Clermont-Ferrand
Clermont-Ferrand
Clarmont-Ferrand(Occitan) | |
|---|---|
 Photomontage:view of the historic center from Montjuzet Park (top) Victoire Square andNotre-Dame-de-l'Assomption Cathedral;Statue of Vercingétorix; and Chaussetiers Street (middle) Basilica of Notre-Dame du Port(bottom) | |
 Flag  Coat of arms | |
Location of Clermont-Ferrand  | |
  Clermont-Ferrand  Clermont-Ferrand | |
| Coordinates:45°46′59″N3°04′57″E/ 45.7831°N 3.0824°E | |
| Country | France |
| Region | Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes |
| Department | Puy-de-Dôme |
| Arrondissement | Clermont-Ferrand |
| Canton | 6 cantons[1] |
| Intercommunality | Clermont Auvergne Métropole |
| Government | |
| • Mayor(2020–2026) | Olivier Bianchi[2] |
| Area 1 | 42.67 km2(16.47 sq mi) |
| • Urban (2018) | 181 km2(70 sq mi) |
| • Metro (2018) | 2,845 km2(1,098 sq mi) |
| Population (2021)[3] | 147,327 |
| • Density | 3,500/km2(8,900/sq mi) |
| •Urban (2018[4]) | 272,551 |
| • Urban density | 1,500/km2(3,900/sq mi) |
| •Metro (2018[4]) | 504,157 |
| • Metro density | 180/km2(460/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+01:00(CET) |
| • Summer (DST) | UTC+02:00(CEST) |
| INSEE/Postal code | 63113/63000-63100 |
| Elevation | 321–602 m (1,053–1,975 ft) (avg. 358 m or 1,175 ft) |
| Website | clermont-ferrand |
| 1French Land Register data, which excludes lakes, ponds, glaciers > 1 km2(0.386 sq mi or 247 acres) and river estuaries. | |
Clermont-Ferrand(UK:/ˌklɛərmɒ̃fɛˈrɒ̃/,US:/-moʊn-/;French:[klɛʁmɔ̃fɛʁɑ̃])[5][6][7]is a city andcommuneofFrance,in theAuvergne-Rhône-Alpesregion,[8]with a population of 147,284 (2020). Itsmetropolitan area(aire d'attraction) had 504,157 inhabitants at the 2018 census.[4]It is theprefecture(capital) of thePuy-de-Dômedépartement.Olivier Bianchiis its currentmayor.
Clermont-Ferrand sits on the plain ofLimagnein theMassif Centraland is surrounded by a major industrial area. The city is known for the chain ofvolcanoes,theChaîne des Puys,which surround it. This includes the dormant volcanoPuy de Dôme,10 kilometres (6 miles) away, one of the highest in the surrounding area, which is topped by communications towers and visible from the city. Clermont-Ferrand has been listed as a "tectonic hotspot" since July 2018 on theUNESCO World Heritage List.
One of the oldest French cities, it was known byGreeksas the capital of theArvernietribe before developing in theGallo-Romanera under the name of Augustonemetum in the 1st century BC. The forum of theRomancity was located on the top of the Clermont mound, on the site of the presentcathedral.During thedecline of the Western Roman Empireit was subjected to repeated looting by the peoples who invadedGaul,includingVandals,Alans,VisigothsandFranks.It was later raided byVikingsas theCarolingian Empireweakened in theearly Middle Ages.Growing in importance under theCapetian dynasty,in 1095 it hosted theCouncil of Clermont,wherePope Urban IIcalled theFirst Crusade.In 1551, Clermont became a royal town, and was declared an inseparable property of theCrownin 1610.
Today Clermont-Ferrand hosts theClermont-Ferrand International Short Film Festival(Festival du Court-Métrage de Clermont-Ferrand), one of the world's leading festivals forshort films.It is also home to the corporate headquarters ofMichelin,the global tyre company founded in the city more than 100 years ago. With a quarter of the municipal population being students, and some 6,000 researchers, Clermont-Ferrand is the first city in France to join theUNESCOLearning City Network.
