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Church service

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"Sunday service" redirects here. For the song, seeSunday Service (song).For the Gospel-rap group, seeSunday Service Choir.
A LutheranDivine Servicein the United States
A CatholicMassat St. Maria Church,Sehnde,Germany, 2009

Achurch service(or aservice of worship) is a formalized period of Christian communalworship,often held in achurch building.MostChristian denominationshold church services on theLord's Day(offering Sunday morning and Sunday evening services); a number of traditions have mid-week services, while some traditions worship on a Saturday.[A][2]In some Christian denominations, church services are held daily, with these including those in which the sevencanonical hoursare prayed, as well as the offering of theMass,among other forms of worship.[3]In addition to this, many Christiansattend serviceson holy days such asChristmas,Ash Wednesday,Good Friday,Ascension Thursday,among others depending on the Christian denomination.[4]

The church service is the gathering together of Christians to be taught the "Word of God" (theChristian Bible) and encouraged in theirfaith.Technically, thechurchin "church service" refers to thegathering of the faithfulrather than to the physical place in which it takes place. In most Christian traditions services are presided over byclergywherever possible, but some traditions utilizelay preachers.Styles of service vary greatly, from theAnglican,Eastern Orthodox,Oriental Orthodox,Reformed(Continental Reformed,Presbyterian),Roman Catholic,andLutherantraditions ofliturgicalworship to informal worship characterized by certainfree churchtraditions, common amongMethodistsandBaptists,that often combine worship with teaching for the believers, which may also have an evangelistic component appealing tobackslidersand the non-Christians in the congregation (cf.altar call).Quakersand some other groups have no formal outline to their services, but allow the worship to develop as the participants present feel moved.

History

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See also:Early Christianity
Depiction of early Christian worship in theCatacomb of Callixtus

The worship service is a practice of Christian life that has its origins inJewish worship.[5]Jesus ChristandPaul of Tarsustaught a new form of worship of God.[6]As recorded in thegospels,Jesusmet together with his disciples to share teachings, discuss topics,[7]pray, and sing hymns.[8]The holding of church services pertains to the observance of theLord's Dayin Christianity.[9]

TheBiblehas a precedent for a pattern of morning and evening worship that has given rise to Sunday morning and Sunday evening services of worship held in the churches of many Christian denominations today, a "structure to help families sanctify the Lord's Day."[9]InNumbers 28:1–10andExodus 29:38–39,"God commanded the daily offerings in the tabernacle to be made once in the morning and then again at twilight".[9]InPsalm 92,which is a prayer concerning the observance of the Sabbath, the author writes that "It is good to give thanks to the Lord, to sing praises to your name, O Most High; to declare your steadfast love in the morning, and your faithfulness by night" (cf. Psalm 134:1).[10][9]Church fatherEusebius of Caesareathus declared: "For it is surely no small sign of God's power that throughout the whole world in the churches of God at the morning rising of the sun and at the evening hours, hymns, praises, and truly divine delights are offered to God. God's delights are indeed the hymns sent up everywhere on earth in his Church at the times of morning and evening."[9]

The first miracle of theApostles,the healing of the crippled man on thetemplesteps, occurred becausePeterandJohnwent to the Temple to pray (Acts 3:1). Since the Apostles wereoriginally Jews,the concept offixed prayer times,as well as services therefore which differed from weekday toSabbathto holy day, were familiar to them.Pliny the Younger(63 –c. 113), who was not a Christian himself, mentions not onlyfixed prayer timesby believers, but also specific services—other than theEucharist—assigned to those times: "They met on a stated day before it was light, and addressed a form of prayer to Christ, as to a divinity[...] after which it was their custom to separate, and then reassemble, to eat in common a harmless meal. "[11]

The real evolution of the Christian service in thefirst centuryis shrouded in mystery. By thesecondandthird centuries,suchChurch FathersasClement of Alexandria,Origen,andTertullianwrote of formalised, regular services: the practice ofMorningandEveningPrayer, and prayers at the third hour of the day (terce), the sixth hour of the day (sext), and the ninth hour of the day (none). The concept of major hours of prayer corresponding to the first and last hour of the day likely correspond to Jewish practices; that Sunday services (corresponding to theSabbath in Christianity) are more complex and longer (involving twice as many services if one counts theEucharistand the afternoon service) also likely have root in Jewish practices. Similarly, the liturgical year fromChristmasviaEastertoPentecostcovers roughly five months, the other seven having no major services linked to the work of Christ. Though worship services had their origins in Jewish services, it is unlikely that Jewish services were copied or deliberately substituted (seeSupersessionism).

