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Clan Mackay

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Clan Mackay
Mac Aoidh/Clann Mhic Aoidh[1][2]or Sìol Mhorgain[3]
Crest:A dagger held erect
MottoManu forti (With a strong hand)[2]
War cryBratach Bhan Chlann Aoidh!
Profile
RegionHighland
DistrictStrathnaver
Plant badgeBulrush[2]
Pipe musicBratach Bhan Chlann Aoidh (The White Banner of MacKay)[2]
Chief
Æneas Simon Mackay
15th Lord Reay(Morair Maghrath)
Historic seatCastle Varrich[4]
Septsof Clan Mackay
Allan,Bain,Bayne,Kay, Key, MacAllan,MacBain,MacCaa, MacCaw, MacCay, MacGaa, MacGaw, MacGee, MacGhee, MacGhie, MacKee,Mackie,MacPhail,MacQue, MacQuey, McKay, MacQuoid,MacVail,MacVain, MacVane, Morgan, Neilson, Nelson,Paul,Pole,Poleson,Polson,Reay, Scobie, Williamson.[5]
Clan branches
Mackay of Strathnaver(chiefs)
Mackay of Aberach(senior cadets)
Mackay of Ardbrecknish
Mackay of Ardoch[6]
Mackay of Scoury
Mackay of Borley
Mackay of Bighouse
Mackay of Inveralmond[7]
Mackay of Kirtomy
Mackay of Strathy
Mackay of Skerray
Mackay of Borgie
Mackay of Melness
Mackay of Sandwood
Mackay of Whitehouse[7]
Mackay of Achmonie
Mackay of Galloway
Mackay of Argyle and the West
Mackay of Clashfern
In other countries:
Mackay of the Netherlands (the current chief was from this branch)
Mackay of Sweden
Mackie of Carrickbraith
Allied clans
Rival clans
Clan Sinclair
Clan Donald
Clan Gunn(15th century)
Clan Ross(15th century)
Clan Sutherland(15th & 16th centuries)

Clan Mackay(/məˈkaɪ/mə-KY;Scottish Gaelic:Clann Mhic Aoidh[ˈkʰl̪ˠãũn̪ˠvĩçˈkʲɤj]) is an ancient and once-powerfulHighlandScottish clanfrom the far North of theScottish Highlands,but with roots in the oldKingdom of Moray.

They supportedRobert the Bruceduring the Wars of Scottish Independence in the 14th century. In the centuries that followed they were anti-Jacobite.The territory of the Clan Mackay consisted of the parishes ofFarr,Tongue,DurnessandEddrachillis,and was known asStrathnaver,in the north-west of the county ofSutherland.However, it was not until 1829 that Strathnaver was considered part of Sutherland when the chief sold his lands to theEarls of Sutherlandand theHighland Clearancesthen had dire consequences for the clan.

In the 17th century the Mackay chief's territory had extended to the east to include the parish ofReayin the west of the neighbouring county ofCaithness.The chief of the clan isLord Reayand the lands of Strathnaver later became known as the Reay Country.

History

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Origins of the clan

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Historian Angus Mackay in hisBook of Mackay(1906) compares two different genealogies of the early chiefs of the Clan Mackay.[8]The first is bySir Robert Gordon,a 17th-century historian and the second by Alexander Mackay of Blackcastle, an 18th- to 19th-century historian who had access to the charters and historical documents of the Mackay chief's family.[8]Both genealogies have similarities but there are also significant differences given for the ancestry of the Mackay chiefs. Gordon's genealogy also claims that the chiefs of the Clan Mackay shared a common ancestor with both the chiefs of theClan Forbes[note 1]and chiefs ofClan Farquharson.Historian Angus Mackay gives evidence that explains that Gordon's theory of the connection to the Forbeses was due to an extremely strong alliance between the two families that began during the 16th century in a long feud with the Gordon family.[9][note 2]TheBlackcastle MSshows that the Mackay chiefs were related to the Farquharsons but gives a different connection to that given by Gordon.[8]Angus Mackay analyses what evidence is available to support each of the two genealogies and concludes that the one given in Alexander Mackay'sBlackcastle Manuscriptis by far the most accurate.[8]