Along with its highly distinctive black lava stoneGothicstyledCathedral,Clermont-Ferrand's other famous sites include thepublic squarePlace de Jaude,in which stands a grand statue ofVercingetorixastride a warhorse and brandishing a sword. The inscription reads in French:J'ai pris les armes pour la liberté de tous,lit. 'I took up arms for the liberty of all'). This statue was sculpted byFrédéric Bartholdi,who also created theStatue of Liberty.
History
[edit]Name
[edit]
Clermont-Ferrand's first name wasAugustonemetum,Latin for "sanctuaryforAugustus",orCivitas Arvernorum(town of the Arverni people).[9]It originated on the central knoll where the cathedral is situated today, overlooking the capital of Gaulish Arvernis (fr). The fortified castle of Clarus Mons gave its name to the whole town in 848, to which the small episcopal town ofMontferrandwas attached in 1731, together taking the name of Clermont-Ferrand. The amalgamation of the two towns was decreed byLouis XIIIand confirmed byLouis XV.[10]The old part of Clermont is delimited by the route of the ramparts as they existed at the end of the Middle Ages.
Prehistory and Roman era
[edit]
Clermont ranks among theoldest citiesof France. The first known mention was by the Greek geographerStrabo,who called it the "metropolis of theArverni"(meaning theiroppidumcivitasor tribal capital). The city was at that time calledNemessos– aGaulishword for a sacred forest, and was situated on the mound where the cathedral of Clermont-Ferrand stands today. Somewhere in the area around Nemossos, the Arverni chieftainVercingetorix(later to head a unified Gallic resistance to theRoman invasionled byJulius Caesar) was born around 72 BC. Nemossos was situated not far from theplateau of Gergovia,where Vercingetorix repulsed the Roman assault at theBattle of Gergoviain 52 BC. After the Roman conquest, the city became known asAugustonemetumsometime in the 1st century[BC or AD?],a name which combined its original Gaulish name with that of the EmperorAugustus.Its population was estimated at 15,000–30,000 in the 2nd century, making it one of the largest cities ofRoman Gaul.It then becameArvernisin the 3rd century, taking its name, like other Gallic cities in this era, from the people who lived within its walls.[citation needed]
Early Middle Ages
[edit]The city became the seat of a bishop in the 5th century, at the time of the bishopNamatius,who built a cathedral here described byGregory of Tours.Clermont went through a dark period after the disappearance of theRoman Empireand during theHigh Middle Ageswas pillaged by the peoples who invaded Gaul. Between 471 and 475,Auvergnewas often the target ofVisigothicexpansion, and the city was frequently besieged, including once byEuric.Although defended bySidonius Apollinaris,at the head of the diocese from 468 to 486, and thepatricianEcdicius,the city was ceded to the Visigoths by emperorJulius Neposin 475 and remained part of the Visigothic kingdom until 507. A generation later, it became part of theKingdom of the Franks.On 8 November 535 thefirst Council of Clermontopened at Arvernis (Clermont), with fifteen bishops participating, includingCaesarius of Arles,Nizier of Lyons,the Bishop ofTrier,andSaint Hilarius,Bishop ofMende.The Council issued 16 decrees. The second canon reiterated the principle that the granting of episcopal dignity must be made according to merit and not as a result of intrigues.
In 570, Bishop Avitus ordered theJewsof the city, who numbered over 500, to accept Christian baptism or be expelled.[11]
In 848, the city was renamedClairmont,after the castle Clarus Mons. During this era, it was an episcopal city ruled by its bishop. Clermont was not spared by the Vikings at the time of the weakening of theCarolingian Empire:it was ravaged by the Normans underHasteinin 862 and 864 and, while its bishop Sigon carried out reconstruction work, again in 898 (or 910, according to some sources). BishopÉtienne IIbuilt a new Romanesque cathedral which was consecrated in 946. It was almost entirely replaced by the current Gothic cathedral, though the crypt survives and the towers were only replaced in the 19th century.
