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Chiswick House

Coordinates:51°29′02″N0°15′31″W/ 51.48376°N 0.25866°W/51.48376; -0.25866
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Chiswick House
Chiswick House view from forecourt
View from forecourt
Chiswick House is located in London Borough of Hounslow
Chiswick House
Location within London Borough of Hounslow
General information
Architectural styleNeo-Palladian
LocationChiswick,London,England
Coordinates51°29′02″N0°15′31″W/ 51.48376°N 0.25866°W/51.48376; -0.25866
Completed1729
OwnerEnglish Heritage
Design and construction
Architect(s)Richard Boyle, 3rd Earl of Burlington
Website
chiswickhouseandgardens.org.uk

Chiswick Houseis aNeo-Palladianstylevillain theChiswickdistrict ofLondon,England. A "glorious"[1]example of Neo-Palladian architecture inwest London,the house was designed and built byRichard Boyle, 3rd Earl of Burlington(1694–1753), and completed in 1729. The house and garden occupy 26.33 hectares (65.1 acres).[2]The garden was created mainly by the architect and landscape designerWilliam Kent,and it is one of the earliest examples of theEnglish landscape garden.

After the death of the 3rd Earl of Burlington in 1753, and the subsequent deaths of his last surviving daughter (Charlotte Boyle) in 1754 and his widow in 1758, the property was ceded toWilliam Cavendish, 4th Duke of Devonshire,Charlotte's husband. After William's death in 1764, the villa passed to his and Charlotte's orphaned young son,William Cavendish, 5th Duke of Devonshire.His wife,Georgiana Spencer,a prominent and controversial figure in fashion and politics whom he married in 1774, used the house as a retreat and as aWhigstronghold for many years; it was whereCharles James Foxdied in 1806. Prime MinisterGeorge Canningalso died there in 1827, in a bedroom in the John White wing buildings.

During the 19th century, the house fell into decline and was rented out by the Cavendish family. It was used as a mental hospital, theChiswick Asylum,from 1892. In 1929, the9th Duke of Devonshiresold Chiswick House toMiddlesex County Council,and it became a fire station. The villa suffered damage during World War II, and in 1944, aV-2rocket damaged one of the two wings, which were both demolished in 1956. Today, the house is aGrade I listed buildingand is maintained byEnglish Heritage.

History[edit]

Early history (c.1610–1682)[edit]

The original Chiswick House was aJacobeanhouse owned bySir Edward Wardour,and possibly built by his father.[3]It is datedc. 1610in a late 17th-century engraving of the Chiswick House estate byJan Kip and Leonard Knyff,[4]and was constructed with four sides around an open courtyard.[4]Wardour sold the house in 1624 toRobert Carr, 1st Earl of Somerset.[3][5]The house was quite large: in the1664 Hearth Taxdocuments it is recorded as having 33 fireplaces.[6]The house was at the south end of the Royalist line in theBattle of Turnham Green(1641), during theFirst English Civil War.[7]The house was purchased byCharles Boyle, 3rd Viscount Dungarvanin 1682.[8]

Boyle family (1682–1758)[edit]

Plan of Chiswick House

The Jacobean house was used by the Boyle family as a summer retreat from their central London home,Burlington House.[9][10]After a fire in 1725,Richard Boyle, 3rd Earl of Burlington(Lord Burlington), then head of the family,[9]decided to build a new "villa" to the west of the old Chiswick House.

