Christianity in Canada
Christianityis the most adhered-toreligion in Canada,with 19,373,330 Canadians, or 53.3%, identifying themselves as of the 2021 census.[1]Thepreamble to the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedomsrefers to God. TheFrench colonizationbeginning in the 17th century established a Roman Catholicfrancophonepopulation inNew France,especiallyAcadiaandLower Canada(nowNova Scotia,New BrunswickandQuebec).British colonizationbrought waves ofAnglicansand otherProtestantstoUpper Canada,nowOntario.TheRussian EmpirespreadOrthodox Christianityin a small extent to the tribes in the far north and western coasts, particularly hyperborean nomads like theInuit.Orthodoxy would arrive in mainland Canada with immigrants from the eastern and southernAustro-Hungarian Empireand western Russian Empire starting in the 1890s; then refugees from theSoviet Union,Eastern Bloc,Greeceand elsewhere during the last half of the 20th century.
Demographics, concentration, and life
[edit]The majority of Canadian Christians attendchurch servicesinfrequently. Cross-national surveys of religiosity rates such as the Pew Global Attitudes Project indicate that, on average, Canadian Christians are less observant than those of the United States but are still more overtly religious than their counterparts in Western Europe. In 2002, 30% of Canadians reported to Pew researchers that religion was "very important" to them. A 2005 Gallup poll showed that 28% of Canadians consider religion to be "very important" (55% of Americans and 19% of Britons say the same).[2]Regional differences within Canada exist, however, withBritish ColumbiaandQuebecreporting especially low metrics of traditional religious observance, as well as a significant urban-rural divide, whileAlbertaand ruralOntariosaw high rates of religious attendance. The rates for weekly church attendance are contested, with estimates running as low as 11% as per the latest Ipsos-Reid poll and as high as 25% as perChristianity Todaymagazine. This American magazine reported that three polls conducted byFocus on the Family,Time Canada and the Vanier Institute of the Family showed church attendance increasing for the first time in a generation, with weekly attendance at 25 per cent. This number is similar to the statistics reported by premier Canadian sociologist of religion, Prof.Reginald Bibbyof theUniversity of Lethbridge,who has been studying Canadian religious patterns since 1975. Although lower than in the US, which has reported weekly church attendance at about 40% since the Second World War, weekly church attendance rates are higher than those in Northern Europe.
As well as the large churches — Roman Catholic, United, and Anglican, which together count more than half of the Canadian population as nominal adherents — Canada also has many smaller Christian groups, includingOrthodox Christianity.The Egyptian population inOntarioandQuebec(Greater Torontoin particular) has seen a large influx of theCoptic Orthodoxpopulation in just a few decades. The relatively largeUkrainianpopulation ofManitobaandSaskatchewanhas produced many followers of theUkrainian CatholicandUkrainian Orthodox Churches,while southern Manitoba has been settled largely by Mennonites. The concentration of these smaller groups often varies greatly across the country. Baptists are especially numerous in theMaritimes.The Maritimes, prairie provinces, andsouthwestern Ontariohave significant numbers ofLutherans.SouthwestOntariohas seen large numbers of German and Russian immigrants, including manyMennonitesandHutterites,as well as a significant contingent of Dutch Reformed.Albertahas seen considerable immigration from the American plains, creating a significantMormonminority in that province.The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saintsclaimed to have 178,102 members (74,377 of whom in Alberta) at the end of 2007.[3]And according to theJehovah's Witnessesyear report there are 111,963 active members (members who actively preach) in Canada.
Canada as a nation is becoming increasingly religiously diverse, especially in large urban centres such asToronto,Vancouver,andMontreal,where minority groups and new immigrants who make up the growth in most religious groups congregate. Two significant trends become clear when the current religious landscape is examined closely. One is the loss of 'secularized' Canadians as active and regular participants in the churches and denominations they grew up in, which were overwhelminglyChristian,while these churches remain a part of Canadians' cultural identity. The other is the increasing presence of ethnically diverse immigration within the religious makeup of the country.
