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Cinco de Mayo

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"5th of May" redirects here. For the date, seeMay 5.
Not to be confused withMexican Independence Day,which occurs on September 16.

Cinco de Mayo
Battle of Puebla
Observed byMexicans,Mexican Americans,and people of non-Mexican heritage
TypePolitical
SignificanceCelebration of the Mexican victory over French forces at theBattle of Puebla,on May 5, 1862
CelebrationsParades, food, music, folkloric dancing, battle reenactments
DateMay 5
Next timeMay 5, 2025(2025-05-05)
Frequencyyearly
Related toEl Día de la Batalla de Puebla

Cinco de Mayo(pronounced[ˈsiŋkoðeˈmaʝo]in Mexico,Spanishfor "Fifth of May" ) is an annual celebration held on May 5 to celebrateMexico's victory over theSecond French Empireat theBattle of Pueblain 1862,[1][2]led by GeneralIgnacio Zaragoza.Zaragoza died months after the battle from an illness, however, and a larger French force ultimately defeated the Mexican army at theSecond Battle of Pueblaand then occupiedMexico City.Following the end of theAmerican Civil Warin 1865, theUnited Statesbegan lending money and guns to the MexicanLiberals,pushing France and MexicanConservativesto the edge of defeat. At the opening of the French chambers in January 1866,Napoleon IIIannounced that he would withdraw French troops from Mexico. In reply to a French request for American neutrality, the American secretary of stateWilliam H. Sewardreplied that French withdrawal from Mexico should be unconditional.

More popular in the United States than in Mexico,[3]Cinco de Mayo has become associated with the celebration ofMexican-Americanculture.[4][5][6]Celebrations began inColumbia, California,where they have been observed annually since 1862.[7]The day gained nationwide popularity beyond those of Mexican-American heritage in the 1980s due to advertising campaigns by beer, wine, and tequila companies; today, Cinco de Mayo generates beer sales on par with theSuper Bowl.[8]In Mexico, the commemoration of the battle continues to be mostly ceremonial, such as through military parades or battle reenactments. The city ofPueblamarks the event with various festivals and reenactments of the battle.

Cinco de Mayo is sometimes mistaken forMexican Independence Day—the most important national holiday in Mexico—which is celebrated on September 16, commemorating theCry of Doloresin 1810, which initiated theMexican War of Independencefrom Spain.[1][9]Cinco de Mayo has been referenced and featured in entertainment media, and has become an increasingly global celebration of Mexican culture, cuisine, and heritage.

Background

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Events leading to the Battle of Puebla

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Anonymous painting depicting the Battle of Puebla in 1862, located at theMuseo Nacional de las Intervenciones.

Cinco de Mayo has its roots in thesecond French intervention in Mexico,which took place in the aftermath of the 1846–48Mexican–American Warand the 1858–61Reform War.The Reform War was a civil war that pittedLiberals(who believed inseparation of church and stateandfreedom of religion) againstConservatives(who favored a tight bond between theCatholic Churchand the Mexican state). These wars nearly bankrupted the Mexican Treasury. On July 17, 1861, Mexican PresidentBenito Juárezissued a moratorium in which all foreign debt payments would be suspended for two years.[5][10]In response,France,Spain,and theUnited Kingdomheld aconvention in Londonand joined in alliance to send naval forces toVeracruzto demand reimbursement. France, at the time ruled byNapoleon III,decided to use the opportunity to establish anempire in Mexicothat would favor French interests, whereupon Britain and Spain negotiated with Mexico and peacefully withdrew. The empire was part of an envisioned "Latin America"(term used to imply cultural kinship of the region with France) that would rebuild French influence in the American continent and excludeAnglophoneAmerican territories.[citation needed]

French invasion and Mexican victory

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Main article:Battle of Puebla

Late in 1861, a well-armed French fleet attacked Veracruz, landing a large French force and driving President Juárez and his government into retreat.[11]Moving on from Veracruz towardsMexico City,the French army encountered heavy resistance from the Mexicans close toPuebla,at the Mexican forts of Loreto and Guadalupe.[12]The French army of 6,500–8,000[13][14][12]attacked the poorly equipped Mexican army of 4,000.[12][note 1]On May 5, 1862,[15]the Mexicans decisively defeated the French army.[16][17][18]The victory represented a significant morale boost to the Mexican army and the Mexican people at large[19][20]and helped to establish a sense of national unity and patriotism.[21]

Events after the battle

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"May 5, 1862 and the siege of Puebla", a 1901 image from theBiblioteca del Niño Mexicano,a series of booklets for children detailing the history of Mexico.

