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Chowdur

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Chowdur
Çowdur
A traditional Chowdur carpet from the early 19th century.
LocationTurkmenistan,primarilyKhwarazm
LanguageTurkmen
ReligionSunni Islam
Chowdur carpet design from theTurkmen flag

TheChowdur(meaningherder) orChoudorare one of the ten major groups of people who merged after 1920 to form the modernTurkmenRepublic. They live primarily in and around theKhorezm Oasis.

Satellite image showing theAral Seaand theKhorezm Oasis(dark region).

History

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The Chowdur are thought to belong to the original Turkmen group and the left flank ofOghuz Khan'sarmy.

They lived by the Caspian Sea since approximately the beginning of the second millennium.Abul Ghazitells us they arrived in Mangyshlak as early as the 11th century. Prior to the rise of Toghrul Bek (the first Seljuk ruler, 1038 until 1063), many tribes followed the lead of their tribal leaders Kilik bek, Kazan bek and Karaman bek and settled in Mangyshlak. Most of them were members of the Imir,Dukur,Düker(Döger), Igdir, Chavuldur, Karkin, Salor or Agar (Ajar) tribes.

In 1219, the Mongols crushed theKhwarazm Shahand hisTurkmen/Azeriallies. Two years later, in 1221, the Mongol conquest pushed the Oghuz tribes including the Chowdur from the Syr Dara region into the Kara Kum area and along the Caspian Sea.

Many Chowdur appear to have stayed on the Mangyshlak Peninsula from then through the Timurid and the Shaybanid Uzbek periods, beginning theTurco-Mongoltransformation of these originally Oghuz people.

In the early 16th century, the Chowdur were a confederate oraymaqin theSalarSayin Khani confederation. The Chowdur were primarily concentrated in the Mangyshlak Peninsula on the northeastern Caspian coast. The Kalmuks moved into the Mangyshlak Peninsula, the Sayin Khan confederation broke up and the Chowdur ended up southeast ofKhivaloosely confederated, but under the authority of the Yomud. There are indications that some Chowdur ended up in the mid Amu Darya region near north of Charjui. Under the Khiva Khanate during the nineteenth century, Choudur included the Igdir, Bozachi, Abdal, and Arabachi tribes.[1]

In 1743, the Yomud captured Khiva briefly and again in 1767, but that time they held it for three years. In 1770, the Muhammad Amin Inaq of the Qungrats, defeated the Yomuds and founded theQungratdynasty. Part and parcel of this was the breakup of the Yomud which gave the Chowdur autonomy from the Yomud, but still under the Khiva/Khwarezem Khans.

Lifestyle

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Turkmen living in the Murgab River delta (Margianaoasis) traditionally farmed and herdedkarakulandfat-tailed sheepwith some goats. Camels were herded separately.

Herders (chovdurin Turkmen) covered an area around the oasis to the north. Each chovdur knew the wells, the temporary summer camps (yazlag) and the winter houses or camps (gyshlag) which were grouped in villages in the oasis. Thegyshlagswere all located in the cultivated areas, where herders could find late forage and reeds for shelters.

The Chowdur tribe, particularly those members who settled inKhorezm oasis' Kalinin district also speak the Chowdur dialect.[2]It is considered one of the major dialects spoken in modern Turkmenistan along with Arsari, Goklen, Teke, Salir, Sarik, and Yomud.[3]

References

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  1. ^Poullada, S. Peter (2018).Russian-Turkmen Encounters: The Caspian Frontier before the Great Game.London: I.B. Tauris. p. 149.ISBN9781784537012.
  2. ^Clark, Larry (1998).Turkmen Reference Grammar.Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. p. 18.ISBN344704019X.
  3. ^Abazov, Rafis (2005).Historical Dictionary of Turkmenistan.Lanham, MD: The Scarecrow Press. pp. xiii.ISBN9780810853621.

Sources

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  • Wixman.People of the USSR.p. 47
  • Turkmen Reference Grammar P.18