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Chilean silver rush

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Chilean Silver Rush
Drawing of early 19th-century Chilean silver miners
Date1830–1850
LocationNorte Chico Mountains,Chile
CauseMajor discoveries of silver inChañarcilloin 1832 andTres Puntasin 1848
ParticipantsChilean miners
OutcomeInflux of silver miners led to the rapid demographic, infrastructural, and economic expansion of mining and non-mining industries in the Norte Chico mountain region of Chile

Between 1830 and 1850,Chileansilver mininggrew at an unprecedented pace which transformed mining into one of the country's principal sources of wealth. The rush caused rapid demographic, infrastructural, and economic expansion in thesemi-aridNorte Chicomountains where the silver deposits lay. A number of Chileans made large fortunes in the rush and made investments in other areas of theeconomy of Chile.By the 1850s, the rush was in decline and lucrative silver mining definitively ended in the 1870s. At the same time, mining activity in Chile reoriented tosaltpetreoperations.

Exports of Chilean silver alongside copper andwheatwere instrumental in helping Chile to preventdefaultonits independence debt in London.[1]

Background[edit]

Placer depositsof gold were exploited by the Spanish in the 16th century following their arrival in the same century.[2]However, only after theindependencein the 19th century did mining once again get prominence among economic activities in Chile.[2]Following the discovery ofsilveratAgua Amarga(1811) andArqueros(1825), theNorte Chicomountains north ofLa Serenawere intensely prospected.[3][4][5]

Growth cycle[edit]

Economic history
ofChile
1933 Chilean escudo
Colonial era
Early republic
Saltpetre Republic
Internal growth
Return of liberalism
Statue ofJuan Godoywith costumery miner clothes and tools inCopiapó.[6]This statue was ordered in 1850 to be made inBirmingham.[6]Contrary to popular belief, the face is not based on that of a Scottish man but on an Argentinearrieroheld by contemporaries to have had factions similar to Godoy.[6]
class=notpageimage|
Location ofChañarcilloandTres Puntasand the cities of northern Chile as of 1830. Modern boundaries of Chile are shown.

On May 16, 1832,[7]prospectorJuan Godoyfound a silveroutcrop(reventón) 50 km south ofCopiapóin the town ofChañarcillo.[3]There are various tales and local sayings explaining the discovery by Godoy; one states that he found it while hunting forguanacos,[8]while another saying holds that the outcrop was revealed to Godoy by his mother Flora Normilla on her deathbed.[9][10]A third story claims that Godoy was guided to the riches of Chañarcillo by analicanto,an animal pertaining toChilean mythology.[7]Godoy successfully claimed the discovered outcrop inscribing a third of the rights for his brother José Godoy and a third for local businessmanMiguel Gallo.[3][9]Godoy and his associates inscribed the claim asLa Descubridora(lit.The Discovery).[10]When the three men departed for the site on May 17, they were followed on the sly by local miners.[9]On top of a hill next to Godoy's discovery, these men discovered the silver outcrop that was later known asEl Manto de Los Peralta.[9]On May 26, Gallo bought all the rights from the Godoy brothers for a small fortune which however came to dwindle in relation to the future earnings from mining.[9][11]

The finding attracted thousands of people to the place and generated significant wealth.[4]Besides Chileans, people from Argentina, Bolivia, and Peru arrived to work in Chañarcillo.[12][13]During the heyday of Chañarcillo, it produced more than 332 tons of silver ore until the deposits began to be exhausted in 1874.[14]A settlement of 600 people mushroomed in Chañarcillo leading to the establishment of a surveillance system to avoid disorders and theft of ore.[14]Alcohol, knives, and women were banned from Chañarcillo.[13]The settlement evolved over time to a town which was namedPueblo de Juan Godoyin 1846.[12][14]Pueblo Juan Godoy came to have aplaza,school, market, hospital, theater, arailroad station,a church, and graveyard.[14]

