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Circassian diaspora

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Circassians
Адыгэхэр(Adyghe)
Адыгэхэр(Kabardian)
Circassian flag
Map of the Circassian diaspora
Total population
c. 5.3 million
Regions with significant populations
TurkeyTurkey2,000,000–3,000,000[1][2][3]
Russia751,487[4]
JordanJordan250,000[5][3]
SyriaSyria80,000–120,000[3][6][7][8][9]
EgyptEgypt50,000[citation needed]
GermanyGermany40,000[3][10]
LibyaLibya35,000[11]
IraqIraq34,000[12]
United StatesUnited States25,000[12][better source needed]
Saudi ArabiaSaudi Arabia23,000[citation needed]
IranIran5,000–50,000[13]
IsraelIsrael4,000–5,000[14][15][16]
Uzbekistan1,257[17]
Ukraine1,001[18]
Poland1,000[19][20][21]
Netherlands500[22]
Canada400[23]
Belarus116[24]
Turkmenistan54[25]
Languages
Native:
West Circassian,East Circassian
Diaspora:
Turkish,Russian,Arabic,English,German,Persian,Hebrew
Religion
Majority:Sunni Islam[13]
Minority:
Christianity(mostlyEastern Orthodoxy,but alsoCatholicism),[26]Circassian paganism,[27]irreligion[28]
Related ethnic groups
Abazgi peoples(Abkhaz,Abazin),Chechens
Part ofa serieson the
Circassians
Адыгэхэр
Arrows in the Circassian flag
List of notable Circassians
Circassian genocide
Circassian diaspora
Circassian tribes

Surviving

Destroyed or barely existing

Religion
Religion in Circassia
Languages and dialects
History
Show
Culture

TheCircassian diasporarefers to ethnicCircassianpeople around the world who live outside their homelandCircassia.The majority of the Circassians live in the diaspora, as their ancestors were settled during the resettlement of theCircassianpopulation, especially during the late nineteenth and early twentieth century. From 1763 to 1864, the Circassians fought against theRussian Empirein theRussian-Circassian War,finally succumbing to a scorched-earthgenocide campaign initiated between 1862 and 1864.[29][30]Afterwards, large numbers of Circassians were exiled and deported to theOttoman Empireand other nearby regions; others were resettled inRussiafar from their home territories.[31][32]Circassians live in more than fifty countries, besides theRepublic of Adygea.[33]Total population estimates differ: according to some sources, some two million live inTurkey,Jordan,Syria,andIraq;[34]other sources say between one and four million live in Turkey alone.[35]

Middle East[edit]

A large number of Circassians began arriving in theLevantin the 1860s and 1870s through resettlement by the Ottoman Empire for political or military reasons (in many cases). The Ottomans settled them in areas with Muslim minorities and populations that were otherwise of concern to the government; moreover, the dispersion of the Circassians, a warrior people, diminished their possible military threat. An estimated 600 Circassian villages are in Central and WesternAnatolia.Likewise, Circassians who moved to Jordan were settled there to counter possibleBedouinattacks. There is a sizeable Circassian population in Syria, which has, to a great extent, preserved its original culture and even its language.[36]

Turkey[edit]

Main article:Circassians in Turkey

Circassians are regarded by historians to play a key role in the history of Turkey. Turkey has the largest Adyghe population in the world, around half of all Circassians live in Turkey, mainly in the provinces ofSamsunandOrdu(in Northern Turkey),Kahramanmaraş(in Southern Turkey),Kayseri(in Central Turkey),Bandırma,andDüzce(in Northwest Turkey), along the shores of theBlack Sea;the region near the city ofAnkara.All citizens of Turkey are considered Turks by the government, but it is estimated that approximately two million ethnic Circassians live in Turkey. The "Circassians" in question do not always speak the languages of their ancestors, and in some cases some of them may describe themselves as "only Turkish". The reason for this loss of identity is mostly due to Turkey's Government assimilation policies[37][38][39][40][41][42][43][44][45][46][47][48][49]and marriages with non-Circassians. Circassians are regarded by historians to play a key role in the history of Turkey. Some of the exiles and their descendants gained high positions in the Ottoman Empire. Most of the Young Turks were of Circassian origin. Until the end of the First World War, many Circassians actively served in the army. In the period after the First World War, Circassians came to the fore in Anatolia as a group of advanced armament and organizational abilities as a result of the struggle they fought with the Russian troops until they came to the Ottoman lands. However, the situation of the Ottoman Empire after the war caused them to be caught between the different balances of power between Istanbul and Ankara and even become a striking force. For this period, it is not possible to say that Circassians all acted together as in many other groups in Anatolia. The Turkish government removed 14 Circassian villages from Gönen and Manyas regions in December 1922, May and June 1923, without separating women and children, and drove them to different places in Anatolia from Konya to Sivas and Bitlis. This incident had a great impact on the assimilation of Circassians. After 1923, Circassians were restricted by policies such as the prohibition of Circassian language,[37][40][44][45][41][50][47][51][42]changing village names, and surname law[41][42][43]Circassians, who had many problems in maintaining their identity comfortably, were seen as a group that inevitably had to be assimilated.