Middle Ages
[edit]
Clermont was the starting point of theFirst Crusade,in whichChristendomsought to retake Muslim-ruledJerusalem.Pope Urban IIcalled for the crusade in 1095 at theSecond Council of Clermont.In 1120, following repeated crises between the counts ofAuvergneand the bishops ofClermontand in order to counteract the clergy's power, the counts founded the rival city of Montferrand on a mound next to the fortifications of Clermont, on the model of the new cities of theMidithat appeared in the 12th and 13th centuries. Until theearly modern period,the two remained separate cities: Clermont, an episcopal city; Montferrand, acomitalone.
Early modern and modern eras
[edit]Clermont became a royal city in 1551, and in 1610, the inseparable property of the French Crown. On 15 April 1630 the Edict of Troyes (the First Edict of Union) joined the two cities of Clermont andMontferrand.This union was confirmed in 1731 byLouis XVwith the Second Edict of Union. At this time, Montferrand was no more than asatellite cityof Clermont, and it remained so until the beginning of the 20th century. Wishing to retain its independence, Montferrand made three demands for independence, in 1789, 1848, and 1863.
In the 20th century, the construction of theMichelinfactories and of city gardens, which shaped modern Clermont-Ferrand, united the two cities, although two distinct downtowns survive and Montferrand retains a strong identity.
Geography
[edit]Climate
[edit]Clermont-Ferrand has anoceanic climate(Cfb). The city is in the rain shadow of the Chaîne des Puys, giving it one of the driest climates in metropolitan France, except for a few places around the Mediterranean Sea. The mountains also block most of the oceanic influence of the Atlantic, which creates a much more continental climate than in nearby cities west or north of the mountains, likeLimogesandMontluçon.Thus the city has comparatively cold winters and hot summers. From November to March, frost is very frequent, and the city, being at the bottom of a valley, is frequently subject totemperature inversion,in which the mountains are sunny and warm, and the plain is freezing cold and cloudy. Snow is quite common, although usually short-lived and light. Summer temperatures often exceed 35 °C (95 °F), with sometimes violent thunderstorms. The highest temperature was reached in 2019 of 40.9 °C (105.6 °F) while the lowest was -29.0 °C (-20.2 °F).
| Climate data for Clermont-Ferrand, elevation: 331 m (1,086 ft), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1923–present | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 22.1 (71.8) |
25.9 (78.6) |
26.6 (79.9) |
31.3 (88.3) |
33.0 (91.4) |
40.9 (105.6) |
40.7 (105.3) |
40.4 (104.7) |
36.8 (98.2) |
33.2 (91.8) |
24.7 (76.5) |
21.9 (71.4) |
40.9 (105.6) |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 8.0 (46.4) |
9.5 (49.1) |
13.7 (56.7) |
16.6 (61.9) |
20.5 (68.9) |
24.2 (75.6) |
26.8 (80.2) |
26.8 (80.2) |
22.5 (72.5) |
17.8 (64.0) |
12.0 (53.6) |
8.6 (47.5) |
17.3 (63.1) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | 4.3 (39.7) |
5.1 (41.2) |
8.3 (46.9) |
10.9 (51.6) |
14.8 (58.6) |
18.4 (65.1) |
20.6 (69.1) |
20.6 (69.1) |
16.7 (62.1) |
13.0 (55.4) |
7.9 (46.2) |
5.0 (41.0) |
12.1 (53.8) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 0.6 (33.1) |
0.6 (33.1) |
3.0 (37.4) |
5.3 (41.5) |
9.1 (48.4) |
12.6 (54.7) |
14.5 (58.1) |
14.4 (57.9) |
10.9 (51.6) |
8.3 (46.9) |
3.9 (39.0) |
1.4 (34.5) |
7.1 (44.8) |
| Record low °C (°F) | −23.1 (−9.6) |
−29.0 (−20.2) |
−21.3 (−6.3) |
−7.1 (19.2) |
−4.2 (24.4) |
1.0 (33.8) |
3.8 (38.8) |
2.4 (36.3) |
−3.0 (26.6) |
−9.2 (15.4) |
−11.8 (10.8) |
−25.8 (−14.4) |