As MainlineProtestantsandRoman Catholicshave experienced drastic losses over the past 30 years, others have been expanding rapidly: overall by 144% in 'Eastern' religions during the 1981-1991 decade.[4]Considering Canada's increasing reliance on immigration to bolster a low birth rate, the situation is only likely to continue to diversify. This increased influx of ethnic immigrants not only affects the types of religions represented in the Canadian context but also the increasingly multicultural and multilingual makeup of individual Christian denominations. FromChineseAnglicanorKoreanUnited Churchcommunities, to theLutheranfocus on providing much needed services to immigrants new to the Canadian context andEnglish language,immigration is making changes.[5]
For some Protestantdenominations,adapting to a newsecularcontext has meant adjusting to their non-institutional roles in society by increasingly focusing onsocial justice.[6]However the pull between conservative religious members and the more radical among the church members is complicated by the numbers of immigrant communities who may desire a church that fulfils a more 'institutionally complete' role as a buffer in this new country over the current tension filled debates oversame-sex marriage,ordinationof women and homosexuals, or the role of women in the church. This of course will depend on the background of the immigrant population, as in theHong Kongcontext whereordinationofFlorence Li Tim Oihappened long before women's ordination was ever raised on the CanadianAnglicanchurch level.[7]
As well amulticulturalfocus on the churches part may include non-Christian elements (such as the inclusion of aBuddhistpriest in one incident) which are unwelcome to the transplanted religious community.[8]Serving the needs and desires of different aspects of the Canadian and newly Canadian populations makes a difficult balancing act for the various mainline churches which are starved for money and active parishioners in a time when 16% of Canadians identify as non-religious and up to two-thirds of those who do identify with a denomination use the church only for its life-cycle rituals governing birth, marriage, and death.[9]
Evangelicalportions of the Protestant groups proclaim their growth as well but as Roger O'Tool notes they make up 7% of the Canadian population and seem to gain most of their growth from a higher birthrate.[10]What is significant is the higher participation of their members in contrast to MainlineProtestantsandRoman Catholics.This high commitment would seem to translate into the kind of political power evangelicals in the United States enjoy but despite Canada's historicallyChristianbackground asLori Beamannotes neatly "...[forming] the backdrop for social process"[11]explicit religiosity appears to have not effectively moved the government towards legal discrimination against gay marriage. Much as many Roman Catholics inQuebecignore the Church's stance onbirth control,abortion,orpremarital sex,the churches do not dictate much of the daily lives of regular Canadians.[12]
There was a major religious revival in Toronto in the 1990s known as theToronto Blessingat a smallVineyard Churchnear theToronto Pearson International Airport.This religious event was the largest tourist attraction to Toronto[13]in the year 1994. This event was characterized by unusual religious ecstasy such as beingslain in the Spirit,laughing uncontrollably,and other odd behavior.