Following the discovery of Chañarcillo, many other ores were found near Copiapó well into the 1840s,[3]as attested by numerous claims (denuncios) registered at the court of Copiapó.[14]In 1848, another major ore deposit was discovered atTres Puntas,sparking yet another rush.[5]Copiapó experienced a large demographic shift and urban growth during the rush.[3]It became the centre for trade and services of a large mining district.[4]In 1851, Copiapó was connected byrailroadtoCaldera,its principal port of export.[4]This was the first railroad to be established in Chile and the third one in South America.[15]The increased importance of the area around Copiapó in national affairs led to the splintering of the northernCoquimbo Provinceto form theAtacama Provinceon October 31, 1843.[16]In 1857, aschool of mineswas established in Copiapó.[17]

The mining zone slowly grew northwards into the diffuse border with Bolivia.[5]Agriculture in Norte ChicoandCentral Chilealso expanded as a consequence of the rush as it created a new market for its product.[18][19]

The mines of Chañarcillo were:[20]

  • La Descubridora
  • Manto de Valdés
  • Bolaco
  • Colorada
  • Las Guías
  • El Reventón Colorado
  • Mantos de Bolados
  • Mina Yungay
  • Mantos de Ossa
  • Mantos de Peralta
  • Constancia
  • Candelaria
  • Delirio
  • Merceditas
  • San Francisco
  • Dolores 1
  • Dolores 2

When it rains everybody gets wet, but in Atacama they get wet in silver

— Benjamín Vicuña Mackenna[21]

In the 19th century,Claudio GayandBenjamín Vicuña Mackennawere among the first to raise the question of thedeforestationofNorte Chicocaused by thefirewooddemands of the mining activity. Despite the reality of the degradation caused by mining, and contrary to popular belief, the Norte Chico forests were not pristine before the onset of mining in the 18th century.[22]

Aftermath[edit]

By 1855, Copiapó was already in decline.[3]At the end of the silver rush, rich miners had diversified their assets into banking,agriculture,trade and commerce all over Chile.[3]An example of this is silver mining magnateMatías Cousiñowho initiatedcoal miningoperations inLotain 1852 rapidly transforming the town, from being a sparsely populatedfrontier zonein the mid-19th century, into a large industrial hub.[23][24][25]

In 1870, 1,570 miners worked in the Chañarcillo mines; however, the mines were exhausted by 1874, and mining largely ended in 1888 after the mines were accidentally flooded.[14][26][27]Despite this, Chañarcillo was the most productive mining district in 19th century Chile.[5]

A last major discovery of silver occurred 1870[A]inCaracolesinBolivianterritory adjacent to Chile.[5]Apart from being discovered by Chileans, the ore was also extracted with Chilean capital and miners.[4][5]

See also[edit]

Notes[edit]

  1. ^According toOreste Plath"some old miners believe that" Caracoles was discovered much earlier, presumably in 1811, by twoAragonesemen who were escaping persecution during the independende era. Subsequently, the location of the outcrop is said to have been forgotten.[28]

References[edit]

