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Chinatowns in Queens

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Coordinates:40°44′32″N73°52′43″W/ 40.7422°N 73.8786°W/40.7422; -73.8786
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Chinatowns in Queens
Intersection ofMain StreetandRoosevelt AvenueinFlushing Chinatown ( pháp lạp thịnh hoa phụ )
Traditional ChineseHoàng hậu khu đường nhân nhai
Simplified ChineseHoàng hậu khu đường nhân nhai
Transcriptions
Standard Mandarin
Hanyu PinyinHuánghòu-qū Tángrén-jiē
Hakka
Pha̍k-fa-sṳVòng-hiu-khî Thòng-nyìn-kâi
Yue: Cantonese
JyutpingWong4 Hau6 Keoi1 Tong4 Jan4 Gaai1
Southern Min
HokkienPOJHông-hiō-khu Tn̂g-lâng-koe
Tâi-lôHông-hiō-khu Tn̂g-lâng-kue

There are multipleChinatownsin theboroughofQueensinNew York City.The original Queens Chinatown emerged inFlushing,initially as a satellite of the originalManhattan Chinatown,before evolving its own identity, surpassing in scale the original Manhattan Chinatown,[1]and subsequently, in turn, spawning its own satellite Chinatowns inElmhurst,Corona,and eastern Queens. As of 2023, illegal Chinese immigration toNew Yorkhas accelerated, and its Flushing neighborhood has become the present-day global epicenter receiving Chinese immigration as well as the international control center directing such migration.[2]As of 2024, a significant new wave ofChinese Uyghur Muslimsis fleeingreligious persecutionin northwestern China’sXinjiang Provinceand seekingreligious freedomin New York,[3]and concentrating in Queens.

Context

[edit]

TheNew York metropolitan areais home to the largest ethnic Chinese population outside Asia, comprising an estimated 893,697 uniracial individuals as of 2017,[4]including at least 12 Chinatowns - six[5](or nine, including the emerging Chinatowns inCoronaandWhitestone,Queens,[6]andEast Harlem, Manhattan) inNew York Cityproper, and one each inNassau County,Long Island;Cherry Hill,Edison,New Jersey;[6]andParsippany-Troy Hills, New Jersey,not to mention fledgling ethnic Chinese enclaves emerging throughout the New York City metropolitan area.Chinese Americans,as a whole, have had a significant tenure in New York City. The firstChineseimmigrants came toLower Manhattanaround 1870, looking for the "golden" opportunities America had to offer.[7]By 1880, the enclave aroundFive Pointswas estimated to have from 200 to as many as 1,100 members.[7]

However, theChinese Exclusion Act,which went into effect in 1882, caused an abrupt decline in the number of Chinese who immigrated to New York and the rest of the United States.[7]Later, in 1943, the Chinese were given a small quota, and the community's population gradually increased until 1968, when the quota was lifted and the Chinese American population skyrocketed.[7]In the past few years, theCantonesedialect that has dominated the Chinatowns for decades is being rapidly swept aside byMandarin Chinese,the national language of China and thelingua francaof most of the latestChinese immigrants.[8]

Citywide demographics

[edit]
See also:List of U.S. cities with significant Chinese-American populationsandChinese Americans in New York City

As the city proper with the largest ethnic Chinese population outside of Asia by a wide margin, estimated at 628,763 as of 2017,[9]and as the primary destination fornew Chinese immigrants,[10]New York City is subdivided into official municipalboroughs,which themselves are home to significant Chinese populations, withBrooklynandQueens,adjacently located onLong Island,leading the fastest growth.[11][12]After the City of New York itself, the boroughs of Queens and Brooklyn encompass the largest Chinese populations, respectively, of all municipalities in the United States.