During his trip to Italy in 1719, Burlington had acquired a passion for Palladian architecture.[11][12]He had not closely inspectedRoman ruinsor made detailed drawings on the sites in Italy; he relied onPalladioandScamozzias his interpreters of the classic tradition.[13]Another source of his inspiration were drawings he collected, including those of Palladio himself, which had belonged toInigo Jonesand his pupilJohn Webb.According toHoward Colvin,"Burlington's mission was to reinstate in Augustan England the canons of Roman architecture as described by Vitruvius, exemplified by its surviving remains, and practised by Palladio, Scamozzi and Jones."[14]

Burlington, himself a talented amateur architect and (in the words ofHorace Walpole) "Apollo of the Arts",[15]designed the villa with the aid ofWilliam Kent,who also took a leading role in designing the gardens.[16]Burlington built the villa with enough space to house his art collection, regarded as containing "some of the best pictures in Europe",[17]and his more select pieces of furniture, some of which was purchased on his firstGrand Tourof Europe in 1714. Construction of the villa took place between 1726 and 1729.[18]

After Burlington's death in 1753,[19]his wife,Lady Dorothy Savile,and daughter,Charlotte,who had marriedWilliam Cavendish, 4th Duke of Devonshirein 1748,[20]inherited the house. Charlotte died in December 1754,[21]and Lady Burlington died in September 1758.[22]Several views of Burlington's house were made by the architect-draughtsmanJohn Donowellaround this time.[23]

Cavendish family (1758–1929)[edit]

The 6th Duke of Devonshire's garden party for Tsar Nicholas of Russia and 700 guests, with giraffes in the park, fromThe Illustrated London News,15 June 1844

After the death of Lady Burlington in 1758, the villa and gardens passed to the Cavendish family. William Cavendish died in 1764, leaving the property to his son William, the 5thDuke of Devonshire.In 1774, William married LadyGeorgiana Spencer,the Duchess of Devonshire,[24]who enjoyed spending time at Chiswick which she referred to as her "earthly paradise".[25][26]She regularly invited members of the Whig party to the house for tea parties in the garden.[27][28]In 1788 the Cavendish family demolished the Jacobean house and hired architect John White to add two wings to the villa to increase the amount of accommodation.[29]The duchess was responsible for the building of the Classical Bridge in 1774, designed by the architectJames Wyatt,[29]and the planting of roses on the walls of the new wings and the sides of the buildings. She died in 1806.

In 1813, a 300 feet (91 m) conservatory was built by Samuel Ware, with the purpose of housing exotic fruits and camellias.[30]> Gardener Lewis Kennedy built an Italian inspired geometric garden around the conservatory. In 1827, after a rapid decline in health, Tory Prime MinisterGeorge Canningdied in the same room where Charles James Fox had died in 1806.[31]

Floor plan, showing the wings used for the patients ofChiswick Asylum,now removed

Between 1862 and 1892 the villa was rented by the Cavendish family to a number of successive tenants, includingthe Duchess of Sutherlandin 1867,[32]the Prince of Wales in the 1870s,[33]andJohn Crichton-Stuart, 3rd Marquess of Bute,patron of the architectWilliam Burges,from 1881 to 1892.[34]

Chiswick Asylum (1892–1928)[edit]

From 1892, the 9th Duke of Devonshire rented the villa to Doctors Thomas Seymour and Charles Molesworth Tuke (sons ofThomas Harrington Tuke), and it was used by them as a mental hospital, theChiswick Asylum,for wealthy male and female patients until 1928.[35]The asylum was praised for its relatively compassionate approach to its inmates. The wings of the house used for the asylum were demolished in the 1950s so little now remains of this use, except in archival records.[36]In 1897, the two sphinxes on the main gate were removed toGreen Parkduring the celebrations of Queen Victoria'sDiamond Jubilee.They were never returned.[37]

Public ownership (1929–present)[edit]

English Heritage archaeologists uncover the substantial remains of the old Jacobean house in a 2008 dig.