−29.0 (−20.2) |
| Averageprecipitationmm (inches) | 26.7 (1.05) |
18.7 (0.74) |
26.1 (1.03) |
51.1 (2.01) |
66.5 (2.62) |
67.5 (2.66) |
63.3 (2.49) |
62.0 (2.44) |
57.5 (2.26) |
48.8 (1.92) |
46.2 (1.82) |
29.1 (1.15) |
563.4 (22.18) |
| Average precipitation days(≥ 1.0 mm) | 6.4 | 5.0 | 6.5 | 8.3 | 9.4 | 8.0 | 7.4 | 7.5 | 6.7 | 7.8 | 7.8 | 6.4 | 87.2 |
| Average snowy days | 4.3 | 4.8 | 2.2 | 0.6 | 0.1 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 1.6 | 4.0 | 17.7 |
| Averagerelative humidity(%) | 79 | 75 | 69 | 69 | 72 | 71 | 68 | 70 | 73 | 78 | 78 | 80 | 74 |
| Mean monthlysunshine hours | 84.6 | 109.6 | 165.4 | 179.1 | 199.7 | 225.2 | 255.6 | 243.2 | 191.4 | 136.0 | 90.3 | 77.7 | 1,957.9 |
| Source 1:Meteo France[12][13] | |||||||||||||
| Source 2: Infoclimat.fr (relative humidity 1961–1990)[14] | |||||||||||||
Main sights
[edit]
Religious architecture
[edit]
Clermont-Ferrand has two famous churches. One isNotre-Dame du Port,aRomanesquechurch which was built during the 11th and 12th centuries (thebell towerwas rebuilt during the 19th century). It was nominated as aWorld Heritage Siteby UNESCO in 1998. The other isClermont-Ferrand Cathedral(Cathédrale Notre-Dame-de-l'Assomption de Clermont-Ferrand), built inGothic stylebetween the 13th and the 19th centuries.
Parks and gardens
[edit]
- Jardin Lecoq
- Parc de Montjuzet
- Jardin botanique de la Charme
- Arboretum de Royat
- Jardin botanique d'Auvergne
Economy and infrastructure
[edit]Food productionand processing as well as engineering are major employers in the area, as are the many research facilities of leading computer software andpharmaceuticalcompanies.
The city's industry was for a long time linked to the FrenchtyremanufacturerMichelin,which created theradial tyreand expanded from Clermont-Ferrand to become a worldwide leader in its industry. For most of the 20th century, it had extensive factories throughout the city, employing up to 30,000 workers. While the company has maintained its headquarters in the city, most of the manufacturing is now done in foreign countries. This downsizing took place gradually, allowing the city to court new investment in other industries, thus avoiding the fate of many post-industrial cities and keeping it a very wealthy and prosperous area home to many high-income executives.
Transport
[edit]
Themain railway stationhas connections toParisand several regional destinations: Lyon, Moulins viaVichy,Le Puy-en-Velay,Aurillac,Nîmes,Issoire,MontluçonandThiers.
TheA71motorway connects Clermont-Ferrand withOrléansandBourges,theA75withMontpellierand theA89withBordeaux,Lyon andSaint-Étienne(A72). Theairportoffers flights within France. Recently, Clermont-Ferrand was France's first city to get a newTranslohrtransit system, theClermont-Ferrand Tramway,thereby linking the city's north and south neighbourhoods.
TheTGVwill arrive in Auvergne after 2030. It will be one of the last regions not to have a TGV stop.
Clermont-Ferrand Auvergne Airportserves only a handful of mostly domestic destinations.
Population
[edit]
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| Source: EHESS[15]and INSEE (1968-2017)[16] | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Culture
[edit]
Clermont-Ferrand was the home of mathematician and philosopherBlaise Pascal,who testedEvangelista Torricelli's hypothesis concerning the influence ofgas pressureon liquid equilibrium. This is the experiment in which avacuumis created in a mercury tube; Pascal's experiment had his brother-in-law carry abarometerto the top of thePuy-de-Dôme.TheUniversité Blaise-Pascal(or Clermont-Ferrand II) was located primarily in the city and is named after him.