TheBlackcastle MSclaims that Iye Mackay, 1st chief of the Clan Mackay, who was born in about 1210, was a descendant ofMalcolm MacHeth,1stEarl of Rosswho died in about 1168.[8]Malcolm MacHeth, Earl of Ross may well have been related to the early rulers orMormaers of Moray.[10]According to Angus Mackay, sometime in the 1160s, the MacHeths and their supporters after conflict with kingMalcolm IV of Scotlandfled northwards over the hills ofRossintoStrathnaver,where they were welcomed by the NorseHarald Maddadsson,Mormaer of Caithnesswho was then an enemy of the king.[11]In 1215, the MacHeths along with theMacWilliamsretaliated against the king but were defeated byFearchar, Earl of Rossand the grandson of Malcolm MacHeth, Kenneth MacHeth was killed.[12]According to Angus Mackay it is possible that from this Kenneth MacHeth the Stathnaver Mackays are descended,[12]and that Iye Mackay, 1st chief of Clan Mackay may well have been his son or nephew.[13]According to theBlackcastle MSIye Mackay's son was Iye Mor Mackay, 2nd chief of Clan Mackay who married a daughter ofWalter, Bishop of Caithnessin 1263.[8]

Wars of Scottish Independence

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According toMajor-General Stewart,the Mackays were amongst the clans who supportedRobert the Bruceat theBattle of Bannockburnin 1314.[14]Later in the 14th century, in 1370, chiefIye Mackay, 4th of Strathnaverand his son were murdered atDingwall CastlebyNicholas Sutherland, 1st of Duffus,head of one of the junior branches ofClan Sutherland.Much bloodshed followed, including a retaliatory raid on Dornoch in 1372. The cathedral was once again set on fire and many Sutherland men were hanged in the town square. After this, the feud quietened down as both sides were called away to fight against the English.[15]

15th century and clan conflicts

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AVictorian eraromantic illustration of a MacKay clansman byR. R. McIan.

In 1403, theBattle of Tuiteam Tarbhachwas fought between Clan Mackay andClan MacLeod of Lewis:ChiefAngus Mackay, 6th of Strathnaverhad married the sister of the MacLeod of Lewis. MacLeod found that his sister had been mistreated and he decided to spoil Strathnaver and Brae-Chat in Sutherland but in the ensuing battle MacLeod was killed.[16]

In 1411,Donald of Islay, Lord of the Isleschallenged the Stewart royal family for theEarldom of Ross.ChiefAngus Du Mackay, 7th of Strathnaverjoined the Stewart Confederacy and theBattle of Dingwalltook place in which Donald of the Isles defeated Mackay and imprisoned him on one of his castles on the coast. However, after the battle, Donald made peace with Angus and gave him in marriage his sister, Elizabeth.[17]She was a granddaughter ofRobert II of Scotland,indicating how important the Clan Mackay had become.[18]

In 1426, theBattle of Harpsdaletook place where Chief Angus Du Mackay, 7th of Strathnaver, with his son Neil, laid waste toCaithness.The inhabitants of Caithness assembled and fought Angus Du at Harpsdale, where there was great slaughter on both sides.[19]In August 1428,James I of Scotlandcame toInverness,intending to inflict his rule on the Highland chiefs, including Angus Du Mackay who submitted himself to the King's mercy, and gave his son Neil as a pledge of his future obedience. The King accepted, and sent Neil Mackay to remain in captivity on theBass Rock,in the Firth of Forth; he was afterwards called NeilBhasseorWhasse.[20][21]

Sometime between 1429 and 1433, theBattle of Drumnacoubtook place where Angus Du Mackay, 7th of Strathnaver defeated theClan Sutherlandwho were led by Angus Moray.[22][23]This battle is also mentioned by the historiansGeorge Buchanan(1506–1582)[24][25]and the 18th centuryJohn Pinkertonwho quoted the 15th centurychronicler,Walter Bower.[26]In 1437, a conflict known as theSandside Chasetook place where men of Caithness were overthrown byNeilBhasseMackay, 8th of Strathnaverafter his release from theBass Rockfollowing the assassination of James I.[27]