The 9th Duke of Devonshire sold Chiswick House to Middlesex County Council in 1929,[38]the purchase price being met in part by contributions from public subscribers, including King George V.[35]The villa became a fire station during World War II,[39]and suffered damage; vibration from the bombing of Chiswick brought down the plasterwork in the Upper Tribunal, and on 8 September 1944 aV-2rocket damaged one of the two wings.[40]The wings were removed in 1956.[29]

In 1948, extensive lobbying from the newly createdGeorgian Groupprevented it from being destroyed.[41]The house came under the aegis of the Ministry of Works and subsequently ofEnglish Heritage.[37][42]

Hounslow Council and English Heritage formed the Chiswick House and Gardens Trust in 2005 to unify the management of the villa and gardens. The trust took over the administration for the villa and gardens in July 2010, following the completion of the restoration works.[43]A Heritage Lottery Fund Grant was complemented by approximately £4 million from other sources, for restoration of the gardens in 2007.[38]The garden is open to the public from dawn until dusk without charge.[44]

Villa building[edit]

Main article:Architecture of Chiswick House
1736 engraving byJohn Rocqueof the garden layout with sketches of the house

Chiswick House was an attempt by Lord Burlington to create aRoman villa,rather than a Renaissance pastiche, situated in a symbolicRoman garden.[45]Chiswick Villa is inspired in part by several buildings of the 16th-century Italian architectsAndrea Palladioand his assistantVincenzo Scamozzi.The house is often said to be directly inspired by Palladio'sVilla Capra"La Rotonda" near Vicenza,[46]as architectColen Campbellhad offered Lord Burlington a design for a villa closely based on the Villa Capra for his use at Chiswick. However, although this was clearly influential, Lord Burlington rejected this design; it was subsequently used atMereworth Castle,Kent.[47]Lord Burlington's library list at Chiswick shows that he was not restricted to the influence of Andrea Palladio. He owned books by influential Italian Renaissance architects such asSebastiano SerlioandLeon Battista Alberti,and his library contained books by French architects, sculptors, illustrators and architectural theorists likeJean Cotelle,Philibert de l'Orme,Abraham Bosse,Jean Bullant,Salomon de Caus,Roland Fréart de Chambray,Hugues Sambin,Antoine Desgodetz,and John James's translation ofClaude Perrault'sTreatise of the Five Orders.Whether Palladio's work inspired Chiswick or not, the Renaissance architect exerted an important influence on Lord Burlington through his plans and reconstructions of lost Roman buildings; many of these, unpublished and little known, were purchased by Burlington on his second Grand Tour and housed in the Blue Velvet Room, which served as his study.[48]These reconstructions were the source for many of the varied geometric shapes within Burlington's Villa, including the use of the octagon, circle and rectangle (withapses).[49][50][51]Possibly the most influential building reconstructed by Palladio and used at Chiswick was the monumental RomanBaths of Diocletian:[51][52]references to this building can be found in the Domed Hall, Gallery, Library and Link rooms.

Burlington's use of Roman sources can also be seen in the steep-pitched dome of the villa, which is derived from thePantheonin Rome. However, the source for the octagonal form of the dome, the Upper Tribunal, Lower Tribunal and cellar at Chiswick may be Vincenzo Scamozzi'sRocca PisananearVicenza.[53]Burlington may also have been influenced in his choice of octagon by the drawings of the Renaissance architectSebastiano Serlio(1475–1554),[54]or by Roman buildings of antiquity (for example, Lord Burlington owned Andrea Palladio's drawings of the octagonal mausoleum atDiocletian's Palace,Splitin modern Croatia).[55]

Three concentric relieving arches at rear of the villa containingVenetian windows.This arrangement derives directly from drawings by Andrea Palladio in Lord Burlington's collection.