A 2015 study estimates some 43,000 believers in Christ from a Muslim background in Canada, most of whom belong to the evangelical tradition.[14]
Province/Territory |
Christians |
---|---|
Newfoundland and Labrador | 82.44%[15] |
Nunavut | 73.53%[16] |
Prince Edward Island | 67.62%[17] |
New Brunswick | 67.52%[18] |
Quebec | 64.82%[19] |
Nova Scotia | 58.18%[20] |
Saskatchewan | 56.31%[21] |
Manitoba | 54.23%[22] |
Northwest Territories | 55.16%[23] |
Canada | 53.33%[24] |
Ontario | 52.14%[25] |
Alberta | 48.11%[26] |
Yukon | 35.01%[27] |
British Columbia | 34.27%[28] |
Christian Denominations | 2001 | % | 2011 | % | 2021 | % |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Christian | 22,851,825 | 77.0 | 22,102,700 | 67.3 | 19,373,330 | 53.3 |
–Roman Catholic | 12,793,125 | 43.2 | 12,810,705 | 39.0 | 10,799,070 | 29.9 |
–Total Protestant | 8,223,580 | 27.8 | 6,953,190 | 21.2 | 4,781,700 | 13.2 |
–United Church of Canada | 2,839,125 | 9.6 | 2,007,610 | 6.1 | 1,214,185 | 3.3 |
–Anglican | 2,035,495 | 6.9 | 1,631,845 | 5.0 | 1,134,310 | 3.1 |
–Baptist | 729,470 | 2.5 | 635,840 | 1.9 | 436,940 | 1.2 |
– Protestant, n.o.s. | 549,205 | 1.9 | 550,965 | 1.7 | 398,215 | 1.1 |
–Pentecostal | 369,475 | 1.2 | 478,705 | 1.5 | 392,570 | 1.1 |
–Lutheran | 606,590 | 2.0 | 478,185 | 1.5 | 328,045 | 0.9 |
–Presbyterian | 409,830 | 1.4 | 472,385 | 1.4 | 301,400 | 0.8 |
–Mennonite | 191,465 | 0.6 | 175,880 | 0.5 | 130,585 | 0.4 |
–Evangelical, n.o.s. | 92,655 | 0.3 | 94,800 | 0.3 | ||
– Reformed | 115,735 | 0.4 | 102,830 | 0.3 | 79,870 | 0.2 |
–Seventh-day Adventist | 66,940 | 0.2 | 68,305 | 0.2 | ||
–Salvation Army | 87,790 | 0.3 | 70,955 | 0.2 | 51,930 | 0.1 |
–Christian and Missionary Alliance | 66,285 | 0.2 | 50,725 | 0.2 | 31,500 | 0.1 |
–Methodist, n.i.e.1 | 25,730 | 0.1 | 22,750 | 0.1 | 18,965 | 0.1 |
–Wesleyan Church | 11,630 | 0.04 | 13,295 | 0.04 | 10,525 | 0.03 |
–Charismatic | 3,220 | 0.01 | 1,965 | <0.01 | 6,455 | 0.02 |
–Free Methodist Church | 14,110 | 0.05 | 10,560 | 0.03 | 6,430 | 0.02 |
–Church of God | 11,215 | 0.04 | 7,290 | 0.02 | 6,335 | 0.02 |
– Brethren2 | 20,590 | 0.07 | 18,110 | 0.06 | 5,665 | 0.02 |
–Church of Nazarene | 13,955 | 0.05 | 9,015 | 0.03 | 5,655 | 0.02 |
–Evangelical Free Church | 9,115 | 0.03 | 6,540 | 0.02 | 5,525 | 0.02 |
–Anabaptist, n.i.e.3 | 5,365 | 0.03 | ||||
–Evangelical Missionary Church | 66,705 | 0.2 | 7,820 | 0.02 | 5,165 | 0.01 |
–Associated Gospel Churches | 7,730 | 0.03 | 5,700 | 0.02 | 4,625 | 0.1 |
–Brethren in Christ Church of Canada | 20,590 | 0.07 | 18,110 | 0.06 | 3,695 | 0.01 |
–Moravian Church | 5,330 | 0.02 | 5,020 | 0.02 | 3,655 | 0.01 |
–Amish | 3,310 | 0.01 | 3,530 | 0.01 | ||
–Messianic Jewish | 2,845 | 0.01 | ||||
–Quakers | 2,980 | 0.01 | 2,720 | 0.01 | 2,190 | 0.01 |
–Interdenominational Christian | 3,050 | 0.01 | 1,820 | 0.01 | 2,025 | 0.01 |
–Marthomite | 1,735 | <0.01 | ||||
–Christian Science | 1,600 | <0.01 | ||||
–United Methodist Church | 1,475 | <0.01 | ||||
–Wesleyan Church | 1,220 | <0.01 | ||||
–Congregational | 6,150 | 0.02 | 2,510 | 0.01 | 1,150 | <0.01 |
–Apostolic Christian Church (Nazarene) | 995 | <0.01 | ||||
–Calvinist, n.o.s. | 780 | <0.01 | ||||
–Swedenborgian | 1,015 | <0.01 | 830 | <0.01 | 585 | <0.01 |
–Grace Communion Church | 605 | <0.01 | 330 | <0.01 | ||
– Other Christians | 1,835,120 | 6.2 | 2,338,805 | 7.1 | 3,792,560 | 10.4 |
– Christian, n.o.s. | 2,760,755 | 7.6 | ||||
–Eastern Orthodox | 495,245 | 1.7 | 550,690 | 1.7 | 623,005 | 1.7 |