Clermont-Ferrand also hosts theClermont-Ferrand International Short Film Festival,the world's first international short film festival, which originated in 1979. This festival, which brings thousands of people every year (137,000 in 2008) to the city, is the secondFrench filmFestival after Cannes in terms of visitors, but ranks first for spectators (in Cannes, visitors are not allowed in theatres, only professionals). This festival has revealed many young talented directors who are now well known in France and internationally, such asMathieu Kassovitz,Cédric Klapischand Éric Zonka.
Beside the short film festival, Clermont-Ferrand hosts more than twenty music, film, dance, theatre and video and digital art festivals every year. With more than 800 artistic groups from dance to music, Clermont-Ferrand and the Auvergne region's cultural life is significant in France. One of the city's nicknames is "The Liverpool of France". Groups such as The Elderberries andCocoonwere formed there.
Additionally, the city was the subject of the acclaimed documentaryThe Sorrow and the Pity,which used Clermont-Ferrand as the basis of the film, telling the story of France underNazioccupation and theVichy regimeof MarshalPétain.Pierre Laval,Pétain's "handman", was anAuvergnat.
My Night at Maud's(French:Ma nuit chez Maud), a 1969 Frenchdrama filmbyÉric Rohmer,was set and filmed in Clermont-Ferrand in and around Christmas Eve.[17]It is the third film (fourth in order of release) in his series ofSix Moral Tales.Pascal's wager,a philosophical and theologicalthought experimentfromBlaise Pascal'sPensées,is a major theme in the film. Pascal was born in Clermont-Ferrand in 1623.
The city also hostsL'Aventure Michelin,the museum dedicated to the history of Michelin group.
Sport
[edit]Aracing circuitclose to the city, theCharade Circuit,using closed-offpublic roads,held theFrench Grand Prixin1965,1969,1970and1972.It was a daunting circuit, with such harsh elevation changes that some drivers became ill as they drove. Winners includedJim Clark,Jackie Stewart(twice), andJochen Rindt.
Clermont-Ferrand has some experience in hosting major international sports tournaments, including the FIBAEuroBasket 1999.The city was the finish ofTour de Francestages in 1951 and 1959, and will host the start of the2023 Tour de France Femmes.[18]
The city is also home to arugby unionclub competing at international level,ASM Clermont Auvergne,as well asClermont Foot Auvergne,a football club that has competed in France's top tier,Ligue 1,since the 2021/22 season.
In thesevens versionof rugby union, Clermont-Ferrand has hosted theFrance Women's Sevens,the final event in each season'sWorld Rugby Women's Sevens Series,since2016.
Famous people
[edit]Born in Clermont-Ferrand
[edit]
- Avitus(c. 385– c. 456),Roman emperorfrom the West from 455 to 456
- Fadela Amara(born 1964), feminist and politician
- Martine Blanc(born 1944), author and illustrator of ten books for children
- Antoine-Jean Bourlin(1752–1828), known asDumaniant,comedian andgoguettier
- Thomas Cailley(born 1980), French screenwriter and film director
- Nicolas Chamfort(1741–1794), writer ofepigramsandaphorisms[19]
- Étienne Clémentel(1864– 1936), politician, Govt. Minister and painter
- Cécile Coulon(born 1990), novelist, poet and short story writer
- Jacques Delille(1738 in Aigueperse – 1813). He translated Virgil'sGeorgicsand wrote a didactic poem on gardening.[20]
- Lolo Ferrari(1963–2000), dancer, actress and singer with very large breast implants
- Gregory of Tours(c. 538– 594),Gallo-Romanhistorian andBishop of Tours[21]
- Ginette Hamelin(1913–1944), French engineer and architect, member of the French resistance, died in a concentration camp
- Annelise Hesme(born 1976), actress and player of cello and piano
- Thierry Laget(born 1959), writer, winner of the 1992Prix Fénéon
- Edmond Lemaigre(1849–1890), composer and organist
- Antoine de Lhoyer(1768–1852), composer, guitarist and soldier
- Bernard Loiseau(1951–2003), celebritychef
- François-Bernard Mâche(born 1935), composer of contemporary music
- Antoine François Marmontel(1816–1898), pianist and teacher at theParis Conservatory
- Léon Melchissédec(1843-1925), baritone and teacher at theParis Conservatory
- André Michelin(1853–1931) andÉdouard Michelin(1859–1940), creators of theMichelintyre group, whose global headquarters are still located in Clermont-Ferrand
- Léonard Morel-Ladeuil(1820-1888), goldsmith and sculptor[22]
- George Onslow(1784–1853), composer, mainly of chamber music
- Victor Pachon(1867–1938), physiologist. He worked onblood pressure.