The Mexican victory, however, was short-lived. A year later, with 30,000 troops, the French were able to defeat the Mexican army, capture Mexico City, and installEmperor Maximilian Ias ruler of Mexico.[12]The French victory was itself short-lived, lasting only three years, from 1864 to 1867.[12]By 1865, "with the American Civil War now over, the U.S. began to provide more political and military assistance to Mexico to expel the French."[12]Upon the conclusion of theAmerican Civil War,Napoleon III,facing a persistent Mexican guerilla resistance, the threat of war with Prussia, and "the prospect of a serious scrap with the United States", retreated from Mexico starting in 1866.[22]The Mexicans recaptured Mexico City, and Maximilian I was apprehended and executed, along with his Mexican generalsMiguel MiramónandTomás Mejía CamachoinCerro de las Campanas,Querétaro.[10][12]"On June 5, 1867, Benito Juárez entered Mexico City where he installed a new government organizing his administration."[10]

Significance

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The Battle of Puebla was significant, both nationally and internationally, for several reasons. First, "This battle was significant in that the 4,000 Mexican soldiers were greatly outnumbered by the well-equipped French army of 8,000 that had not been defeated for almost 50 years."[23][24][note 2]Second, since the overall failed French intervention, some have argued that no country in theAmericashas subsequently been invaded by any other military force from Europe.[25][note 3]HistorianJusto Sierrahas suggested in hisPolitical Evolution of the Mexican Peoplethat, had Mexico not defeated the French in Puebla on May 5, 1862, France would have gone to the aid of theConfederate States of Americain theAmerican Civil Warand the United States' destiny could have been different.[26][27]

History of the holiday

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Mexico

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The former Forts of Guadalupe and Loreto now house a museum.

On May 9, 1862, President Juárez declared that the anniversary of theBattle of Pueblawould be a national holiday regarded as "Battle of Puebla Day" or "Battle of Cinco de Mayo".[28][29][30][31][32]

Porfirio Díaz leading Mexican troops in celebration of Cinco de Mayo in 1902

The national celebration of the day peaked during thePorfiriato,the long rule of President/dictatorPorfirio Díaz,who had fought in the Battle of Puebla as a young officer. According to historianKelly Lytle Hernández,Díaz "strategically turned the Cinco de Mayo Festival or celebration into a celebration of his power and his reign and made it something that was celebrated across Mexico and even in diasporic Mexican communities in the United States."[33]Because of this association, in much of Mexico, Cinco de Mayo celebrations declined after Díaz was deposed in theMexican Revolution.

Cinco de Mayo parade inOrizaba,Veracruz, 2017

Today, the commemoration of the battle is not observed as a national holiday in Mexico (i.e. not astatutory holiday).[34]However, all public schools are closed nationwide in Mexico on May 5.[35][36]The day is an official holiday in the State ofPuebla,where the Battle took place, and also a full holiday (no work) in the neighboring State ofVeracruz.[37][38]

In Puebla,historical reenactments,parades, and meals take place to commemorate the battle. Parade participants dress as French and Mexican soldiers to reenact the battle.[39]Every year the city also hosts theFestival Internacional de Puebla,which gathers national and international artists, traditional musicians and dancers,[39]as well as theFestival Internacional del Mole,with an emphasis on the city's iconicmole poblano.[39]

In Mexico City, military commemoration is occasionally held at theCampo Marte.[40]A street,Avenida Cinco de Mayo[es],in theHistoric Center of Mexico Citywas named after the battle in 1862 by Benito Juárez.

United States

[edit]
Cinco de Mayo performers at theWhite House

According to a paper published by theUCLACenter for the Study of Latino Health and Culture about the origin of the observance of Cinco de Mayo in the United States, the modern American focus on that day first started inCaliforniain 1863 in response to the resistance to French rule in Mexico.[41]"Far up in the gold country town ofColumbia(nowColumbia State Park) Mexicanminerswere so overjoyed at the news that they spontaneously fired offrifleshots andfireworks,sang patriotic songs and made impromptu speeches. "[42]