Contemporary church services

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APentecostalworship service atDream City Church,affiliated with theAssemblies of God USA,in 2007, inPhoenix,United States
Worship service atCity Church,affiliated to theBrazilian Baptist Convention,inSão José dos Campos,Brazil,2017

Contemporary worshipservices have their origins in theJesus Movementof the 1960s.[12]In the 1980s and 1990s,contemporary Christian music,comprising a variety of musical styles, such asChristian rockandChristian hip-hopwas adopted by evangelical churches.[13][14][15]Over the years, theorganshave been replaced bypianos,electric guitarsanddrums.[16][17]These contemporary worship services feature asermonbased on theBible.Worship service inEvangelicalchurches is seen as an act of God's worship.[18][19]It is usually run by a Christianpastor.It usually contains two main parts, thepraise(Christian music) and thesermon,with periodically theLord's Supper.[20] [21][22][23]During worship there is usually anurseryfor babies.[24]Prior to the worship service, adults, children and young people receive an adapted education,Sunday school,in a separate room.[25]With the 1960s'charismatic movement,a new conception ofpraisein worship, such as clapping and raising hands as a sign of worship, took place in many evangelical denominations.[26]In the 1980s and 1990s,contemporary Christian music,including a wide variety of musical styles, such asChristian RockandChristian Hip hop,appeared in thepraise.[13][14][15]In the 2000s and 2010s, digital technologies were integrated into worship services, such as thevideo projectorsfor broadcastingpraiselyrics or video, on big screens.[27][28]The use of social media such asYouTubeandFacebookto retransmit live or delayed worship services, by Internet, has also spread.[29]Theofferingvia Internet has become a common practice in several churches.[30][31]In some churches, a special moment is reserved forfaith healingwithlaying on of handsduring worship services.[32]Faith healing or divine healing is considered a legacy ofJesusacquired by his death and resurrection.[33]The taking up oftithesandofferings(gifts made beyond the tithe) is a normative part of the worship services.[34]The main Christian feasts celebrated by the Evangelicals areChristmas,Pentecost,andEasterfor all believers, among others depending onChristian denominations(cf.evangelical feasts).[35] [36][37]

Quaker meeting for worship

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Main articles:Meeting for worshipandQuakers § Worship

Quakers(the Religious Society of Friends), like otherNonconformistProtestant denominations, distinguish between achurch,which is a body of people who believe in Christ, and a 'meeting house' or 'chapel', which is a building where the church meets.[38][39]Quakers have both unprogrammed and programmed meetings for worship. Unprogrammed worship is based on waiting in silence and inward listening to the Spirit, from which any participant may share a message. In unprogrammed meetings for worship, someone speaks when that person feels that God/Spirit/the universe has given them a message for others. Programmed worship includes many elements similar to Protestant services, such as a sermon and hymns. Many programmed meetings also include a time during the service for silent, expectant waiting and messages from the participants.

Common features

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Church choir singing at a service,Cathedral Church of Christ, Lagos,Nigeria

Vocal music is traditionally sung by achoiror thecongregation(or a mixture of the two), usually accompanied by anorgan.[40][41]Sometimes other instruments such as piano, classical instruments, or modern band instruments may be part of the service, especially in churches influenced by thecontemporary worshipmovement. Some churches are equipped with state-of-the-artmulti-mediaequipment to add to the worship experience. The congregation may sing along inhymnalsor words to hymns and worship songs may be displayed on a screen. More liturgical denominations may have the words to specific prayers written in amissaletteorprayer book,which the congregation follows. Though most of the services are still conducted in church buildings designed specifically for that purpose, some services take place in "store front" or temporary settings.[42][43]

For those unable to attend a service in a church building a burgeoningtelevangelismand radio ministry provides broadcasts of services.[44]A number of websites have been set up as "cyber-churches" to provide a virtual worship space free to anyone on the internet. Church services are often planned and led by a singleminister(pastor) or a small group ofeldersor may follow a format laid out by the dictates of the denomination.