In 1464, theBattle of Tannachtook place where the Clan Mackay, underAngus Roy Mackay, 9th of Strathnaver,and theClan Keithdefeated theClan Gunnof Caithness.[28]

In the late 15th century the Clan Mackay andClan Rosshad long been at feud. This resulted in theBattle of Tarbatin 1486 where the Mackays were defeated by the Rosses and chief Angus Roy Mackay, 9th of Strathnaver was killed.[29]This was followed by theBattle of Aldy Charrishwhere the Rosses were defeated by the Mackays and the Ross chief was killed along with many of his clan.[30]According to 17th-century historian Sir Robert Gordon, who was a younger son of Alexander Gordon, 12th Earl of Sutherland, the Clan Sutherland joined the side of the Clan Mackay at this battle.[30]However, 19th-century historian Angus Mackay disputes the Sutherland's presence at the battle stating that it would be unlikely that the Earl of Sutherland at the time would have assisted against the Rosses as he was married to a daughter of the Ross chief of Balnagowan, and also that the feudal superiority of the Sutherlands over the Mackays "nowhere existed save in his own fertile imagination".[31]

16th century and clan conflicts

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Map showing the territory of the Clan Mackay that was known as Strathnaver in relation to Sutherland and Caithness. The boundary is marked with a dashed line. (click to enlarge)

Towards the end of the 15th century and at the beginning of the 16th century, chiefIye Roy Mackay, 10th of Strathnaversupported the Scottish Crown against the rebellion ofDonald Dubhwith much success.[32]However, it isClan Camerontradition that in 1505, the Cameron chief who supported Donald Dubh, defeated a joint force of Mackays and Munros atBattle of Achnashellach.[33]In 1513, chief Iye Roy Mackay, 10th of Strathnaver along with his brother, John Riavach Mackay, led the Mackays at theBattle of Flodden,where John Riavach was killed along with many of his clansmen.[34]

According to historian Sir Robert Gordon, who himself was a son of Alexander Gordon, 12th Earl of Sutherland, in 1517, theBattle of Torran Dubhtook place where theClan Sutherlanddefeated the Clan Mackay who were led byJohn Mackay, 11th of Strathnaver.[35]However, historian Angus Mackay disputes Gordon's account and says that the battle was actually fought by the Mackays against the Rosses, Murrays and Gunns, and not against the Sutherlands.[36]According to Sir Robert Gordon, in 1522, Alexander Gordon (theEarl of Sutherland's eldest son) overthrew John Mackay of Strathnaver at Lairg, and forced him to submit himself to the Earl of Sutherland, to whom John Mackay gave a bond ofmanrentand service.[37]However, historian Angus Mackay disputes Gordon's account that there was even a skirmish and says that John Mackay was simply renewing the bond of friendship in 1522 with Alexander Gordon, that he had previously made with Alexander Gordon's father, Adam Gordon, in 1518.[38]In 1528, the Mackays, who were then at feud with the Gordon, Earls of Sutherland are associated withClan Forbeswho were then at feud with the Gordon, Earls of Huntly, chiefs ofClan Gordon.According to the bookConflicts of the Clanswhich was published in 1764, in 1542 theBattle of Alltan-Beathtook place where the Clan Mackay were defeated by the Clan Sutherland.[39]According to historian Sir Robert Gordon, in 1542, chiefDonald Mackay, 11th of Strathnaverwas captured by the Gordon Earls of Sutherland and Huntly, and imprisoned inFoulis Castle.[40]However, this is disputed by historian Angus Mackay.[41]

In 1542, chiefIye Du Mackay, 12th of Strathnaverand his followers fought against the English at theBattle of Solway Moss.[42]In 1544, Mackay joined the Earl of Arran at theBattle of Glasgowand in 1548 he joined in theSiege of Haddington.[43]