Cinco de Mayo dancers in Washington DC

A 2007 UCLA Newsroom article notes that "the holiday, which has been celebrated in California continuously since 1863, is virtually ignored in Mexico."[41]Timemagazine reports that "Cinco de Mayo started to come into vogue in 1940s America during the rise of theChicano Movement."[20]The holiday crossed over from California into the rest of the United States in the 1950s and 1960s but did not gain popularity until the 1980s when marketers, especiallybeercompanies, capitalized on the celebratory nature of the day and began to promote it.[43][44]It grew in popularity and evolved into a celebration of Mexican culture and heritage, first in areas with large Mexican-American populations, likeLos Angeles,Chicago,Houston,New York,followed byCleveland,Boston,Indianapolis,Raleigh,Dallas,San Antonio,Washington, D.C.,Atlanta,Miami,Orlando,Denver,Phoenix,Philadelphia,Tucson,San Francisco,San Jose,andSan Diego.[45]

Cinco de Mayo celebration inSaint Paul, Minnesota.

In a 1998 study in theJournal of American Cultureit was reported that there were more than 120 official US celebrations of Cinco de Mayo in 21 different states. An update in 2006 found that the number of official Cinco de Mayo events was 150 or more, according to José Alamillo, a professor ofethnic studiesatWashington State Universityin Pullman, who has studied theculturalimpact of Cinco de Mayo north of the border.[46]Los Angeles'Fiesta Broadwayhas been billed as the largest Cinco de Mayo celebration in the world, which it most certainly was at its peak in the 1990s when it attracted crowds of 500,000 or more. In recent years attendance has seen a dramatic decrease.[47][48]

On June 7, 2005, theUnited States Congressissued aconcurrent resolutioncalling on thePresident of the United Statesto issue aproclamationcalling upon the people of the United States to observe Cinco de Mayo with appropriate ceremonies and activities.[49]To celebrate, many display Cinco de Mayo banners whileschool districtshold special events to educate students about its historical significance. Special events and celebrations highlight Mexican culture, especially in its music and regional dancing. Examples includebaile folklóricoandmariachidemonstrations held annually at the Plaza delPueblo de Los Ángeles,nearOlvera Street.Commercial interests in the United States have capitalized on the celebration, advertising Mexican products and services, with an emphasis onalcoholic beverages,[50][51]foods, and music.[52][53]According toNielsen,in 2013 more than $600 million worth of beer was purchased in the United States for Cinco de Mayo, more than for theSuper BowlorSt. Patrick's Day.[8]

The May 4, 2023 edition ofThe Washington Postpublished an article describing the holiday of Cinco de Mayo as an American holiday with Mexican roots and not necessarily a Mexican holiday.[54]

Elsewhere

[edit]
Cinco de Mayo celebration in Japan, 2019

Events tied to Cinco de Mayo also occur outside Mexico and the United States. As in the United States, celebrations elsewhere also emphasize Mexican cuisine, culture and music. For example, some Canadian pubs play Mexican music and serve Mexican food and drink,[55]and a sky-diving club nearVancouverholds a Cinco de Mayo skydiving event.[56]In theCayman Islands,in theCaribbean,there is an annual Cinco de Mayoair guitarcompetition,[57]and atMontego Bay,Jamaica, there is a Cinco de Mayo celebration.[58]The city ofBrisbane,Queensland,Australia, holds an annual Mexican Festival[59]to honor the day, and celebrations are held inLondon[60]and New Zealand.[61]Other celebrations of the day can also be found inCape Town,South Africa,[62]Lagos,Nigeria,[63]and inParis,France.[64]Cinco de Mayo is celebrated in Japan inOsakaand inTokyo'sYoyogi ParkEvent Space as a celebration of Latin American culture.[65][66][67]

See also

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Notes

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  1. ^According to Mexico'sNational Institute of Historical Studies on the Mexican Revolutionthe Mexican force consisted of 4,802 soldiers.[1]ArchivedOctober 6, 2012, at theWayback MachineAnd Peter Hicks of the French Foundation Napoléon and other French sources state the size of the Mexican force was 12,000 men.[2][3].Hayes-Batista clarifies on page 60 of hisEl Cinco de Mayo: An American Traditionthatafterthe smaller Mexican force had defeated the French on May 5, they received reinforcements on May 6 and 7 of approximately 12,000 additional Mexican soldiers.
  2. ^It has been pointed out that, contrary to reports onPBSand in Philadelphia'sThe Bulletin,the French were in fact considered to have been defeated by the Russians at theSiege of Petropavlovskin 1854.
  3. ^The statement inThe Bulletinis, "This was the last time any army from another continent invaded the Americas."[23]Note it says "invaded", and not "attacked". Thus, since Cinco de Mayo no army from another continent hasinvadedthe Americas. The Falklands War, for example, was fought in the Americas but the Islands were invaded by a military from the Americas (the Argentine military). They were subsequently defended (notinvaded) by the UK. Another example, Pearl Harbor, experienced an attack, not aninvasionby the Japanese. The only possible exception to the Cinco de Mayo claim above might be the brief occupation/invasion of two of the Alaskan Aleutian Islands by the Japanese military during WWII. This event, however, was so insignificant as to be virtually negligible: the islands invaded had a total population of 12 Americans and some 45 natives, the invasion was short-lived, and the battle fought there had no notoriety other than the psychological effect on the Americans that the Japanese had invaded American territory again (Alaska was not yet a full-fledged state). In short, the military importance of these small pieces of land was nowhere comparable to the superior military significance of the Battle of Puebla.

