Chrysaphius

Chrysaphius(Greek:Χρυσάφιος) was aeunuchin theEastern Romancourt who became the chief minister ofTheodosius II(r. 402–450). Having a great influence on the rule of the empire during his ascendancy, he pursued a policy of appeasement towards theHuns,which cost the empire far more gold than any military campaign, while amassing a vast fortune in bribes himself. He is depicted as a sinister figure in all the ancient accounts.

Life and policies

The Byzantine historians give us a considerable amount of information on Chrysaphius. His real name was Taiouma (Theophanes151) or Tumna (CedrenusI 601) or Tzoumas (Patria II 182;George Codinus47) or even Ztommas (Malalas363–6). Chrysaphius exercised a considerable influence on Theodosius II at the end of his reign. According to Malalas, Theodosius II loved Chrysaphius for his beauty (Malalas id and 368). He seems to have risen from among the ranks: according to Malalas, he was a merecubicularius(servant of the imperial bedchamber); according to theChronicon Paschale,he was aspatharios(p. 390).

In 441 thecity prefectin Constantinople was a pagan poet fromPanopolisin Egypt namedCyrus,who was exceedingly popular in the city. Thus he incurred the envy of Chrysaphius, who engineered his downfall. Cyrus saved himself by converting to Christianity, but the malice of Chrysaphius was not so easily frustrated, and the eunuch arranged for him to be appointed bishop ofCotyaeuminPhyrgia,where the population had lynched the previous four incumbents. In the event, Cyrus survived and returned to Constantinople in 451 after the death of Chrysaphius.

In 443, he became chamberlain (praepositus sacri cubiculi), which in practice made him the chief minister of the weak Theodosius II. Chroniclers record that he was all-powerful in the Palace (Theoph. 150; Priscus 227); the laterPatria(II 182; Codinus 47) names him anachronistically as aparakoimomenos,after the all-powerful eunuch officials of the 9th-10th centuries. He schemed against the emperor's sisterPulcheriaby exalting the influence of the empressEudocia,and succeeded in arranging her withdrawal from the court. Having done this, he intrigued against the empress, accusing her of adultery with Paulinus, a boyhood friend of the emperor. She was then banished in 444. Having removed both the emperor's wife and sister from the court, Chrysaphius was effectively ruler of the empire, and it is said that the emperor signed papers without reading them (Theophanes, A.M. 5942).

In December 447, the Hunnic kingAttilaarrived before thewalls of Constantinople.Chrysaphius adopted a policy of appeasement, and the imperial government paid Attila a huge tribute to go away, rather than fight.

Chrysaphius had also been involved in the ecclesiastical disputes of the time, and taking bribes from the various parties he amassed a great fortune. He was the godson of the aged Cyrillian abbotEutyches,whom he hoped to place on theepiscopal throne of Constantinopleand so increase his own political influence. This was prevented by the elevation ofFlavianin 447. Chrysaphius therefore induced the emperor to require a gift from the new bishop. Flavian sent the emperor three loaves of consecrated bread, which Chrysaphius rejected, on the grounds that the emperor demanded gold. Flavian refused to supply this on the ground that churchmen should not hand over church property as bribes (Evagrius II.2). This made Chrysaphius his enemy, butPulcheriawas still influential and defended Flavian. Chrysaphius did arrange for a violent enemy of Flavian's, Dioscorus, to be appointed Patriarch of Alexandria, and arranged for the exile ofPulcheria.

In 448 the Eutychian dispute arose, Eutyches bribed Chrysaphius. Flavian was reluctant to be drawn in, but organised a local council in Constantinople, which condemned Eutyches in 448. Chrysaphius, however, was able to use Dioscorus to depose Flavian at the "Robber-synod"(Latrocinium) of Ephesus in August 449. He used the soldiers and puppet clerics to prevent any discussion of the issues. Flavian died a few days after the closure of the Latrocinium because of the injuries suffered from the mob of Dioscorus' monks, led by the dreaded abbot Barsaumas, "a wild, illiterate Syrian archimandrite".

The Hunnic problem had not gone away. In 449, Chrysaphius, with the approval of Theodosius, subornedEdecon,the chief ofAttila's guards, to assassinate him. But he later betrayed the plot to Attila, who demanded the head of Chrysaphius. Chrysaphius sent an envoy with money, and Attila consented in contemptuous language to forgive him and the emperor provided that he received an annual compensation payment of 700 pounds of gold a year. This burden of taxes on an empire already devastated by the ravages of the Huns made the already unpopular favourite deeply hated. Gibbon remarks that the money involved would have more than financed any war against Attila.

The high-handed behaviour at theLatrociniumalso back-fired. There was general opposition to the decisions of the council, andPope Leo Iwrote to the emperor and demanded a fresh council.

It seems that Chrysaphius may have fallen out of favour in the last months of Theodosius' reign. He had an enemy in theIsaurianZeno,Master of Soldiers,who seems to have threatened a revolt in 449. See John Ant. fr. 84 (De ins.), and Priscus, fr. 5 (De leg. Rom.).

Death

Theodosius II died in 450, and was succeeded byMarcian,who married Pulcheria. Both were personal enemies of Chrysaphius.

His fate is described differently in the historians. According to most,Pulcheriaavenged herself against Chrysaphius by handing him over to his mortal enemyJordanes,who had him put to death (Theophanes 160; Chronicon Paschale 390; Malalas 368; Zonaras; III 107–109, Cedrenus I 601–1603). However, according to Malalas, Chrysaphius's cause of death was very different. Chrysaphius had been head of the Green faction, whom Theodosius had protected (Malalas 351). Chrysaphius's death sentence was apparently politically motivated. Supported by the Greens, Chrysaphius may have incited some unrest, and it is known that Marcian was a partisan of the Blues (Malalas 368). Some say that Marcian ordered him to appear before a tribunal to enquire into his misdeeds. On the way there, the fallen minister was stoned to death by a mob infuriated by the high taxes needed to payAttila's tribute. His immense wealth was confiscated.

The political career of Chrysaphius is recorded by the Byzantine historianNicephorus Callistus Xanthopoulos,who deals with his actions in the critical years 449–451.Evagrius Scholasticusalso records some of his actions in church matters.

Chrysaphius in fiction

The conspiracy against Attila is a significant plot element in Geza Gardonyi's novelSlave of the Huns.In this account, the head of Chrysaphius really is given to Attila, transported preserved in honey. Chrysaphius also features in Gillian Bradshaw's novel, Imperial Purple, about a conspiracy to usurp the imperial throne.

External links

• Eudocia
• Marcian