In 1555, the Siege ofBorve Castletook place where the castle capitulated and chief Iye Du Mackay, 12th of Strathnaver was captured by the Sutherlands,[18]imprisoned atDumbarton Castle,[44]and later inEdinburgh Castle.[18]According to Sir Robert Gordon, son of the Earl of Sutherland, the siege was followed by theBattle of Garbharrywhich was the last battle between the Mackays of Strathnaver and the Earls of Sutherland.[45]In 1562, theBattle of Corrichietook place where the Mackays supportedMary, Queen of ScotsagainstGeorge Gordon, 4th Earl of Huntly.[46]

In 1586, theBattle of Allt Camhnatook place where the chief's younger brother William Mackay, 1st of Bighouse, assisted the Clan Gunn in a victory over theClan Sinclairof Caithness.[47][48]This was followed by theBattle of Leckmelmwhere theMackay of Aberachbranch of the clan assisted the Earl of Sutherland in defeating the Clan Gunn.[49]In 1588, chiefHuistean Du Mackay, 13th of Strathnaverjoined the Earl of Sutherland and married his daughter the following year.[50]In 1590, the chief's half-brother, Donald Balloch Mackay, led a company of archers at theBattle of Clynetradwellin support of the Earl of Caithness but he later sided with the Earl of Sutherland.[51]

17th century

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Thirty Years' War

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A 17thC German print assumed to show men of Mackay's Regiment in Stettin during the Thirty Years' War. The original caption states, "They are a strong and hardy people who survive on little food. If they have no bread, they eat roots [turnips may be intended]. When necessary, they can cover more than 20 German miles in a day's forced march. [1 German mile = 4¾ English miles] Besides muskets, they carry bows, quivers and long swords."

In April 1616 chief Donald Mackay went toLondonwith his uncle, Sir Robert Gordon, and was knighted by the king.[52]In 1626, Sir Donald Mackay embarked with 3000 men atCromartyunderCount Mansfeldfor theThirty Years' Warin the service of the king ofDenmarkalongside their colonel,Robert Monro.[53]In March 1627 Sir Donald Mackay was created aBaronet of Nova Scotia,[18]and in 1628 was elevated in the peerage asLord Reay.[18]In 1630,Donald Mackay, 1st Lord Reayaccompanied his regiment to Germany, and was present at the capture ofStettinandColberg.[54]The following year in 1631 Lord Reay was empowered byCharles I of Englandto raise another force of men for service withGustavus Adolphus,king of Sweden.[55]He quarreled with David Ramsay at the English Court and, having challenged him to a duel, both were imprisoned in theTower of Londonto preserve the peace.[56]During 1632, Gustavus Adolphus, king of Sweden was killed at theBattle of Lützenand Lord Reay was not repaid large sums of money due to him by the king.[57]

Civil War

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In 1638,James Graham, 1st Marquess of Montroseand the Lords Home, Boyd and Loudoun invitedDonald Mackay, 1st Lord Reayto meet them and others to consider the religious troubles of the time and to sign the Covenant, which he did unwillingly, along with his son, John Mackay, Master of Reay, because of his long attachment to Charles I.[58]In 1644, like Montrose, Lord Reay again espouses the cause ofCharles I of Englandin theEnglish Civil War,and aided Lord Crawford for several months at theSiege of Newcastle,in the defence of the city against the Scots army.[58]When the town was captured by General Leslie, Lord Reay and Lord Crawford were sent as prisoners toEdinburgh Castle.[58]In 1645, following Montrose's victory at theBattle of Kilsyth,Lord Reay was liberated from imprisonment and returned home.[59]In January 1649 Charles I was executed.[60]Donald Mackay, 1st Lord Reay having fought for Charles I during the civil war was to be created Earl of Strathnaver but the royal patent was not completed and Reay went into exile in Denmark where he died in February 1649.[18]