Iran[edit]

Main article:Circassians in Iran

The diaspora of Circassians in Iran dates back to the end of the 15th century, when Jonayd of theAk Koyunluraided regions ofCircassiaand carried off prisoners.[52]However, the real large influx of Circassians started by the time ofShah Tahmasp Iof theSafavid dynasty,who in four campaigns deported some 30,000 Circassians and Georgians back to Iran. Tahmasp's successors, most notablyShah Abbas,all the way till the time of theQajar dynastycontinued to deport and import hundreds of thousands of Circassians to Iran, while a lesser amount migrated voluntarily. Following the mass expulsion of the native Circassians of the northwest Caucasus in 1864, some of them also migrated to Qajar Iran, where some of these deportees from after 1864 rose to various high ranks such as in thePersian Cossack Brigade,where every member of the army was either Circassian, or any other type of ethnos from theCaucasus.[53]The Circassians in Iran played an important and crucial role in the army, civil administration, and royal harems over the many centuries.[54]Today, they are the third-largest Caucasus derived group in the nation after theArmeniansandGeorgians.[55]

Egypt[edit]

Main article:Circassians in Egypt
Aziz Pasha Abazaof theHouse of Abaza,the largest Circassian clan in Egypt

The Circassian diaspora may date back to the end of the fourteenth century: the Circassian population inEgyptclaims its descendance from theMamlukswho, during theMamluk Sultanate,ruled Egypt andSyria.[36]One exception to this is theAbazincommunity in Egypt which conglomerates in the powerfulAbaza Familythat claims descent from an Abazin "beloved" female "elder."[56]In Egypt, the Abkhazians took – or were given – the last name "Abaza".[56]

Syria[edit]

Main article:Circassians in Syria

In 1987, Syria was home to approximately 100,000 Circassians, about half of whom lived inHauranprovince,[57]and many of the Circassians used to live in theGolan Heights.During the time of theFrench Mandate for Syria and the Lebanon(1920–1946), Circassians served with the French troops in the "escadron tcherkesse" (Cherkess squadron), earning them enduring distrust from the Syrian Sunni Arabs.[57]

InQuneitraand theGolan Region,there was a numerous Circassian community. Several Circassian leaders wanted in 1938, for the same reasons as their Assyrian, Kurdish and Bedouin counterparts inAl-Jazira provincein 1936–1937, a special autonomy status for their region as they feared the prospect of living in an independent Syrian republic under a nationalist Arab government hostile towards the minorities that had collaborated with the colonial power. They also wanted the Golan region to become a national homeland for Circassian refugees from the Caucasus. A Circassian battalion served in the French army and had helped it against the Arab nationalist uprisings. Like in Al-Jazira Province, the French authorities refused to grant any autonomy status to the Golan Circassians.[58]

Statue ofSatanayain the Circassian village ofBeer Ajam,Syria, before destruction

The Circassians of Syria were actively involved in the1948 Arab-Israeli war.Their unit was under the leadership ofJawad Anzor.200 Circassians werekilled in action.They performed well, but the overall failure to stop the founding of Israel led to the special Circassian unit being disbanded.[citation needed]After theSix-Day Warof 1967, they withdrew further into Syria, especially toDamascusandAleppo.They were prevented from returning to the Golan Heights by Israeli occupying forces, but after 1973 some of the returned, now living in two villages,Beer AjamandBariqa,where they maintain a traditionally Circassian way of life.[59]

The Circassians in Syria are generally well off. They have very good relations with minorities likeAlawites,Druze,ChristiansandJews.Many of them work for the government, in civil service, or for the military. The former Syrian interior minister and director of the military police,Bassam Abdel Majeed,was a Circassian.[60]All Circassians learn Arabic and English in school; many speakAdyghe language,but their numbers are dwindling. One kindergarten in Damascus provides Adyghe language education. However, there are no Circassian newspapers, and few Circassian books are printed in Syria.[citation needed]Cultural events play an important role in maintaining the ethnic identity of the Circassians. During holidays and weddings, they perform folk dances and songs in their traditional dress.[57]

Jordan[edit]

Main article:Circassians in Jordan

Between 1878 and 1904, Circassians founded five villages in Jordan: Amman (1878), Wadi al-Sir (1880), Jerash (1884), Na'ur (1901), and al-Rusayfa (1904).[61]Since then, the Circassians have had a major role in the development of Jordan, holding high positions in the Jordanian government, armed forces, air force and police.[62][self-published source]In 1921, Circassians were granted the position of the personal trusted royal guards ofKing Abdullah the First.Since then, the Circassians have been the royal guard, serving all four of the Jordanian Kings,King Abdullah the First,King Talal the First,King Hussein the FirstandKing Abdullah the Second.[63]In 1932, the Circassian Charity Association was established, making it the second oldest charity group in Jordan. In 1944, Al-Ahli Club was founded, which is a Circassian sports club. In 1950, Al-Jeel Al-Jadeed club opened, aiming to preserve the Circassian Culture. In 2009, the Circassian Culture Academy was founded, aiming to preserve theCircassian language,which comprises the closely relatedAdygheandKabardianlanguages (considered to bedialectsof Circassian by some linguists). In 1994, the Al-Ahli Club established a Circassian folklore dance troupe. The Circassian Culture Academy also has a Circassian Folklore Dance troupe named the Highlanders.