Borough Chinese Americans residents
number percent
Queens[13] 237,484 10.2
Brooklyn[14] 205,753 7.9
Manhattan[15] 107,609 6.6
Staten Island[citation needed] 13,620 2.9
The Bronx[citation needed] 6,891 0.5
New York City[16] 573,388 1,881.1

Flushing Chinatown

[edit]
Flushing Chinatown
Chinese:Pháp lạp thịnh
Neighborhood of Queens
41st Avenue in Flushing Chinatown
41st Avenue in Flushing Chinatown
CountryUnited States
StateNew York
CityNew York City
BoroughQueens
RegionLong Island
Area codes718, 347, 929,and917
Chinatown, Flushing
Traditional ChinesePháp lạp thịnh hoa phụ
Simplified ChinesePháp lạp thịnh hoa phụ
Transcriptions
Standard Mandarin
Hanyu PinyinFǎlāshèng Huá Bù
Gwoyeu RomatzyhFaalashenq Hwabuh
Wade–GilesFa3la1sheng4Hua2Pu4
Tongyong PinyinFǎlāshèng Húa Bú
IPA[fàláʂə̂ŋ xwǎ pʰû]
Hakka
Pha̍k-fa-sṳFa̍p-lâ-sin Fà-phu
Yue: Cantonese
JyutpingFaat3laa1sing4 Waa4 fau6[17]
IPA[fāːtláːsȉŋwȁːpòu]
Southern Min
HokkienPOJHoat-la-sēng Hôa-po͘
Tâi-lôHuat-la-sīng Huâ-poo

Flushing Chinatown (Pháp lạp thịnh hoa phụ), or Mandarin Town Flushing (Quốc ngữ phụ pháp lạp thịnh)[18]inFlushing,is one of the largest and fastest-growing ethnicChineseenclavesoutside Asia, as well as within New York City itself. Flushing Chinatown is inMain Streetand the area to its west, particularly alongRoosevelt Avenue,has become the primary nexus of Flushing Chinatown. However, Chinatown continues to expand southeastward alongKissena Boulevardand northward beyondNorthern Boulevard.TheFlushing–Main Street stationis the busiestNew York City Subwaystation outside Manhattan. The Flushing Chinatown houses over 30,000 individuals born in China alone, the largest Chinatown by this metric outside Asia and one of the largest and fastest-growing Chinatowns in the world.[1]Flushing is undergoing rapidgentrificationby Chinese transnational entities.[19]

History

[edit]

Before Chinatown

[edit]
Main article:Flushing, Queens § History

In 1645, Flushing was established byDutchsettlers on the eastern bank ofFlushing Creekunder charter of theDutch West India Companyand was part of theNew Netherland colony.The settlement was named after the city ofVlissingen,in the southwestern Netherlands, the mainportof the company; Flushing is the historicanglicizationof the Dutch name of that town.

In 1664, the English took control ofNew Amsterdam,ending Dutch control of the colony, and renamed it theProvince of New York.When Queens County was established in 1683, the "Town of Flushing" was one of the original fivetownswhich comprised the county.[20]Many historical references to Flushing are to this town, bounded from Newtown on the west by Flushing Creek (now often called theFlushing River), fromJamaicaon the south by the "hills" —that is, the terminalmoraineleft by the last glacier, and fromHempsteadon the east by what later became theNassau Countyline. The town was dissolved in 1898 when Queens became a borough of New York City, and the term "Flushing" today usually refers to a much smaller area, including the former Village of Flushing and the areas immediately to the east and south. It was later settled by multiple ethnicities, including people of European, Hispanic, South-West Asian, African, and eventually East Asian ancestry.

Emergence as Little Taipei / Little Taiwan

[edit]

In the 1970s, a Chinese community established a foothold in Flushing, whose demographic constituency had been predominantly white, interspersed with a smallJapanesecommunity. This wave of immigrants fromTaiwanwere the first to arrive and developed Flushing's Chinatown. It was known asLittle Taipei (Tiểu đài bắc)orLittle Taiwan (Tiểu đài loan).Many who arrived were the descendants of former soldiers and political supporters ofChiang Kai-shekand theChinese Nationalist Party,which had lost the war against theChinese Communist Party,and established themselves in Taiwan. Along with immigrants from Taiwan at this time, a largeSouth Koreanpopulation has also called Flushing home.