In 1651, a company of men from the Clan Mackay led by William Mackay of Borley fought at theBattle of Worcesterin England under the Duke of Hamilton in support ofCharles II of England.[61]

In 1680, George Mackay, 3rd Lord Reay succeeded his grandfather and for the next fourteen years was under the guardianship of his maternal grandfatherSir George Munro of Culrain.[62]In 1689, GeneralHugh Mackaygarrisoned 100 Mackays inBrahan Castle,seat of Mackenzie, Earl of Seaforth to keep check on the Mackenzies.[63]General Hugh Mackay, was made Commander-in-Chief in Scotland byWilliam, Prince of Orange.[64]He was defeated at theBattle of Killiecrankiebut he won the campaign againstJohn Graham of Claverhouse, 1st Viscount of Dundee,who was killed at Killiecrankie.[65]General Hugh Mackay was mortally wounded at theBattle of Steinkirkin 1692.[66]The son of the second Lord Reay was The Hon. Aeneas Mackay, Brigadier-General who had a prolonged military service in Scotland, Ireland and on the continent.[67]He died inBath, Somersetin 1697 and there is a monument to him inBath Cathedral.[67]

18th century and Jacobite risings

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Jacobite rising of 1715

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In 2004 six "Mackay Country" signs were installed welcoming people to the area that was once the territory of the clan.[68]They were placed atKylesku,Achfary(both in parish of Eddrachillis),Forsinard,Dalvina,Crask(all three in parish of Farr) and one on theA836 roadat the border between the counties of Caithness and Sutherland.[68]In 2014 the latter was vandalized.[68]

During theJacobite rising of 1715the Clan Mackay were anti-Jacobite, taking the side ofGeorge I of Great Britainand defendingInverness Castleagainst the Jacobites.[69]The Mackays were also present at theSkirmish of Alnessin 1715 against Mackenzie, Earl of Seaforth.[70]In 1719, a detachment of 80 men from the Clan Mackay fought at theBattle of Glen Shielwhere they defeated the Jacobites.[71]

Jacobite rising of 1745

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During theJacobite rising of 1745the Clan Mackay again supported the British Government and the MackayIndependent Highland Companies,along with some men fromLoudon's Highlandersregiment, intercepted and captured gold which had been sent from France to the Jacobite leaderCharles Edward Stuart,in what become known as theSkirmish of Tongue.[72]Independent Highland Companies formed from the Clan Mackay, that were led by Ensign John Mackay, fought at theBattle of Littleferryin 1746 where they defeated the Jacobites and also captured the JacobiteGeorge Mackenzie, 3rd Earl of CromartieatDunrobin Castle.[73]

Later clansmen

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In 1806, the "Mackay's Society" was founded inGlasgow.In 1815, at theBattle of Waterloo,the79th Highland Regiment of Footformed a square upon being attacked by French Cavalry, andpiperKenneth Mackay, showing no fear, marched out of the square playing the tune "War or Peace". He was subsequently presented with a set of Silver Pipes by the King's own hand for his bravery. In 1815 - 1818 - TheHighland Clearancesbegan to take effect on the Mackay lands, by which the people were removed to make room for sheep. In 1829, the Reay estate was sold to theCountess of Sutherlandby Eric, 7th Lord Reay.

In 1865, David Mackay won theVictoria Crossby taking the colours of thePunjabisduring an attack on the fortification of Sercunderbah in India. The mutineers were the 2nd Battalion of Punjabis, the onlySikhregiment to mutiny. Later in the day David Mackay was shot while attacking a second fort at Shah Neijeef and was returned to Britain to recover.

In 1875, on the death of Eric Mackay, 9th Lord Reay, who was unmarried, the title passed to the branch of the family resident in Holland and who were descended from John Mackay, 2nd Lord Reay. Æneas Mackay, a Baron of the Netherlands, Vice President of the Council of State and holder of the Cross of the Order of the Netherlands, became 10th Lord Reay. He died in 1876. His son, Donald James Mackay, succeeded as 11th Lord Reay, left Holland and was made a Peer of the United Kingdom as Baron Reay of Durness (8 October 1881) with a seat in the House of Lords. He was appointed Governor of Bombay (1885–90) and Under-Secretary of State for India (1894–95) and was Lord Lieutenant of Roxburghshire. In 1900, inSouth Africa,John Frederick MacKay,serving with theGordon Highlandersat the Battle of Crow's Nest Hill, North Johannesburg, wins the highest award, theVictoria Cross.