–Jehovah's Witness | 154,745 | 0.5 | 137,775 | 0.4 | 137,225 | 0.4 |
–Latter Day Saint(Mormonism) | 104,745 | 0.4 | 105,365 | 0.3 | 87,725 | 0.2 |
–Non-Denominational Christian | 40,545 | 0.1 | 43,590 | 0.1 | 54,455 | 0.1 |
–Iglesia ni Cristo | 4,980 | 0.02 | 20,095 | 0.1 | ||
–Churches of Christ4 | 15,340 | 0.05 | 15,820 | 0.05 | 6,880 | 0.02 |
– Apostolic, n.o.s. | 6,800 | 0.02 | ||||
–New Apostolic Church | 6,370 | 0.02 | 5,220 | 0.02 | 3,755 | 0.01 |
–Plymouth Brethren | 5,485 | 0.02 | 5,370 | 0.02 | 3,515 | 0.01 |
–Christadelphian | 3,055 | 0.01 | 3,000 | 0.01 | 2,390 | 0.01 |
–Doukhobor | 3,800 | 0.01 | 2,290 | 0.01 | 1,675 | <0.01 |
–Mission de l'Esprit Saint | 775 | <0.01 | 515 | <0.01 | 775 | <0.01 |
– Christian, not included elsewhere | 780,450 | 2.6 | 1,475,575 | 4.5 | 12,220 | 0.03 |
No religious affiliation | 4,900,095 | 16.5 | 7,850,605 | 23.9 | 12,577,475 | 34.6 |
Non-Christian Religions | 1,887,115 | 6.4 | 2,703,200 | 8.1 | 4,377,675 | 12.1 |
1includes people who reported "Methodist" | ||||||
2includes those who reported "Brethren in Christ" | ||||||
3includes those who reported "Anabaptist" | ||||||
4includes those who reported "Disciples of Christ" |
Major denominational families
[edit]Christian denominationsinCanada |
---|
Christian denominations in Canada are usually divided into two large groups:Protestantismand theCatholic Church.There are also Christian denominations that do not fall within either of these groups, such asEastern OrthodoxyandOriental Orthodoxy,but they are much smaller.
Protestantism
[edit]Protestantismin Canada has existed ever since parts of northern Canada were colonized by the English.
19911 | 2001 | 20112 | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Number | % | Number | % | Number | % | |
Total Population | 26,944,040 | 29,639,035 | 32,852,300 | |||
Christian | 22,503,360 | 83 | 22,851,825 | 77 | 22,102,700 | 67.3 |
Total Protestant | 9,427,675 | 34.9 | 8,654,845 | 29.2 | ||
-United Church of Canada | 3,093,120 | 11.5 | 2,839,125 | 9.6 | 2,007,610 | 6.1 |
-Anglican Church of Canada | 2,188,110 | 8.1 | 2,035,495 | 6.9 | 1,631,845 | 5.0 |
-Baptist | 663,360 | 2.5 | 729,470 | 2.5 | 635,840 | 1.9 |
-Lutheran | 636,205 | 2.4 | 606,590 | 2.0 | 478,185 | 1.5 |
- Protestant, not included elsewhere3 | 628,945 | 2.3 | 549,205 | 1.9 | ||
-Presbyterian | 636,295 | 2.4 | 409,830 | 1.4 | 472,385 | 1.4 |
Roman Catholic | 12,203,625 | 45.2 | 12,793,125 | 43.2 | 12,728,900 | 38.7 |
Eastern Orthodox | 387,395 | 1.4 | 495,245 | 1.7 | 550,690 | 1.7 |
Christian, not included elsewhere4 | 353,040 | 1.3 | 780,450 | 2.6 | ||
No Religious Affiliation | 3,397,000 | 12.6 | 4,900,095 | 16.5 | 7,850,600 | 23.9 |
Other | 1,093,690 | 4.1 | 1,887,115 | 6.4 | 2,703,200 | 8.1 |
1For comparability purposes, 1991 data are presented according to 2001 boundaries. 2The 2011 data is from the National Household Survey[29]and so numbers are estimates. 3Includes persons who report only "Protestant". 4Includes persons who report "Christian", and those who report "Apostolic", "Born-again Christian" and "Evangelical". |
Anabaptism
[edit]Amish
[edit]The Amish population in Canada as of 2018, is 5,375.[30]There are Amish settlements in four provinces:Ontario,Prince Edward Island,Manitoba,andNew Brunswick.The majority of Old Order settlements is located in the province of Ontario, namelyOxford(Norwich Township) andNorfolkcounties. A small community is also established inBruce County(Huron-Kinloss Township) nearLucknow.