Some churches are "layled "with members of the congregation taking turns guiding the service or simply following format that has evolved over time between the active members. More commonly, anordainedminister will preach asermon(which may cover a specific topic, or as part of a book of the Bible which is being covered over a period of time). Depending on the church, a public invitation follows whereby people are encouraged to become Christians, present themselves as candidates for baptism or to join the congregation (if members elsewhere), or for other purposes. Many congregations begin their church services with the ringing of abell(or anumber of bells); a current trend is to have an introductory video which serves as a "countdown" to the beginning of the service. The service usually involves the singing ofhymns,reading ofscriptureverses and possibly apsalm.If the church follows alectionary,the sermon will often be about the scripturelectionsassigned to that day.Eucharisticchurches have usuallyHoly Communioneither every Sunday or several Sundays a month. Less liturgical congregations tend to place a greater emphasis on the sermon. Many churches will take up a collection of money (offertory) during the service. The rationale for this is taken from1 Corinthians 16:1–2,1 Corinthians 9:9–11,and1 Timothy 5:16–18.But some churches eschew this practice in favor of voluntary anonymous donations for which a box or plate may be set up by the entrance, or return-address envelopes may be provided that worshippers may take with them. Offering through the Internet has become a common practice in many evangelical churches.[30][31]On occasion, some churches will also arrange a second collection, typically occurring after Communion, for a specific good cause or purpose.[45]

Some churches offerSunday schoolclasses.[46][25][24]These will often be for younger children, and may take place during the whole of the service (while the adults are in church), or the children may be present for the beginning of the service and at a prearranged point leave the service to go to Sunday school. Some churches have adult Sunday school either before or after the main worship service.

Following the service, there will often be an opportunity for fellowship in thechurch hallor other convenient place. This provides the members of the congregation a chance to socialize with each other and to greet visitors or new members. Coffee or other refreshments may be served.[47]

Types of church service

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During a Christmas service atSt. John's ChurchinHelsinki, Finland

Church services take many forms, and set liturgies may have different names. Services typically include:

  • Regular Sunday services. These are a part of most traditions.Holy Communionmay be celebrated at some or all of these; often it is included either once a month or once a quarter. A few denominations have their main weekly services on Saturday rather than Sunday. Larger churches often tend to have several services each Sunday; often two or three in the morning and one or two in the late afternoon or evening, as well as on Saturdays. Some churches have begun to provide religious services conducted through internet technology, for the benefit of those who cannot attend for health or other reasons, or who may want to preview the church before attending in person.
  • Midweek services. Again, Holy Communion can be part of these, either on every occasion or on a regular basis.
  • Holiday services. Treated like a regular Sunday service, but made more specific for the day.
  • Weddings.These are normally separate services, rather than being incorporated into a regular service, but may be either.
  • Funerals.These are always separate services.
  • Baptisms.These may be incorporated into a regular service, or separate.
  • Confirmation.This is normally incorporated into a regular Sunday service, which will also include communion. It was traditionally thefirst Communionof the confirmee, but more recently, children are invited to communion in some denominations, whether confirmed or not.
  • Ordinationof clergy. New bishops, elders, priests and deacons are usually ordained or installed generally in a solemn but celebratory ceremony on Saturday or Sunday, generally open to the public, either by their own superior or by another approved senior minister with ordination powers. The service is held either at the area headquarters church or cathedral or at another church agreed upon by those to be ordained and the ordaining ministers. Ordination of bishops or elders may require consecration by more than one individual and have a more limited audience.
  • First Communion.Children may celebrate Communion for the first time.
  • Opening of new churches or church buildings.
  • Dedication of newmissionariesor those about to be sent on new missions.