Castles

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Tongue Bay, Sutherland, c.1822, with the House of Tongue in the background which was formerly the seat of the chiefs of the Clan Mackay after they abandoned Castle Varrich and Borve Castle in the 16th century
  • Castle VarrichinTongue,Sutherlandwas the ancient seat of the chief of Clan Mackay but the chief later moved to the House of Tongue, Sutherland (still in private ownership). Castle Varrich, also known asCaisteal Bharraichwas originally held by the Bishops of Caithness before being held by the Mackays.[4]
  • House of Tongue in Tongue, Sutherland was the main seat of the Mackay chief, Lord Reay. The House of Tongue was later acquired by the Dukes of Sutherland and is still held by them.[4]It is occasionally open to the public.[4]
  • Borve CastleinFarr, Sutherlandwas used by the ancient Clan Mackay as an outpost for raiding other clans. It was also known as Farr Castle.[4]
  • Balnakeil House, atBalnakeil,parish ofDurnesswas held by the Mackays from 1611 onwards.[4]Balnakeil House, standing about 100 metres from Balnakeil Church was reckoned, by Dr Ian Grimble, to be second in magnificence only to the chief's seat at Tongue House.[74]
  • Bighouse nearThursowas held by the Mackay of Bighouse branch of the clan and is now an exclusive hotel and restaurant.[4]
  • Dirlot Castle near Watten,Caithnesswas originally held by the Cheynes, then by theClan Gunn,then by theClan Sutherlandand then by the Clan Mackay from 1499 onwards.[4]
  • Dounreay Castlenear Thurso, Caithness was originally held by theClan Sinclairbut later passed the Mackay Lords Reay. It was still occupied in 1863 and now stands in the grounds of theDounreay Nuclear Plant.[4]
  • Loch Stack Castle nearScourie,Sutherland was held by the Mackays of Reay.[4]
  • Melness House near Tongue was held by the Mackays from the 14th century. An older house later replaced by a mansion was the site of theSkirmish of Tongue.[4]
  • Scourie Castle in Scourie, Sutherland. Seat of theMackay of Scourybranch of the clan. (SeeHugh Mackay of Scourie). The property later went to the Earls and Dukes of Sutherland and the later Scourie House dates from 1864.[4]
  • Dun Ugadaleor just Ugadale near toCampbeltown,Kintyre,Argyllwas possibly held by the Mackays from the 14th century. The ruins of adunand old house.[4]

Chiefs

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Main article:Chiefs of Clan Mackay

Tartans

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Tartan image Notes
This image meant to approximate 'ancient' dyes.
This image approximates 'modern' dyes.
 Clan Mackay ('Logan'), circa 1816.[76]
Barr-Colony Mackietartan(Canada)[77]
Clanmorgan(MacKay)tartan,as published in 1842 inVestiarium Scoticum