Before the 1970s,Cantonese immigrantshad vastly dominated Chinese immigration to New York City; however, during the 1970s, the Taiwanese immigrants were the first wave of Chinese immigrants who spoke Mandarin rather than Cantonese to arrive in New York City. Due to the dominance of Cantonese-speaking immigrants, who were largely working-class inManhattan's Chinatown(Chinese:Nữu ước hoa phụ;Jyutping:Nau2 Joek3 Waa4 Fau6), as well as the language barrier and poor housing conditions there, Taiwanese immigrants, who were more likely to have attained highereducational standardsandsocioeconomic status,could not relate to Manhattan's Chinatown, and chose to settle in Flushing instead. As the Taiwanese population grew, a Flushing Chinatown was created with a higherstandard of livingand better housing conditions.

Mandarin Town, Flushing

[edit]
The intersection of Main St and Roosevelt Ave after an early morning rainstorm.

Over the years, many new non-Cantonese ethnic Chinese immigrants from different regions andprovinces of Chinastarted to arrive in New York City and settled in Flushing through word of mouth. This led to the creation of a moreMandarin-speaking ChinatownorMandarin Townthat gradually replacedLittle Taipei.This wave of immigrants spoke Mandarin and various regional/provincial dialects. The early 1990s into the 2000s brought a wave ofFuzhounese AmericansandWenzhouneseimmigrants. Like the Taiwanese, they faced cultural and communication problems in Manhattan's predominantly Cantonese-speaking Chinatown and settled in Flushing as well asElmhurst, Queens,which also has a significant Mandarin-speaking population. Flushing's Chinese population became very diverse over the next few decades as people from different provinces started to arrive, infusing their varied languages and cultures into this new "Chinatown."[21][22][23][24]Due to the increased opening of Mainland China, there has also been a growingNorthern Chinesepopulation in Flushing.

Flushing and its Chinatown abuts the rapidly growingLong Island Koreatown (롱 아일랜드 코리아타운)as well.[25]

Chinese demographic

[edit]

The intersection of Main Street and Roosevelt Avenue, in the heart of the Chinatown neighborhood, hosts a large concentration of Chinese businesses, including Chinese restaurants. Chinese-owned businesses in particular dominate the area along Main Street and the blocks west of it, while Korean businesses are found in a substantial number east of Main Street and east of the Flushing Chinatown, on Union Street. The majority of signs and advertisements of stores in the area have become Chinese. Ethnic Chinese constitute an increasingly dominant proportion of the Asian population and as well as of the overall population in Flushing. Consequently, Flushing's Chinatown has grown rapidly enough to become the largest Chinatown outside Asia. The Flushing Chinatown has surpassed the original Manhattan Chinatown in size.[1]As of 2023,illegal Chinese immigrationtoNew York,and especially to Queens and it'sFlushing Chinatown,has accelerated.[2]Flushing has become the present-day global epicenter receiving Chinese immigration as well as the international control center directing such migration.[2]

A 1986 estimate by the Flushing Chinese Business Association approximated 60,000 Chinese in Flushing alone.[26]By 1990, Asians constituted 41% of the population of the core area of Flushing, with Chinese in turn representing 41% of the Asian population.[21]However, ethnic Chinese are constituting an increasingly dominant proportion of the Asian population as well as of the overall population in Flushing and its Chinatown. High rates of both legal[27][28]and illegal[29]immigration fromMainland Chinacontinue to spur the ongoing rise of the ethnic Chinese population in Flushing, as in all of New York City's Chinatowns.

Bank of Chinaon Main Street in Flushing

Flushing's Chinatown ranks as New York City's largest Chinese community with 33,526 Chinese, up from 17,363, a 93% increase. TheBrooklyn Chinatownis the second-largest Chinatown of NYC with 34,218 Chinese residents, up from 19,963 in 2000, a 71% increase. As for Manhattan's Chinatown, its Chinese population declined by 17%, from 34,554 to 28,681 since 2000, to become the third-largest.[30]

Of all the Chinatowns of New York City, the Flushing Chinatown is also the most diverse, with large populations of Chinese groups from various regions ofMainland ChinaandTaiwan.TheNortheastern Chinese immigrantsare increasingly becoming the largest Chinese group in Flushing.[31][32][33][34][35][36][37][38]