References

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  1. ^abLovgren, Stefan (May 5, 2006)."Cinco de Mayo, From Mexican Fiesta to Popular U.S. Holiday".National Geographic News.Archived fromthe originalon September 8, 2006.
  2. ^"Recognizing the Significance of Cinco de Mayo".Congress.gov.House of Representatives. May 4, 2009.RetrievedMay 1,2017.
  3. ^Greene, Brian (May 4, 2012)."Why is Cinco de Mayo More Popular in America Than in Mexico?".U.S. News & World Report.RetrievedMay 6,2023.
  4. ^Krogstad, Jens (May 5, 2003)."University community celebrates Cinco de Mayo".The Minnesota Daily.University of Minnesota. Archived fromthe originalon November 18, 2007.RetrievedApril 25,2016.Today, the holiday is celebrated more in the United States than in Mexico
  5. ^ab"Cinco de Mayo".University of California at Los Angeles.Archived fromthe originalon April 8, 2006.RetrievedMay 5,2011.
  6. ^"Cinco de Mayo celebrations run all weekend".Deseret News.Archived fromthe originalon September 30, 2007.RetrievedMay 8,2007.
  7. ^Hayes-Bautista, David E. (April 2009)."Cinco de Mayo: The Real Story".EGP News.Eastern Group Publications. Archived fromthe originalon June 12, 2016.RetrievedJune 2,2016.Far up in the gold country town of Columbia (now Columbia State Park) Mexican miners were so overjoyed at the news that they spontaneously fired off rifles shots and fireworks, sang patriotic songs and made impromptu speeches.
  8. ^ab"What Is Cinco de Mayo?".The New York Times.May 5, 2018.RetrievedMay 6,2018.
  9. ^Lauren Effron (May 5, 2010)."Cinco de Mayo: NOT Mexico's Independence Day".Discovery Channel.Archived fromthe originalon May 8, 2010.RetrievedMay 6,2023.
  10. ^abcHerz, May."Cinco de Mayo".Inside Mexico.Archived fromthe originalon December 12, 2010.RetrievedMay 5,2011.
  11. ^"Cinco de Mayo".History.com.RetrievedMay 5,2011.
  12. ^abcdefg"Cinco de Mayo".Mexico Online. April 25, 2007.RetrievedMay 5,2011.
  13. ^Goralka, Julia (May 2, 2012)."Cinco de Mayo: What's all the fuss about?".The Washington Times.RetrievedNovember 15,2012.
  14. ^Suarez, Ray (May 4, 2012)."Happy Cinco de Mayo – Sorta".PBS NewsHour.Archived fromthe originalon October 25, 2012.RetrievedOctober 28,2012.
  15. ^"Cinco de Mayo".2011. The History Channel website. Retrieved May 5, 2011.
  16. ^González, Ignacio (1996)."The Significance of 'Cinco de Mayo'".RetrievedNovember 15,2012.
  17. ^Azios, Tony (2010)."Cinco de Mayo – The Backstory".Llero.net.Jaws Communication. Archived fromthe originalon May 13, 2013.RetrievedNovember 15,2012.
  18. ^VanBuskirk, Cheryl (May 7, 2009)."Cinco De Mayo: Join In The Celebration On The Fifth Of May".The Bulletin.Archived fromthe originalon May 11, 2009.RetrievedMay 10,2010.
  19. ^"Cinco de Mayo".HistoryChannel.com.RetrievedMay 14,2010.
  20. ^abRomero, Frances (May 5, 2010)."Happy Cinco de Mayo: Top 10 Drunkest Holidays".Time.Archived fromthe originalon May 7, 2010.RetrievedMay 14,2010.
  21. ^"Cinco de Mayo".Mexico Online. April 25, 2007.RetrievedMay 5,2011.
  22. ^Michael C. Meyer; William H. Beezley (2000).The Oxford History of Mexico.Oxford University Press. pp. 387–8.ISBN9780195112283.
  23. ^ab"Cinco De Mayo: Join In The Celebration On The Fifth Of May".ArchivedMay 11, 2009, at theWayback MachineCheryl VanBuskirk.The Bulletin.Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, US. May 7, 2009. Retrieved June 5, 2009.