Places of worship

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Further information:Church (building)

Places of worship are usually called "churches" or "chapels".[48][49][50]Some services take place in theaters, schools or multipurpose rooms, rented for Sunday only.[51][42][43]

Attire

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Russian worshippers during theDivine Liturgyin Moscow. Women are wearingheadcoverings,while men worship with their heads uncovered.[52]

Christians have historically tended to wearmodestclothes at church services (cf. 1 Timothy 2:9–10).[53][54]Men have traditionally removed their caps while praying and worshipping, while women have traditionally worn aheadcoveringwhile praying and worshipping (cf. 1 Corinthians 11:1–11).[55][56][57][52]These practices continue to be normative in certain churches, congregations, and denominations, as well as in particular parts of the world, such as inEastern Europeand in theIndian subcontinent,while in the West, attention to these observances has waned generally (apart from those denominations that continue to require them, such asConservative Anabaptistchurches).[57][58][52]In manynondenominational Christianchurches, it may be customary, depending on the locality, for people to be dressed casually.[59]

See also

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References

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Notes

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  1. ^The majority of Christian denominations teach that Sunday is theLord's Dayon which all the faithful must assemble to offer worship to God (cf.first-day Sabbatarianism). A minority of Christian denominations that followseventh-day Sabbatarianismorganize worship on Saturdays.[1]