Streetscape

[edit]
The busy intersection ofMain Street,Kissena Boulevard,and 41st Avenue in the Flushing Chinatown (Pháp lạp thịnh hoa phụ), one of the largest and fastest-growing Chinatowns in the world.[1]The segment of Main Street between Kissena Boulevard andRoosevelt Avenue,punctuated by theLong Island Rail Roadtrestleoverpass, represents the cultural heart of Flushing Chinatown. Queens' rapidly growingChinese Americanpopulation was approaching 250,000 in 2016,[39]thehighest of any municipality in the United Statesother than New York City overall. As of 2023,illegal Chinese immigrationtoNew York,and especially to Queens and it'sFlushing Chinatown,has accelerated.[2]

Culture

[edit]

Flushing Chinatown now rivals Manhattan's Chinatown as a center ofChinese culture[40]and has been called the "ChineseTimes Square"or the" Chinese Manhattan ".[2][41][42]TheLunar New YearParade has become a growing annual celebration ofChinese New Year.More and largerChinese supermarketsare locating and selling a diverse and uniquely vast array of Chinese food and ingredient selections in Flushing, the largest of which includeHong Kong Supermarketand New York Supermarket, which also happen to be rapidly growingChinese Americanchain supermarkets.[43][44][45]The segment of Main Street between Roosevelt Avenue and Kissena Boulevard represents the cultural heart of Flushing Chinatown. Flushing's rise as the largest epicenter of Chinese culture outside Asia has been attributed to the remarkable diversity of regional Chinese demographics represented. The growth of the business activity at the core of Downtown Flushing, dominated by the Flushing Chinatown, has continued to flourish despite the COVID-19 pandemic.[46]

Languages

[edit]

Many languages are spoken in Flushing Chinatown. English can be heard alongside manySinitic languages,such as variousMandarin(Northeastern Mandarin,Beijing dialect),[47]Min(Fuzhounese,Hokkien),Wu(Shanghainese,Suzhounese,Hangzhounese,Wenzhounese) andCantonese,whileHakkavarieties andMongolianare now emerging.

Cuisine

[edit]

The popular styles ofChinese cuisineare ubiquitously accessible in Flushing,[48]includingKorean-Chinese cuisine,Hakka,Taiwanese,Shanghainese,Hunanese,Sichuanese,Cantonese,Fujianese,Xinjiang,andZhejiang cuisine.Even the relatively obscureDongbeistyle of cuisine indigenous toNortheast Chinais now available in Flushing,[49]as well asMongolian cuisineandUyghur cuisine.[42]These diverse Chinese immigrant populations have brought with them their own regional food cuisines which have led to Flushing being considered the "food mecca" forChinese regional cuisineoutside of Asia.[50][51]

Media

[edit]

TheWorld Journal,one of the largest Chinese-language newspapers outside China, is headquartered in adjacentWhitestone,Queens, with offices in Flushing as well.[52]Numerous other Chinese newspapers such as theChina Press,Sing Tao Daily,The Epoch Times,as well as other English-language publications, are available in the Flushing Chinatown.

SinoVision,one of the largest Chinese-speaking media networks in North America, also has headquarters in Flushing.

Educational centers

[edit]

In accompaniment with its rapid growth, Flushing in particular has witnessed the proliferation of highly competitive businesses touted as educational centers[53]as well as non-profit organizations declaring the intent to educate the community. Some entities offer education inMandarin,[54]thelingua francaof Mainland China; others profess to provide students with intensive training in computer and technological proficiency; while still others entice high school students with rigorous preparatory classes for college entrance examinations in mathematics, science, and English literacy (see:cram schoolandbuxiban).

Public institutions and services

[edit]
A branch of theQueens Public Libraryin Flushing Chinatown.

The largest of the Flushing branches of theQueens Borough Public Libraryis located at the intersection of Kissena Boulevard and Main Street.[55]This library houses an auditorium for public events.

New York Hospital Queens, a member of theNewYork-Presbyterian Healthcare System,is a major medical center providing Flushing as well as surrounding communities with comprehensivemedical careservices.[56]Numeroustertiary medical clinicsalso serve the residents of Flushing.