  24. ^"The Battle of Puebla and Cinco de Mayo".PBS. Retrieved February 6, 2009.
  25. ^"Cinco De Mayo: Join In The Celebration On The Fifth Of May".ArchivedMay 11, 2009, at theWayback MachineCheryl VanBuskirk.The Bulletin,May 7, 2009. Retrieved June 5, 2009.
  26. ^"Mexico's Lasting European Influence. By Jose Antonio Burciaga. Free Lance-Star Publishing. May 2007. (First released in The Hispanic News Link. 1981.)".Banderasnews.com.RetrievedMay 5,2011.
  27. ^Robert L. Bidwell (April 1971). "The Political Evolution of the Mexican People. By Justo Sierra. Translated by Charles Ramsdell. Austin, TX: The University of Texas Press. 1969".Journal of Interamerican Studies and World Affairs.13(2). Center for Latin American Studies at the University of Miami: 306–308.doi:10.2307/174689.JSTOR174689.
  28. ^"Did You Know? Cinco de Mayo is more widely celebrated in USA than Mexico".Tony Burton. Mexconnect. Retrieved May 8, 2013.
  29. ^"Cultural adaptation: the Cinco de Mayo holiday is far more widely celebrated in the USA than in Mexico".Geo-Mexico. May 2, 2011. Retrieved May 8, 2013.
  30. ^"25 Latino Craft Projects: Celebrating Culture in Your Library".Ana Elba Pabon. Diana Borrego. 2003. American Library Association. Page 14. Retrieved May 8, 2013.
  31. ^"7 Things You May Not Know About Cinco de Mayo".Jesse Greenspan. May 3, 2012. Retrieved May 8, 2013.
  32. ^Congressional Record – House.Page 7488. 9 May 2001. Retrieved May 8, 2013. Contrary to most other sources, this source states the date Juarez declared Cinco de Mayo to be a national holiday was September 8, 1862.
  33. ^"Cinco de Mayo and the Rise of Modern Mexico: Throughline".NPR.
  34. ^"Holidays 2013".ArchivedMay 13, 2013, at theWayback MachineU.S. Consulate in Mexico. Retrieved April 16, 2013.
  35. ^Los días de 2013 que, por ley, debes descansar.January 9, 2013. Retrieved April 16, 2013.
  36. ^Calendario Escolar 2012–2013.ArchivedApril 13, 2013, at theWayback MachineSecretaria de Educacion Publica. Government of Mexico. Retrieved April 16, 2013.
  37. ^Calendario Puebla 2012.Retrieved April 16, 2013.
  38. ^Circular 0077-13 Calendario Oficial de Días Festivos 2013.[permanent dead link]Adelante. Gobierno del Estado de Veracruz. January 16, 2013. Retrieved April 16, 2013.
  39. ^abc"How people actually celebrate Cinco de Mayo in Mexico".Business Insider.RetrievedMay 3,2017.
  40. ^"Peña Nieto no estará en Puebla para desfile del 5 de Mayo; conmemora Batalla en Campo Marte".SDPnoticias.com(in European Spanish). May 5, 2015.
  41. ^abSouthern California Quarterly"Cinco de Mayo's First Seventy-Five Years in Alta California: From Spontaneous Behavior to Sedimented Memory, 1862 to 1937" Spring 2007 (seeAmerican observation of Cinco de Mayo started in California) Retrieved October 30, 2007.
  42. ^Hayes-Bautista, David E. (April 2009)."Cinco de Mayo: The Real Story".EGP News.Eastern Group Publications. Archived fromthe originalon June 12, 2016.RetrievedJune 2,2016.Far up in the gold country town of Columbia (now Columbia State Park) Mexican miners were so overjoyed at the news that they spontaneously fired off rifles shots and fireworks, sang patriotic songs and made impromptu speeches.
  43. ^"Cinco de Mayo minor holiday in Mexico".UPI. World News. May 5, 2010. Retrieved May 15, 2010. Verified March 20, 2013.
  44. ^Cesares, Oscar (May 5, 2010)."Holiday of Cinco de Mayo is minor event in Mexico".Houston Chronicle.RetrievedMay 15,2010.