See also

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Notes

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  1. ^Historian Sir Robert Gordon, writing in about 1615 - 1630, in his lineage of the Mackay chiefs stated that the Mackays were descended from oneWalter,who was said to be the bastard son of the predecessor of theLord Forbeswho at that time was not of the surname Forbes. Historian Angus Mackay, in his "Book of Mackay" (1906) states that there is documentary evidence from about 1500 to 1715 that shows a close friendship between the two families so as to strongly confirm the tradition that they were of kindred stock. However, Angus Mackay does not accept the lineage given by Sir Robert Gordon, and instead accepts the lineage given in Alexander Mackay'sBlackcastle Manuscript.The tradition of a shared ancestry between the Mackays and Forbeses was later recorded by two other 17th-century historians: SirThomas Urquhartof Cromarty recorded in 1652 that the Mackays, Urquharts and Forbeses were all of the same stock and in 1667 William Forbes recorded that the same three families shared a common ancestor. The Mackays and Urquharts of Cromarty had shortly before the account of 1652 was written also been on very good terms: they had been associated in 1649 when Inverness was captured by the royalists and Captain Mackay of Borley had led some men alongside the Urquhart Knight of Cromarty at theBattle of Worcesterin 1651.
  2. ^Throughout the 16th century a feud was fought between the Clan Forbes andClan Gordonin which the Mackays were strong supporters of the Forbeses. There were conflicts and murders between the Gordons and Forbeses in the 1520s, 1530s right up until 1571 when theBattle of TillieangusandBattle of Craibstonewere fought, and the two clans were even on opposing sides at theBattle of Glenlivetin 1594. The Mackays had been on such good terms with the Forbeses that the sons of chief Iye Du Mackay, who died in 1572, even went to the length of calling themselves "Mackay-Forbes". While the Clan Forbes feuded with the Gordon Earls of Huntly, the Mackays feuded with their cousins the Gordon Earls of Sutherland.