Citations

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  1. ^Hughes, James R. (2006)."The Sabbath: A Universal and Enduring Ordinance of God".Reformed Presbyterian Church.Retrieved6 October2020.
  2. ^The Korean Repository, Volume 3.Trilingual Press. 21 August 1896. p. 361.The Sunday morning service has been well attended, as have also the Sunday evening and Wednesday evening services.
  3. ^"Times of Worship".Saint Paul's Free Methodist Church.Retrieved5 August2021.
  4. ^Morgan, Bonnie (19 December 2019).Ordinary Saints: Women, Work, and Faith in Newfoundland.McGill-Queen's Press.ISBN978-0-2280-0028-0.Starting with Shroe Tuesday (locall known as Pancake Day), and proceeding through Ash Wednesday to Good Friday, families increased their church attendance and, especially, engaged in the embodies practices of fasting and/or "giving up something for Lent."
  5. ^BBC,Christian worship,bbc.co.uk, UK, June 23, 2009
  6. ^Harry Klassens, "The Reformed Tradition in the Netherlands". InGeoffrey Wainwright& Karen B. Westerfield Tucker (eds.),The Oxford History of Christian Worship,New York:Oxford University Press,2006, p. 465
  7. ^Amy-Jill Levine, Dale C. Allison Jr., John Dominic Crossan,The Historical Jesus in Context,Princeton University Press, USA, 2009, p. 2
  8. ^Mark 14.26, Matthew 26.30; see John J. Pilch, "A Cultural Handbook to the Bible", Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing, USA, 2012, p. 263
  9. ^abcde"Why an Evening Worship Service?".Christ United Reformed Church. 8 December 2010.Retrieved6 October2020.
  10. ^Psalm 134:1
  11. ^Pliny the Younger,Epistulae,Book X,Letter xcvii.
  12. ^Don Cusic,Encyclopedia of Contemporary Christian Music: Pop, Rock, and Worship: Pop, Rock, and Worship,ABC-CLIO, USA, 2009, p. 79
  13. ^abSuzel Ana Reily, Jonathan M. Dueck,The Oxford Handbook of Music and World Christianities,Oxford University Press, USA, 2016, p. 443
  14. ^abMathew Guest,Evangelical Identity and Contemporary Culture: A Congregational Study in Innovation,Wipf and Stock Publishers, USA, 2007, p. 42
  15. ^abDon Cusic,Encyclopedia of Contemporary Christian Music: Pop, Rock, and Worship: Pop, Rock, and Worship,ABC-CLIO, USA, 2009, p. 85–86
  16. ^Monique M. Ingalls,Singing the Congregation: How Contemporary Worship Music Forms Evangelical Community,Oxford University Press, USA, 2018, p. 7
  17. ^William H. Brackney,Historical Dictionary of the Baptists,Scarecrow Press, USA, 2009, p. 403
  18. ^Gerald R. McDermott,The Oxford Handbook of Evangelical Theology,Oxford University Press, UK, 2013, p. 311
  19. ^Roger E. Olson,The Westminster Handbook to Evangelical Theology,Westminster John Knox Press, UK, 2004, p. 284
  20. ^Bruce E. Shields, David Alan Butzu,Generations of Praise: The History of Worship,College Press, USA, 2006, p. 307–308
  21. ^Robert Dusek,Facing the Music,Xulon Press, USA, 2008, p. 65
  22. ^Gaspard Dhellemmes, Spectaculaire poussée des évangéliques en Île-de-France,lejdd.fr, France, June 7, 2015
  23. ^Michael Lee,The Diffusion and Influence of Contemporary Worship,christianitytoday.com, USA, March 18, 2017
  24. ^abGreg Dickinson,Suburban Dreams: Imagining and Building the Good Life,University of Alabama Press, USA, 2015, p. 144
  25. ^abJeanne Halgren Kilde,When Church Became Theatre: The Transformation of Evangelical Architecture and Worship in Nineteenth-century America,Oxford University Press, USA, 2005, p. 159, 170, 188
  26. ^Robert H. Krapohl, Charles H. Lippy,The Evangelicals: A Historical, Thematic, and Biographical Guide,Greenwood Publishing Group, USA, 1999, p. 171
  27. ^Christina L. Baade, James Andrew Deaville,Music and the Broadcast Experience: Performance, Production, and Audience,Oxford University Press, USA, 2016, p. 300
  28. ^AARON RANDLE,Bucking a trend, these churches figured out how to bring millennials back to worship,kansascity.com, USA, December 10, 2017
  29. ^Mark Ward Sr.,The Electronic Church in the Digital Age: Cultural Impacts of Evangelical Mass,ABC-CLIO, USA, 2015, p. 78
  30. ^abMichael Gryboski,Millennial-Majority Churches Detail Challenges, Success Stories in Growth and Finances,christianpost.com, USA, June 18, 2018
  31. ^abGhana News Agency,Asoriba launches church management software,businessghana.com, Ghana, February 3, 2017
  32. ^Cecil M. Robeck, Jr, Amos Yong,The Cambridge Companion to Pentecostalism,Cambridge University Press, UK, 2014, p. 138
  33. ^Randall Herbert Balmer,Encyclopedia of Evangelicalism: Revised and expanded edition,Baylor University Press, USA, 2004, p. 212
  34. ^"Are 'Offerings' Above and Beyond My Tithe?".Saint Peter Lutheran Church.Retrieved4 December2022.Historically, at least in our country, tithing is the practice of giving 10% of one's income to one's church. Offerings are gifts given above and beyond the tithe, either to the church or to other Christian ministries.
  35. ^William H. Brackney,Historical Dictionary of the Baptists,Scarecrow Press, USA, 2009, p. 402