- Paloma(born 1991), drag queen. Winner of the first season ofDrag Race France.
- Blaise Pascal(1623–1662), mathematician,physicistand religious philosopher[23]
- Jacqueline Pascal(1625–1661), child prodigy, youngest sister ofBlaise Pascal.She composed verses.[24]
- Gilberte Périer(1620–1687), biographer, eldest sister ofBlaise Pascal[25]
- Dominique Perrault(born 1953), architect. He designed theFrench National Library.
- Henri Pognon(1853–1921), epigrapher, archaeologist and diplomat
- Henri Quittard(1864–1919), composer, musicologist and music critic
- François Dominique de Reynaud, Comte de Montlosier(1755–1838), politician and political writer[26]
- Peire Rogier(born ca. 1145), Auvergnat troubadour (fl. 1160 – 1180) and cathedral canon
- Audrey Tautou(born 1976), actress and model
- Pierre Teilhard de Chardin(1881–1955), philosopher,Jesuit priestandpaleontologist
Sport
[edit]
- Chakir Ansari(born 1991), Moroccan freestyle wrestler. He competed at the2016 Summer Olympics.
- Laure Boulleau(born 1986), footballer with 216 club caps and 65 forFrance women
- Patrick Depailler(1944–1980),Formula Onedriver
- Yves Dreyfus(1931–2021), epee fencer, bronze medalist at the1956 Summer Olympics[27]
- Raphaël Géminiani(born 1925), French former road bicycle racer
- Jordan Lotiès(born 1984), footballer with 370 club caps
- Émile Mayade(1853–1898), motoring pioneer and racing driver
- Darline Nsoki(born 1989), basketball player
- Gabriella Papadakis(born 1995),ice dancer,Olympic champion (2022), Olympic silver medalist (2018), five-time world champion (2015,2016,2018,2019,2022) and five-time European champion (2015–2019)
- Émile Pladner(1906–1980) flyweight champion boxer; 104 wins, 16 losses and 13 draws
- Jean-Louis Rosier(1925–2011), racing driver
- Aurélien Rougerie(born 1980),rugby unionplayer, with 417 club caps and 47 forFrance
- Christian Sarron(born 1955), Grand Prix motorcycle road racer
- Gauthier de Tessières(born 1981), World Cup alpine ski racer
- Rémi Cavagna(born 1995), professional road cyclist
Resident in Clermont-Ferrand
[edit]
- Sidonius Apollinaris(ca. 430–after 489),Gallo-Romanpoet, diplomat and bishop[28]
- Henri Bergson(1859–1941), philosopher
- Olivier Bianchi(born 1970), politician and Mayor of Clermont-Ferrand since 2014
- Paul Bourget(1852–1935), novelist and critic[29]
- Ivor Bueb(1923–1959), British professional sports car racing andFormula Onedriver
- Anton Docher(1852–1928), "The Padre of Isleta", Roman Catholic priest, missionary and defender of the Indians. He lived in the pueblo of Isleta, in the state ofNew Mexico,for 34 years.
- Valéry Giscard d'Estaing(1927–2020),president of Francefrom 1974 to 1981. He lived in the city ofChamalières,part of Clermont-Ferrand's metropolitan area.