  45. ^"Cinco de Mayo".History.com.RetrievedMarch 10,2013.
  46. ^Lovgren, Stefan."Cinco de Mayo History: From Bloodshed to Beer Fest".National Geographic.Los Angeles. Archived fromthe originalon May 6, 2010.RetrievedMay 5,2011.
  47. ^Canalis, John (April 26, 1992).L.A. hosts nation's biggest Cinco de Mayo party.UPI Archives. Retrieved August 22, 2016.
  48. ^Jamison, Peter (April 24, 2016)."With thinner crowds in a smaller space, Fiesta Broadway feels deeply diminished".Los Angeles Times.Retrieved August 22, 2016.
  49. ^Library of Congress (U.S.A.) DeclarationArchivedSeptember 2, 2014, at theWayback Machine.Retrieved February 6, 2009.
  50. ^Kane, Courtney (May 2, 2003)."Marketers extend their holiday efforts to a Mexican celebration and even to Lent".The New York Times.RetrievedApril 25,2016.[Cinco de Mayo] gives us an opportunity... to really get a jump-start on the summer beer-selling season
  51. ^"Constellation Brands and Crown Imports Ring in Cinco de Mayo at New York Stock Exchange".ACNNewswire.com.Victor, New York: Asian Corporate News Network. May 3, 2012.RetrievedMay 8,2012.
  52. ^Salem, Nancy (May 4, 2007)."Cinco de Mayo's history neglected; it's an excuse to party".The Albuquerque Tribune.Archived fromthe originalon September 14, 2007.RetrievedApril 25,2016.From my perspective as a marketing professional, Cinco de Mayo has morphed into a national holiday designed by Fifth Avenue to sell alcohol and excite consumership around a party-type theme
  53. ^Alamillo, José M."Contesting Cinco de Mayo: Cultural Politics and Commercialization of Ethnic Festivals, 1930–1950".Smithsonian Institution. Archived fromthe originalon May 10, 2010.RetrievedMay 8,2007.Cinco de Mayo is not just a fiesta anymore, the gringos have taken it on as a good sales pitch
  54. ^Kinnally, Cara Anne (May 5, 2023)."Cinco de Mayo is not a Mexican holiday. It's an American one".The Washington Post.RetrievedMay 12,2023.
  55. ^Canadian celebrationArchivedAugust 27, 2012, at theWayback Machine;St. Albert, Canada 2012 celebrationArchivedJune 22, 2012, at theWayback Machine;Montreal celebration[dead link].Retrieved May 8, 2012.
  56. ^"Cinco de Mayo Skydiving Boogie 2008".Abbotsford, British Columbia,Canada. Archived fromthe originalon April 19, 2008.RetrievedMay 5,2008.
  57. ^Cayman Cinco de Mayo air guitarArchivedJanuary 16, 2015, at theWayback Machine.Retrieved May 5, 2008.
  58. ^Jamaica celebrationArchivedJuly 18, 2012, at theWayback Machine.Retrieved May 8, 2012.
  59. ^"Brisbane Cinco de Mayo Mexican Festival";Brisbane celebrationArchivedJuly 9, 2012, at theWayback Machine
  60. ^"Where to Celebrate Cinco de Mayo in London".Retrieved May 8, 2012.
  61. ^Mexican Ambassador to New Zealand honors Cinco de Mayo.Retrieved May 8, 2012.
  62. ^Cinco de Mayo in South AfricaRetrieved May 5, 2016
  63. ^Cinco de Mayo in Lagos, NigeriaArchivedJune 4, 2016, at theWayback MachineRetrieved May 5, 2016
  64. ^"El cinco de mayo – Paris – jeudi 05 mai"After Work. Retrieved May 8, 2012.
  65. ^Cinco de Mayo festivals in Osaka and TokyoArchivedMay 5, 2016, at theWayback MachineRetrieved May 5, 2016
  66. ^"Cinco De Mayo Festival in Tokyo"ArchivedFebruary 22, 2014, at theWayback MachineJapanBases.com. Retrieved August 16, 2013.
  67. ^"Cinco de Mayo 2013: Celebrating the Americas"Cinco de Mayo Festival. Retrieved August 16, 2013.
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