  1. ^Pérez Herrero, Pedro (2015). "El orden portaliano (1830–1840)". In Pérez Herrero, Pedro; Sanz, Eva (eds.).Fiscalidad, integración social y política exterior en el pensamiento liberal atlántico (1810–1930)(in Spanish). pp. 237–238.ISBN978-84-9123-174-5.
  2. ^ab"Historia de la Minería Chilena".Icarito(in Spanish).University of Chile.18 April 2011.Archivedfrom the original on 13 June 2013.
  3. ^abcdefgVillalobos R., Sergio;Silva G., Osvaldo;Silva V., Fernando; Patricio, Estelle M., eds. (1995) [1974].Historia de Chile[History of Chile] (in Spanish).Santiago de Chile:Editorial Universitaria.pp. 469–472.
  4. ^abcde"Los Ciclos Mineros del Cobre y la Plata (1820–1880)"[Mining Cycles of Copper and Silver].Memoria Chilena(in Spanish).Biblioteca Nacional de Chile.Archivedfrom the original on 31 December 2013.
  5. ^abcdefBethell, Leslie, ed. (1993).Chile Since Independence.Cambridge:Cambridge University Press.pp. 13–14.ISBN978-0-521-43375-4.LCCN92017160.OCLC25873947.
  6. ^abcCortés 2017, p. 14.
  7. ^abMontecino Aguirre, Sonia (2015). "Alicanto".Mitos de Chile: Enciclopedia de seres, apariciones y encantos(in Spanish).Catalonia.pp. 47–48.ISBN978-956-324-375-8.
  8. ^"Juan Godoy y Chañarcillo".mch.cl(in Spanish). 2008-11-17.Retrieved2022-05-19.
  9. ^abcdeCortés 2017, p. 7.
  10. ^ab"Juan Godoy".cmn.cl(in Spanish).Consejo de Monumentos Nacionales de Chile.Retrieved2022-05-26.
  11. ^Cortés 2017, p. 8.
  12. ^abCortés 2017, p. 9.
  13. ^abCortés 2017, p. 10.
  14. ^abcdefBaros M., María Celia (November 2008)."Juan Godoy y Chañarcillo".Minería Chilena.No. 329. Archived fromthe originalon 23 May 2013.
  15. ^Cortés 2017, p. 17.
  16. ^Cortés 2017, p. 16.
  17. ^Cortés 2017, p. 19.
  18. ^Collier, Simon; Sater, William F. (2004) [1996]. "The conservative settlement, 1830–1841".A History of Chile, 1808–2002(2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 61.
  19. ^Bengoa, José(2000) [1985].Historia del pueblo mapuche: Siglo XIX y XX[Mapuche History: Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries]. Biblioteca del bicentenario (in Spanish) (6th ed.).Santiago de Chile:LOM Ediciones.p. 155.ISBN978-956-282-232-9.
  20. ^Cortés 2017, p. 15.
  21. ^Aguilar, C.; Navea, L.; Valderrama, L. (2006).Análisis microestructural de clavos y estacas del mineral de Chañarcillo, ubicado en la región de Atacama(Report) (in Spanish).Al respecto Vicuña Mackenna señalaba: Cuando llueve todos se mojan, pero en Atacama se mojan de plata.
  22. ^Camus Gayan, Pablo (2004)."Los bosques y la minería del Norte Chico, S. XIX. Un mito en la representación del paísaje chileno"(PDF).Historia(in Spanish).37(II): 289–310. Archived fromthe original(PDF)on 4 March 2016.Retrieved25 October2015.
  23. ^Mazzei, Leonardo (2000)."Expansión de gestiones empresariales desde la minería del norte a la del carbón, Chile, siglo XIX"(PDF).Historias(in Spanish).46:91–102.
  24. ^Davis, Eliodoro Martín (1990). "Breves recuerdos de algunas actividades mineras del carbón".Actas.Segundo Simposio sobre el Terciario de Chile (in Spanish). Santiago, Chile: Departamento de Geociencias, Facultad de Ciencias,Universidad de Concepción.pp. 189–203.
  25. ^Vivallos Espinoza, Carlos; Brito Peña, Alejandra (2010)."Inmigración y sectores populares en las minas de carbón de Lota y Coronel (Chile 1850–1900)"[Immigration and popular sectors in the coal mines of Lota and Coronel (Chile 1850–1900)].Atenea(in Spanish).501:73–94.
  26. ^Valenzuela Jara, A.E."History of mining in Chile (part 2)".www.cim.org.[dead link]
  27. ^Cortés 2017, p. 23.
  28. ^Plath, Oreste(1979).Folklore chileno(in Spanish). Santiago, Chile: Editorial Nascimiento. pp. 131–133.
Bibliography
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