On 21 May 2011, the Circassian community in Jordan organised a protest in front of the Russian embassy in opposition to theSochi 2014 Winter Olympics,because the site of the Games was allegedly being built over the site of mass graves of Circassians killed during theCircassian genocideof 1864.[64]

Iraq[edit]

Main article:Circassians in Iraq

Iraq is home to approximately 35,000 Circassians, of mainly West Circassian origin. The Adyghes came toIraqin two waves: directly fromCircassia,and later from theBalkans.They settled in all parts of Iraq – from north to south – but most of all in Iraq's capitalBaghdad.It has been reported that there are 30,000 Adyghe families just in Baghdad alone. Many also settled inKerkuk,Diyala,Fallujah,and other places. Circassians played a major role in different periods throughout Iraq's history, and made great contributions to political and military institutions in the country, to theIraqi Armyin particular. Several Iraqi Prime Ministers have been of Circassian descent.

The Iraqi Circassians mainly speakMesopotamian ArabicandWest Circassian.

Israel[edit]

Main article:Circassians in Israel

There are five to ten thousand Circassians in Israel, living mostly inKfar Kama(5,005) andRehaniya(5,000). These two villages were a part of a larger group of Circassian villages around theGolan Heights.As is the case with Jewish Israelis, and theDruzepopulation living within Israel, Circassian men must complete mandatory military service upon reaching the age of majority. Many Circassians in Israel are employed in the security forces, including in theIsrael Border Police,theIsrael Defense Forces,theIsrael Policeand theIsrael Prison Service.[65][66]

Libya[edit]

Main article:Circassians in Libya

Around 35,000 Circassians live inLibya,most of them are in the city of Misurata 200 km east of Tripoli.[67]

Europe[edit]

Kosovo[edit]

Main article:Circassians in Kosovo

A small minority of Circassians had lived inKosovo Poljesince the late 1880s, as mentioned byNoel Malcolmin his seminal work about that province, but they were repatriated to theRepublic of Adygeain southernRussiain the late 1990s.[68]

Poland[edit]

A small population of 26 Circassian-speakers lived inCongress Polandin theRussian Partitionof Poland, according to the 1897 census.[69]

Romania[edit]

Main article:Circassians in Romania

There is evidence for the presence of people in the principalities ofMoldaviaandWallachiawith names derived from the Circassians.[70]Furthermore, following the Circassian genocide, around 10,000 Circassians settled inNorthern Dobruja,a region now pertaining toRomania.They were later expelled as agreed in theTreaty of San Stefanoof 1878, which gave the region toRomania,avoiding any prominent contact between the Romanian state and the Dobrujan Circassians.[71][72]

Current situation[edit]

Circassians refer to their diaspora as agenocide;the diaspora is "perhaps the most pressing issue in the region and the most difficult to solve."[citation needed]In 2006, the RussianState Dumarefused to accept a petition by the Circassian Congress that would have called the Russian–Circassian War an act of genocide.[34]Hazret Sovmen,President of the Republic of Adygeafrom 2002 to 2007, referred to the Circassian diaspora as an enduring tragedy and a national catastrophe, claiming the Circassians live in more than fifty countries across the world, most of them far from their "historical homeland".[73]The International Circassian Organization promotes the interests of Circassians, and the advent of the Internet has brought "a sort of virtual Circassian nation" into being.[74]

Statistics by country[edit]

Country Official figures % Current est. Circassian population Further information
Russia 751,487(2021 census)[4] 0.58% — —
Turkey (1965 census, Circassian speakers)[75] 0.34% 1,400,000[76] Circassians in Turkey
Syria — — 100,000[77] Circassians in Syria
Jordan — — 180,300[78] Circassians in Jordan
Iraq — — 35,000 Circassians in Iraq
Israel — — 4,000[79] Circassians in Israel
United Kingdom — — 3,000[80][81]
Kazakhstan 1,700(1989 census)[82] 0.01% — —
Uzbekistan 1,300(1989 census)[83] 0.01% — —
Ukraine 1,100(2001 census)[84] 0% — —
Georgia 800(1989 census)[85] 0.01% — —
Azerbaijan 600−700(1989 census)[86] 0.01% — —
Austria 300−500(2018 annually statistics)
Bulgaria 500(2011 census)[87] 0% — —
Turkmenistan 300−400(1995 census)[88] 0.01% — —
Armenia 200(1989 census)[89] 0% — —
Belarus 200(2009 census)[90] 0% — —
Moldova 99(1989 census)[91] 0% — —
Latvia 50−100(2018 annually statistics)[92] 0% — —
Tajikistan 86(1989 census)[93] 0% — —
Kyrgyzstan 50(2009 census)[94] 0% — —
Estonia 21(1989 census)[95] 0% — —
Lithuania 11(1989 census)[96] 0% — —

See also[edit]

References[edit]

Footnotes
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Bibliography
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