  36. ^Daniel E. Albrecht,Rites in the Spirit: A Ritual Approach to Pentecostal/Charismatic Spirituality,Sheffield Academic Press, UK, 1999, p. 124
  37. ^Walter A. Elwell,Evangelical Dictionary of Theology,Baker Academic, USA, 2001, p. 236–239
  38. ^Wakeling, Christopher (August 2016)."Nonconformist Places of Worship: Introductions to Heritage Assets".Historic England.Archived fromthe originalon 28 March 2017.Retrieved28 March2017.
  39. ^Jones, Anthony (1996).Welsh Chapels.National Museum Wales.ISBN9780750911627.Retrieved28 March2017.
  40. ^William J. Collinge,Historical Dictionary of Catholicism,Scarecrow Press, USA, 2012, p. 280
  41. ^J. Gordon Melton,Encyclopedia of Protestantism,Infobase Publishing, USA, 2005, p. 345
  42. ^abHelmuth Berking, Silke Steets, Jochen Schwenk,Religious Pluralism and the City: Inquiries into Postsecular Urbanism,Bloomsbury Publishing, UK, 2018, p. 78
  43. ^abGeorge Thomas Kurian, Mark A. Lamport,Encyclopedia of Christianity in the United States, Volume 5,Rowman & Littlefield, USA, 2016, p. 1359
  44. ^George Thomas Kurian, Mark A. Lamport,Encyclopedia of Christianity in the United States, Volume 5,Rowman & Littlefield, USA, 2016, p. 2275–2276
  45. ^Zech, C.,The Problem of the Second Collection,America Magazine,published 5 November 2001, accessed 29 May 2021
  46. ^George Thomas Kurian, Mark A. Lamport,Encyclopedia of Christian Education, Volume 3,Rowman & Littlefield, USA, 2015, p. 229
  47. ^United Parish in Brookline,After worship we offer coffee, tea and some kind of snacks in the Chapel,unitedparishbrookline.org MA, USA, Dec 3, 2023
  48. ^D. A. Carson,Worship: Adoration and Action: Adoration and Action,Wipf and Stock Publishers, USA, 2002, p. 161
  49. ^Jeanne Halgren Kilde,Sacred Power, Sacred Space: An Introduction to Christian Architecture and Worship,Oxford University Press, USA, 2008, p. 193
  50. ^Harold W. Turner,From Temple to Meeting House: The Phenomenology and Theology of Places of Worship,Walter de Gruyter, Germany, 1979, p. 258
  51. ^Annabelle Caillou,Vivre grâce aux dons et au bénévolat,ledevoir.com, Canada, November 10, 2018
  52. ^abcYegorov, Oleg (11 December 2019)."Why do women cover their heads in Orthodox churches?".Russia Beyond.In the Orthodox tradition, this is a big no-no. Of course, no one would kick a bareheaded woman out of an Orthodox church, should she walk in, but she is very likely to face some disapproving and judging looks, especially from the local babushkas (you'll always find a few babushkas inside an Orthodox church in Russia). The reason is simple: in an Orthodox church, a woman should wear a headscarf.
  53. ^1 Timothy 2:9–10
  54. ^Wilke, Richard B. (1 September 2010).Disciple III Remember Who You Are: Study Manual: The Prophets – The Letters of Paul.Abingdon Press.ISBN978-1-4267-2788-7.
  55. ^1 Corinthians 11:1–11
  56. ^Gordon, Greg (31 August 2015)."Are Head Coverings Really for Today?".Evangelical Focus.Retrieved2 May2022.Hippolytus an early Church Father wrote, "Let all the women have their heads covered." Others who taught this practice in the Church were, John Calvin [father of the Reformed tradition], Martin Luther [father of the Lutheran tradition], Early Church Fathers, John Wesley [father of the Methodist tradition], Matthew Henry [Presbyterian theologian] to name just a few. We must remind ourselves that until the twentieth century, virtually all Christian women wore head coverings.
  57. ^abAnderson, Cory; Anderson, Jennifer (2019).Fitted to Holiness: How Modesty is Achieved and Compromised among the Plain People.Millersburg:Acorn Publishing. p. 129.
  58. ^Gordon, Greg (31 August 2015)."Are Head Coverings Really for Today?".Evangelical Focus.Retrieved2 May2022.One of the most questioned practices in the New Testament in the modern day Western Church is the practice of Head Coverings for women. Yet to get perspective we need to look over the panoply of God's Church for 2000 years and see that this is not something new but old—and has been practiced diligently over the ages. It is hard to imagine but since the 1960s the Church almost entirely practiced this tradition. The influence of secular reasoning, feminism and liberal theology have led to the questioning and, ultimately, the casting aside of this practice in the Church at large in the evangelical world.
  59. ^Gorny, Nicki (30 January 2022)."Sunday style: Churches go for a more relaxed dress code".The Blade.Retrieved4 December2022.At Five Lakes Church in Sylvania, where a non-denominational and multi-generational congregation sports everything from that suit and tie to summertime shorts and flip-flops, Pastor Micah Sutton offered a similar take. He hopes the casual-to-formal range signals to visitors that they're welcome in the congregation, and that they belong there, regardless of how they style themselves.
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