The brick-built Villa's facade is faced inPortland stone,with a small amount ofstucco.The finely carvedCorinthian capitalson the projecting six-column portico, carved byJohn Boson,are derived from theTemple of Castor and Polluxin Rome.[56]The inset door, projecting plinth and 'v'-necked rusticated vermiculation (resemblingtufa) were all derived from the base ofTrajan's Column.The short sections of crenellated wall with ball finials which extend out either side of the villa were symbolic of medieval (or Roman) fortified town walls, and were inspired by their use by Palladio at hischurch of San Giorgio Maggiorein Venice and byInigo Jones(1573–1652) (Palladio produced woodcuts of the Villa Foscari with crenellated sections of walls in hisI quattro libri dell'architetturain 1570, yet they were never built). To reinforce this link, two full-length statues of Palladio and Jones[a]are positioned in front of these sections of wall. Palladio's influence is also felt in the general cubic form of the villa with its central hall with other rooms leading off its axis. The villa is a half cube of 70 feet (21 m) by 70 feet (21 m) by 35 feet (11 m).[57]Inside are rooms of 10 feet (3.0 m) square, 15 feet (4.6 m) square and 15 feet (4.6 m) by 20 feet (6.1 m) by 25 feet (7.6 m).[citation needed]The distance from the apex of the dome to the base of the cellar is 70 feet (21 m), making the whole pile fit within a perfect, invisible cube. However, the decorative cornice at Chiswick was derived from a contemporary source, that of James Gibbs's cornice at the Church ofSt Martin-in-the-Fields,London.

On the portico leading to the Domed Hall is positioned a bust of the RomanEmperor Augustus.Augustus was regarded by many of the early 18th-century English aristocracy as the greatest of all the Roman Emperors (the early Georgian era was known as theAugustan Age). This link with the Emperor Augustus was reinforced in the garden at Chiswick through the presence of Egyptianizing objects such assphinxes(who symbolically guard the 'Temple' front and rear),obelisksand stone lions. Lord Burlington and his contemporaries were conscious of the fact that it was Augustus who invaded Egypt and brought back Egyptian objects and erected them in Rome.[58]The influence of Rome manifested itself at Chiswick through Burlington's strategic deployment of statues, including those of aBorghesegladiator, aVenus de' Medici,a wolf (used to inspire nostalgic memories of the legendary founders of Rome,Romulus and Remus), a goat (symbolising the zodiac of Capricorn, the birth sign of the Emperor Augustus) and a boar located at the rear of the villa (symbolic of the great boar hunt). Inside the villa many references to the Roman goddess Venus abound, as she was the mother ofAeneaswho fledTroyand co-founded Rome. On the forecourt to the villa are several 'term' statues that derive their forms fromTerminus,the Roman god of distance and space. These are used as boundary markers, positioned in the hedge at set distances apart.

William Kentwas the main designer of the gardens

At the rear of the villa were positioned 'herm' statues that derive from the Greek godHermes,the patron of travellers; these are welcoming figures for all who wish to visit Lord Burlington's gardens (Lord Burlington's gardens at Chiswick were the most visited of all London villas.[59]A small entrance charge applied).

The house when built was described byJohn, Lord Herveyas "Too small to live in, and too big to hang to a watch".John Clerk of Penicuikdescribed it as "Rather curious than convenient", whileHorace Walpolecalled it "the beautiful model".[60][61]It is possible that one purpose of the villa was as an art gallery, as inventories show more than 167 paintings hanging at Chiswick House in Lord Burlington's lifetime, many purchased on his two grand tours of Europe.

Gardens[edit]

Main article:Chiswick House Gardens
Portico of the Ionic Temple in the Orange Tree Garden

The gardens at Chiswick were an attempt to recreate a garden of ancient Rome,[62][63]such as the EmperorHadrian'sVilla Adrianaat Tivoli.[64]From the 1720s, Burlington and Kent experimented with new designs, incorporating elements such as aHa-ha,classical garden buildings, statues, groves, faux Egyptian objects, bowling greens, winding walks, cascades and water features. A theatre of hedges known as anexedrawas designed by William Kent and originally displayed ancient statues of three unknown Roman gentlemen. The lawn at the rear of the house was created by 1745 and planted with youngCedar of Lebanontrees which alternate with stone funerary urns designed by William Kent. Placed between the urns and the Cedar of Lebanon are three more sphinxes orientated to face the rising sun.