References

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  1. ^Grannd, Seumas (2013).Gaidhlig Dhuthaich Mhic Aoidh - The Gaelic of the Mackay Country, Dialect and Vocabulary.Taigh na Gaidhlig Mhealanais. p. 191.ISBN978-1-900901-60-4.
  2. ^abcd"Clan Mackay Profile".scotclans.com.Retrieved13 May2014.
  3. ^Mac an Tàilleir, Iain."Ainmean Pearsanta"(docx).Sabhal Mòr Ostaig.Retrieved15 October2009.
  4. ^abcdefghijklmCoventry, Martin (2008),pp. 376–7.
  5. ^Scots Kith & Kin.HarperCollins.2014. pp. 73–74.ISBN9780007551798.
  6. ^"Burke's Peerage".burkespeerage.com.Retrieved27 December2021.
  7. ^abPaul, James Balfour (1903),p. 77.
  8. ^abcdefMackay, Angus (1906),pp. 11–20.
  9. ^Mackay, Angus (1906),pp. 6–9.
  10. ^Lynch, Michael (2011),pp. 428–30.
  11. ^Mackay, Angus (1906),pp. 23–4.
  12. ^abMackay, Angus (1906),pp. 26–7.
  13. ^Mackay, Angus (1906),p. 35.
  14. ^Mackay, Angus (1906),p. 42. Quoting:Stewart, General David (1825).Sketches of the Character, Manners, and Present State of the Highlanders of Scotland.p.30.ISBN978-0-665-54082-0.
  15. ^Mackay, Robert (1829),p. 47. Quoting:Gordon, Sir Robert (1580–1656)
  16. ^Mackay, Angus (1906),p. 54.
  17. ^Mackay, Angus (1906),p. 55.
  18. ^abcdefWay, George and Squire, Romily. (1994),pp. 224–5.
  19. ^Mackay, Angus (1906),pp. 56–7.
  20. ^Mackay, Angus (1906),p. 57.
  21. ^Gordon, Sir Robert (1580–1656),pp. 63–4.
  22. ^Mackay, Angus (1906),pp. 59–63.
  23. ^Gordon, Sir Robert (1580–1656),pp. 65–6.
  24. ^Buchanan (1506–1582),p.94.
  25. ^Mackay, Robert (1829),p.66.
  26. ^Pinkerton (1797),p.125.Quoting:Bower (1447),p. 491
  27. ^Gordon, Sir Robert (1580–1656),p. 68.
  28. ^Gordon, Sir Robert (1580–1656),p. 69.
  29. ^MacKinnon, Donald (1957),pp. 16–17.
  30. ^abMackay, Robert (1829),p. 86. Quoting:Gordon, Sir Robert (1580–1656)
  31. ^Mackay, Angus (1906),pp. 70–1.
  32. ^Mackay, Angus (1906),p. 75-6.
  33. ^"Battle of Achnashellach".clan-cameron.org.Retrieved16 October2013.
  34. ^Mackay, Angus (1906),pp. 69 and 76.
  35. ^Mackay, Robert (1829),pp. 100–6. Quoting:Gordon, Sir Robert (1580–1656)
  36. ^Mackay, Angus (1906),p. 52.
  37. ^The Celtic magazine; a monthly periodical devoted to the literature, history, antiquities, folk lore, traditions, and the social and material interests of the Celt at home and abroad.Vol. 10. Inverness: A. & W. Mackenzie. 21 March 1875. p.573.
  38. ^Mackay, Angus (1906),p. 84.
  39. ^"The Conflict of Aldine-beh".The History of the Feuds and Conflicts among the Clans in the Northern Parts of Scotland and in the Western Isles.Glasgow:Printed by J. & J. Robertson forJohn Gillies,Perth. 1780 [Originally published in 1764 byFoulis press]. pp.21-22.Written from a manuscript wrote in the reign of James VI of Scotland (Sir Robert Gordon'sA Genealogical History of the Earldom of Sutherland).
  40. ^Mackay, Robert (1829),pp. 114–8. Quoting:Gordon, Sir Robert (1580–1656)
  41. ^Mackay, Angus (1906),p. 92.
  42. ^Mackay, Robert (1829),p. 112.
  43. ^"List of Important Dates in Clan Mackay History".clanmackay.ca.Retrieved16 October2013.
  44. ^Accounts of the Lord High Treasurer of Scotland.Vol. 10. 1913.
  45. ^Mackay, Robert (1829),pp. 126–7. Quoting:Gordon, Sir Robert (1580–1656)
  46. ^Mackay, Robert (1829),pp. 131–3. Quoting:Scots Acts of Parliament.
  47. ^Sinclair, Thomas (1890),p. 47.
  48. ^Mackay, Robert (1829),pp. 149–50. Quoting:Gordon, Sir Robert (1580–1656),p. 182
  49. ^Gordon, Sir Robert (1580–1656),p. 183.
  50. ^Mackay, Angus (1906),p. 115.
  51. ^Mackay, Angus (1906),pp. 286–7.
  52. ^Mackay, Robert (1829),p. 192.
  53. ^Mackay, Robert (1829),p. 220.
  54. ^Mackay, Robert (1829),pp. 237–8.
  55. ^Mackay, Robert (1829),pp. 245–6.
  56. ^Mackay, Robert (1829),pp. 246–50.
  57. ^Mackay, Robert (1829),pp. 270–2.
  58. ^abcMackay, Robert (1829),p. 282.
  59. ^Mackay, Robert (1829),pp. 308–9.
  60. ^Mackay, Robert (1829),pp. 326–7.
  61. ^Mackay, Robert (1829),pp. 563–564.
  62. ^Mackay, Angus (1906),p. 162.
  63. ^Mackay, John of Rockfield (1836),p. 35.
  64. ^Mackay, John of Rockfield (1836),pp. 15–16.
  65. ^Mackay, Angus (1906),pp. 168–70.
  66. ^Mackay, Angus (1906),p. 172.
  67. ^abMackay, Angus (1906),pp. 338–9.
  68. ^abc"Anger over damage to Mackay stone".northern-times.co.uk.Retrieved31 May2014.
  69. ^"Clan Mackay History".electricscotland.com.Retrieved15 October2013.
  70. ^Rose, D.M. (1897),Chapter 6. pp. 38 to 52..
  71. ^Mackay, Angus (1906),p. 181.
  72. ^Simpson, Peter. (1996),p. 135.
  73. ^Simpson, Peter. (1996),pp. 135–6.
  74. ^"Balnakeil House".durness.org. Archived fromthe originalon 4 March 2016.Retrieved6 January2016.
  75. ^"Lord Reay - obituary".The Telegraph.Retrieved1 November2013.
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  78. ^"The Independent ~ 12 June 1997"
  79. ^Ondřej Daněk "Rockall" 2009

Bibliography

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