A diverse array of social services geared toward assisting recent as well as establishedChinese immigrantsis readily available in Flushing.[57]

Transportation

[edit]

TheNew York City Subway's7and<7>​ trains has its terminus atFlushing – Main Street;the intersection of Main Street and Roosevelt Avenue, at the heart of Flushing Chinatown, is the third busiest intersection in New York City, behind onlyTimes SquareandHerald Squarein Manhattan. It is the busiest subway station in Queens and the 12th busiest station overall As of 2016.[58]Numerous other public bus and rail connections also serve Chinatown at the Main Street/Roosevelt Avenue intersection, including 22bus routesas well as thePort Washington Branchof theLong Island Rail Road.[59]Flushing Chinatown is also readily accessible by automobile from several major highways, namely theGrand Central Parkwayand theWhitestone Expressway/Van Wyck Expressway.There are also multipledollar vanservices shuttling passengers between Flushing Chinatown and the other Chinatowns in New York City and Long Island.

Political clout

[edit]

The political stature of Flushing Chinatown appears to be increasing significantly.Taiwan-bornJohn Liu,formerNew York City Councilmember representing District 20, which includes Flushing Chinatown and other northern Queens neighborhoods, was electedNew York City Comptrollerin November 2009. Concomitantly,Peter Koo,born inShanghai,China was elected to succeed Liu to assume this council membership seat.

Controversy

[edit]

In March 2019,The New York Timesreported that the Flushing Chinatown has also become the epicenter oforganized prostitutionin the United States, importing women from China, Korea, Thailand, and Eastern Europe to sustain the underground North Americansex trade.[60]

Satellite Chinatowns

[edit]

Chinatown in Elmhurst

[edit]
The Elmhurst Chinatown on Broadway, a satellite of Flushing Chinatown.

Elmhurst's rapidly growing Chinatown[61]is the second in Queens, in addition to the Flushing Chinatown. Previously a small area with Chinese shops onBroadwaybetween 81st Street and Cornish Avenue, this newly evolved second Chinatown in Queens has now expanded to 45th Avenue and Whitney Avenue and is developing as a satellite of the Flushing Chinatown. In Chinese translation, Elmhurst is named ngải hử (Àihǔ inStandard Chinese). There are also many otherSoutheast Asianbusinesses and shops in the area, includingMalaysian Chinese,Singaporean Chinese,Indonesian,Thai,andVietnamese.Hong Kong Supermarketand New York Supermarket serve as the largest Chinese supermarkets selling different food varieties to this Elmhurst Chinatown.[62][63]Financial institutionshave emerged along Broadway to serve the various Chinese communities of Elmhurst. Like Flushing's Chinatown, it is also very highly populated by Mandarin speakers, although many also speak other languages like Hakka.

Chinese enclave in Corona

[edit]

An annexation of the Elmhurst Chinatown is the neighborhood ofCorona,emerging as a Chinatown geographically connecting the larger Chinatowns in Flushing and Elmhurst.[64]

Chinese enclave in Whitestone

[edit]
TheWorld Journal,the largest Chinese-language newspaper in the United States[65]and one of the largest Chinese-language newspapers outside of China, with a daily circulation of 350,000, is headquartered inWhitestone,Queens, with offices in the adjacent Flushing Chinatown as well.[52]

Since 2000, thousands ofChinese Americanshave migrated intoWhitestone,given the sizeable presence of the neighboring Flushing Chinatown, and have continued their expansion eastward in Queens and into neighboring, highly educatedNassau CountyonLong Island,which has become the leading suburban destination in the U.S. for Chinese.[65][66][67]TheWorld Journal,the largest Chinese-language newspaper in the United States[65]and one of the largest Chinese-language newspapers outside China, with a daily circulation of 350,000, is headquartered in Whitestone.[52]The New York office ofHong Kong-basedLee Kum Kee International Holdings Ltd.is also located in Whitestone.[68]

See also

[edit]

Chinatowns:

Koreatowns:

References

[edit]
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40°44′32″N73°52′43″W/ 40.7422°N 73.8786°W/40.7422; -73.8786

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