdongoand other parts of what is todayAngola.They were first described in the west by thePortuguese.
Chibados were involved as "spiritual arbiters in political and military decisions" and also performedburials.[2]Olfert Dapperdescribed thechibadosas shamans "who walk dressed like women."[3]Portuguese priests andJesuitsdescribed how chibados lived as women and were able to marry other men with no social sanctions. Instead, "such marriages were honored and even prized."[4]Chibadosmade up a separatecasteand elders referred to themselves as "Grandmother."[5]
Queen Nzinga of Ndongo and Matambahad over fiftychibadosin her court.[6]Thechibadoswere said to be used by Nzinga asconcubines.[3]
As the Portuguese gained more control in Africa, colonial laws introduced and increasedhomophobia.[7]
References[edit]
Citations[edit]
- ^Sweet 2003,p. 55-56.
- ^Sweet 2003,p. 56.
- ^abBleys, Rudi C. (1995).The Geography of Perversion: Male-to-Male Sexual Behavior Outside the West and the Ethnographic Imagination, 1750-1918.New York University Press.ISBN9780814712658.
- ^Das Wilhelm 2008,p. 227.
- ^Epprecht, Marc (2008).Heterosexual Africa?: The History of an Idea from the Age of Exploration to the Age of AIDS.Ohio University Press. p. 37.ISBN9780821442982.
- ^Das Wilhelm 2008,p. 230.
- ^Tendi, Blessing-Miles (28 March 2010)."African Myths About Homosexuality".Nehanda Radio.Retrieved27 June2016.
Sources[edit]
- Das Wilhelm, Amara (2008).Tritiya-Prakriti: People of the Third Sex.GALVA.ISBN9781450080576.
- Sweet, James H.(2003).Recreating Africa: Culture, Kinship, and Religion in the African-Portuguese World, 1441-1770.University of North Carolina Press.ISBN9780807862346.