Hutterites
[edit]In mid-1870s Hutterites moved from Europe to theDakota Territoryin the United States to avoid military service and other persecutions.[31]DuringWorld War IHutterites suffered from persecutions in the United States because they are pacifist and refused military service.[32][33]They then moved almost all of their communities to Canada in the Western provinces of Alberta and Manitoba in 1918.[33]In the 1940s, there were 52 Hutterite colonies in Canada.[33]
Today, more than 75% of the world's Hutterite colonies are located in Canada, mainly in Alberta, Manitoba and Saskatchewan, the rest being almost exclusively in the United States.[34]The Hutterite population in North America is about 45,000 people.[35]
Mennonites
[edit]Mennonites first arrived in Canada in 1786 fromPennsylvania,but following Mennonites arrived directly from Europe.[36]TheCanadian Conference of Mennonite Brethren Churcheshad 37,000 members across 250 congregations,[37]and theMennonite Church Canadahad about 35,000 members in 212 congregations in 1998.[38]
Roman Catholicism
[edit]The Catholic Church in Canada, under the spiritual leadership of the Pope and theCanadian Conference of Catholic Bishops,has the largest number of adherents to a religion in Canada, with 38.7% of Canadians (13.07 million) reported as Catholics in the 2011 National Household Survey, in 72diocesesacross the provinces and territories, served by about 8,000 priests. It was the first European faith in what is now Canada, arriving in 1497 whenJohn Cabotlanded onNewfoundlandand raised the Venetian and Papal banners, claiming the land for his sponsor KingHenry VII of England,while recognizing the religious authority of the Roman Catholic Church.[39]
Eastern Orthodoxy
[edit]Adherents ofEastern OrthodoxChristianity in Canada belong to several ecclesiastical jurisdictions. Historically, Eastern Orthodoxy was introduced to Canada during the course of 19th century, mainly through emigration of Christians fromEastern Europeand theMiddle East.Honoring such diverse heritage, Eastern Orthodoxy in Canada is traditionally organized in accordance with patrimonial jurisdictions ofautocephalousEastern Orthodox Churches, each of them having its own hierarchy with dioceses and parishes. According to 2021 census data,Greek Orthodoxcommunity constitutes the largest Eastern Orthodox community in Canada, with 204,025 adherents. It is followed by other communities: Russian Orthodox (28,245), Ukrainian Orthodox (25,975),Serbian Orthodox(25,445),Romanian Orthodox(16,120),Macedonian Orthodox(6,050),Bulgarian Orthodox(3,825),Antiochian Orthodox(2,140) and several other minor communities within Eastern Orthodoxy.[40]
Oriental Orthodoxy
[edit]Adherents ofOriental OrthodoxChristianity in Canada also belong to several ethnic communities and ecclesiastical jurisdictions. According to 2011 census data,Coptic Orthodoxcommunity constitutes the largest Oriental Orthodox community in Canada, with 16,255 adherents. It is followed by other communities: Armenian Orthodox (13,730), Ethiopian Orthodox (3,025), Syriac Orthodox (3,060) and several other minor communities within Oriental Orthodoxy.[40]
Latter-day Saints
[edit]The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints(LDS Church) has had a presence in Canada since its organization in New York State in 1830.[41]Canada has been used as a refuge territory by members of the LDS Church to avoid the anti-polygamy prosecutions by the United States government.[42]The first LDS Church in Canada was established in 1895 in what would become Alberta; it was the first stake of the Church to be established outside the United States.[43]The LDS Church has founded several communities in Alberta.