A lake was created around 1727 by widening theBollo Brook.The excess soil was heaped up behind William Kent's cascade to produce an elevated walkway for people to admire the gardens and a view of the nearby River Thames. A gateway designed by Inigo Jones in 1621 atBeaufort Housein Chelsea (home of SirHans Sloane) was bought and removed by Lord Burlington and rebuilt in the gardens at Chiswick in 1738.[65]The Classic Bridge beyond the Orange Tree Garden was built forGeorgiana Spencerin 1774 to the design ofJames Wyatt.[66]

The kitchen garden was founded in 1682. Its ownership changed several times, and the garden fell into disrepair. In 2005 it was restored by local volunteers of the Chiswick House Kitchen Garden Community project. In 2009 the kitchen garden was taken over by Chiswick House and Gardens Trust; the National Lottery Heritage Fund provided a grant for restoration work and the conversion of the surrounding buildings.[67]

Freemasonry[edit]

Lord Burlington

Chiswick House has been linked withFreemasonry,[68]and is believed by some scholars to have functioned as a privateMasonic Lodgeor Temple (unaffiliated to Grand Lodge), given that many of the ceiling paintings by William Kent in the Gallery and the Red, Blue and Summer Parlour Rooms contain iconography of a strong Masonic, Hermetic, and possible Jacobite character.[68][69][70][71]The proportions of several of the upstairs rooms also have significance in relation to biblical buildings important in Freemasonry. Lord Burlington's status as an important Freemason is indicated by his inclusion in theFreemason's Pocket Companionof 1736 and in a poem in James Anderson'sConstitutions of the Free-Masonsof 1723 where he is linked to an illustrious line of personalities important in Masonic lore. Pat Rogers has argued (following the original research of Jane Clark) that Chiswick House was a symbolic temple, based on so-called Royal Arch Freemasonry, involving a Hermetic intervention designed to heal the sufferings of the exiled Jews.[68]Lord Burlington's handwritten list of titles in his library at Chiswick also shows that he supported a large number of publications by Freemasons.[72] After completion of the villa in 1729, Burlington later provided inspiration to other Masonic architects for numerous other buildings, such asThomas Coke, 1st Earl of LeicesteratHolkham Hall,Norfolk[73]Charles Lennox, 2nd Duke of Richmond,atGoodwood House,and theMansion House,nicknamed the "Egyptian Hall" for its columns.[74]

Notable guests[edit]

Although little is known of the people who stayed or visited the house in Lord Burlington's lifetime, many important visitors to the property are recorded as visiting throughout its history. These included leading figures of the European 'Enlightenment' including the philosophersVoltaire(1694–1778) andJean-Jacques Rousseau(1712–1778); the future US PresidentsJohn Adams(1735–1826) andThomas Jefferson(1743–1826);Benjamin Franklin(1706–1790); the German landscape artistPrince Hermann von Pückler-Muskau;the Italian statesmanGiuseppe Garibaldi(1807–1882); Russian TsarsNicholas I(1796–1855) andAlexander I(1777–1825); theking of Persia;Queen Victoria[75](1819–1901) andPrince Albert of Saxe-Coburg[75](1819–61);Sir Walter Scott(1771–1832); Prince Leopold III, Duke of Anhalt-Dessau (1740–1817); Prime MinistersWilliam Ewart Gladstone(1809–1898) and SirRobert Walpole(1676–1745); QueenCaroline of Brandenburg-Ansbach(1683–1737);John Stuart, 3rd Earl of Bute(1713–92) and the architect William Burges (1827–1881).

On 20 May 1966, theBeatlesvisited Chiswick House to shoot promotional films for both sides of their latest 45 RPM single, "Paperback Writer"and"Rain".There are scenes shot in the conservatory, in the walled garden and by the exedra.[76]

Events[edit]

Since the restoration of the gardens, a variety of seasonal events have been held in the gardens of Chiswick House each year, including aCamelliashow, open days in the walled kitchen garden, acircus,and amagic lanternfestival.[77][78]

Notes[edit]

  1. ^The statues have been attributed toJohn Michael Rysbrack(1694–1770), but the attribution has been challenged by Richard Hewlings. See Richard Hewlings, "The Statues of Inigo Jones and Palladio at Chiswick House" inEnglish Heritage Historical Review,Volume 2, 2007, 71–83.

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  73. ^Fletcher, Sir Banister; Cruickshank, Dan (1996).Sir Banister Fletcher's a history of architecture.Architectural Press. p. 1046.ISBN978-0-7506-2267-7.
  74. ^Sloan, Kim; Burnett, Andrew (2003).Enlightenment: discovering the world in the eighteenth century.British Museum Press.ISBN978-0-7141-2765-1.
  75. ^ab"History of Chiswick House".Chiswick House and Gardens Trust.Archived fromthe originalon 19 October 2014.
  76. ^"The Beatles".Chiswick House and Gardens Trust.
  77. ^"What's On".Chiswick House & Gardens Trust. Archived fromthe originalon 11 May 2017.Retrieved21 March2017.
  78. ^Ellis, David (16 January 2017)."Magical Lantern Festival at Chiswick House: stunning displays light up grounds for Chinese New Year".Evening Standard.

Further reading[edit]

Bibliography
Periodicals
  • Bryant, Julius, "Chiswick House-the inside story. Policies and problems of restoration", inApollomagazine, CXXXVI, 1992, 17–22
  • Cornforth, John, "Chiswick House, London", inCountry Life,16 February 1995, 32–37
  • Fellows, David, "This old house. Excavations at Chiswick House", inCurrent Archaeology,Number 223, October 2008, 20–29
  • Hewlings, Richard, "Palladio in England. Chiswick House, London", inCountry Life,28 January 2009, 46–51
  • Hewlings, Richard, "The Statues of Inigo Jones and Palladio at Chiswick House", inEnglish Heritage Historical Review,Volume 2, 2007, 71–83
  • Hewlings, Richard, "The Link Room at Chiswick House. Lord Burlington as antiquarian", inApollomagazine, CXLI, 1995, 28–29
  • Kingsbury, Pamela D., "The Tradition of the Soffitto Veneziano in Lord Burlington's Suburban Villa in Chiswick", inArchitectural History,Volume 44, 2001, 145–152
  • Rosoman, Treve, "The Decoration and Use of the Principal Apartments of Chiswick House, 1727–70", inThe Burlington Magazine,Volume 127, Number 991, October 1985, 663–677
  • Spence, R.T, "Chiswick House and its gardens", inThe Burlington Magazine,Volume 135, Number 1085, August 1993, 525–531
  • Scanlan, Matthew, "A Masonic Temple in West London?", inFreemasonry Today,Winter 2006/7, Issue 39, 32–34
  • Carre, Jacques, "Lord Burlington's Garden at Chiswick", inGarden History,Volume 1, Number 3, Summer 1973, 23–30
  • Clegg, Gillian, "The Duke of Devonshire's Menagerie at Chiswick House", in Richard Hewlings (eds.)English Heritage Historical Review,Volume 3, 2008, 123–127
  • Harris, John, "Is Chiswick a 'Palladian' Garden?", inGarden History,Volume 32, No.1, Spring 2004, 124–136
  • Jacques, David,"What to Do about Earlier Inaccurate Restoration: A Case Study of Chiswick House", inAPT Bulletin,Volume 24, Number 3/4, Conserving Historic Landscapes, 1992, 4–13
  • Sicca, Cinzia Maria, "Lord Burlington at Chiswick: Architecture and Landscape", inGarden History,Volume 10, Number 1, Spring 1982, 36–69

External links[edit]

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