In 2011, the LDS Church of Canada claimed around 200,000 members; the 2011 Canadian National Household Survey calculates around 100,000.[44]It has congregations in all Canadian provinces and territories and possess at least one temple in six of the ten provinces, including the oldest LDS temple outside the United States. Alberta is the province with the most members of the LDS Church in Canada, having approximately 40% of the total of Canadian LDS Church members and representing 2% of the total population of the province (the National Household survey has Alberta with over 50% of the Canadian Mormons and 1.6% of the province's population[44]), followed by Ontario and British Columbia.[45]
Ethnic group
[edit]2021 [46][47] |
2011 [48] |
2001 [49] | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Population | % | Population | Population | % | ||
European | 14,908,365 | 76.95% | 18,588,045 | 84.1% | 20,309,200 | 88.87% |
African | 1,068,800 | 5.52% | 720,230 | 3.26% | 523,715 | 2.29% |
Filipino | 898,050 | 4.64% | 497,450 | 2.25% | 300,025 | 1.31% |
Indigenous | 849,815 | 4.39% | 889,315 | 4.02% | 804,430 | 3.52% |
Latin American | 427,065 | 2.2% | 322,675 | 1.46% | 193,440 | 0.85% |
Chinese | 347,245 | 1.79% | 318,935 | 1.44% | 274,350 | 1.2% |
South Asian | 245,035 | 1.26% | 185,345 | 0.84% | 124,320 | 0.54% |
Multiracial | 147,375 | 0.76% | 87,380 | 0.4% | 39,395 | 0.17% |
Arabs | 135,390 | 0.7% | 95,590 | 0.43% | 65,790 | 0.29% |
Koreans | 127,190 | 0.66% | 111,350 | 0.5% | 76,235 | 0.33% |
Southeast Asians | 104,045 | 0.54% | 92,775 | 0.42% | 55,430 | 0.24% |
West Asians | 35,965 | 0.19% | 15,100 | 0.07% | 8,450 | 0.04% |
Japanese | 19,235 | 0.1% | 24,190 | 0.11% | 24,605 | 0.11% |
Other Ethnicity | 59,755 | 0.31% | 54315 | 0.25% | 52,410 | 0.23% |
Total Christian Canadian Population |
19,373,330 | 100% | 22,102,700 | 100% | 22,851,825 | 100% |
History
[edit]Christianity first arrived in the territory later known as Canada in 1497, when the Catholic,John Cabot,landed onNewfoundland,raised theVenetianandPapalbanners and claimed the land for his sponsor KingHenry VII of England,while recognizing the religious authority of the Roman Catholic Church.[39]A letter of John Day states that Cabot landed on 24 June 1497 and "he landed at only one spot of the mainland, near the place where land was first sighted, and they disembarked there with a crucifix and raised banners with the arms of the Holy Father and those of the King of England".[50] In 1608,Samuel de Champlainfounded the first Catholic colony inQuebec City.
See also
[edit]- Demographics of Canada
- History of religion in Canada
- Religion in Canada
- Yearbook of American and Canadian Churches
References
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Further reading
[edit]- Estrelda Y. Alexander, ed. (2018).The Dictionary of Pan-African Pentecostalism. Volume One: North America.Eugene, Or: Cascade Books.ISBN978-1-4982-8477-6.
- Peter Bush (Sept 1987). "The Reverend James Caughey and Wesleyan Methodist Revivalism in Canada West, 1851–1856,"Ontario History,Vol. 79, Issue 3, pp. 231–250.
- Nancy Christie; Michael Gauvreau (2010).Christian Churches and Their Peoples, 1840–1965: A Social History of Religion in Canada.University of Toronto Press.ISBN978-1-4426-6001-4.
- Terence J. Fay (2002).History of Canadian Catholics.McGill-Queen's Press - MQUP.ISBN978-0-7735-6988-1.
- Kevin N. Flatt.After Evangelicalism: The Sixties and the United Church of Canada(2013).
- Eileen W. Lindner, ed. (Feb 14, 2011).Yearbook of American & Canadian Churches.National Council of Churches.(overview)
- Terrence Murphy; Roberto Perin (1996).A concise history of Christianity in Canada.Oxford University Press.ISBN978-0-19-540758-7.
- Mark A. Noll(1992).A History of Christianity in the United States and Canada.Grand Rapids, Mi: Eerdmans Publ.
- Mark A. Noll(2007).What Happened to Christian Canada?.Vancouver, BC: Regent College Publishing.
- Daniel G. Reid;Robert Dean Linder; Bruce Leon Shelley; Harry S. Stout, eds. (1990).Dictionary of Christianity in America.Downers Grove, Il: InterVarsity Press.ISBN0-8308-1776-X.
- John G. Stackhouse Jr. (1998).Canadian Evangelicalism in the Twentieth Century: An Introduction to Its Character.Regent College Publishing.ISBN978-1-57383-131-4.
- Elam Rush Stimson (2008).History of the Separation of Church and State in Canada.BiblioBazaar.ISBN978-0-559-67266-8.