- Claude Lanzmann(1925–2018), filmmaker. He attended the Lycée Blaise-Pascal.
Education
[edit]Education is also an important sector in the economy of Clermont-Ferrand.
TheUniversity of Clermont Auvergne(formed in 2017 from a merger ofUniversité Blaise PascalandUniversité d'Auvergne) is located in the city and has a total student population of over 37,000,[30]along withuniversity facultyand staff.
With around 2,700 students,Clermont Auvergne INPis the biggest engineering graduate school in the city.
A division ofPolytech(an engineering school of Clermont Auvergne INP) located in Clermont-Ferrand made the news when two of its students,Laurent BonomoandGabriel Ferez,were murdered in June 2008 while enrolled in a program at Imperial College in London in what was to be known as theNew Cross double murder.[31]
TheESC Clermont Business School,created in 1919, is also located in the city.
Twin towns – sister cities
[edit]Clermont-Ferrand istwinnedwith:[32]
Aberdeen,Scotland, United Kingdom (since 1983)
Braga,Portugal
Gomel,Belarus
Norman, Oklahoma,United States
Oviedo,Spain
Regensburg,Germany (since 1969)- Salford,England, United Kingdom
See also
[edit]- Communes of the Puy-de-Dôme department
- Jaude Centre
- List of works by Auguste Carli
- List of twin towns and sister cities in France
- Trémonteix sanctuary
References
[edit]- ^"Decree 2014-210/Décret 2014-210 du 21 février 2014 portant délimitation des cantons dans le département du Puy-de-Dôme".Légifrance(in French). 21 February 2014.
- ^"Répertoire national des élus: les maires".data.gouv.fr, Plateforme ouverte des données publiques françaises(in French). 2 December 2020.
- ^"Populations légales 2021"(in French).The National Institute of Statistics and Economic Studies.28 December 2023.
- ^abcComparateur de territoire: Aire d'attraction des villes 2020 de Clermont-Ferrand (022), Unité urbaine 2020 de Clermont-Ferrand (63701), Commune de Clermont-Ferrand (63113),INSEE
- ^Auvergnat:Clarmont-Ferrand or Clharmou)Karl-Heinz Reichel (2005).Grand dictionnaire général auvergnat-français(in French and Occitan). Nonette Créer editions.ISBN2848190213.
- ^Pierre Bonnaud (1999).Nouveau dictionnaire général français-auvergnat(in French and Occitan). Éditions Créer.ISBN2-909797-32-5.
- ^Latin:Augustonemetum
- ^INSEE commune file
- ^Dartevelle, Hélène (2023)."La fondation".augustonemetum.fr(in French). Archived fromthe originalon 4 June 2023.Retrieved12 July2023.
Traditionnellement, la ville aurait été créée lors de la fondation de la voie d'Agrippa Lyon/Saintes reliant la capitale des Gaules (Lyon) à Saintes, capitale de l'Aquitaine.
- ^"History – Ville de Clermont-Ferrand"(in French). Clermont-ferrand.fr. Archived fromthe originalon 23 July 2012.Retrieved12 March2013.
- ^Encyclopaedia Judaica.Cengage Learning.as quoted byPalomino, Michael."Encyclopaedia Judaica: Jews in France 01: Roman times and Carolingians".History in Chronology.geschichteinchronologie.ch.
- ^"Climatological Information for Clermont-Ferrand, France".Meteo France. 7 August 2019. Archived fromthe originalon 30 June 2016.Retrieved4 August2014.
- ^ "CLERMONT–FD (63)"(PDF).Fiche Climatologique: Statistiques 1991–2020 et records(in French). Meteo France.Retrieved7 August2019.
- ^"Normes et records 1961–1990: Clermont-Ferrand – Aulnat (63) – altitude 339m"(in French). Infoclimat. Archived fromthe originalon 2 April 2016.Retrieved7 August2019.
- ^Des villages de Cassini aux communes d'aujourd'hui:Commune data sheet Clermont-Ferrand,EHESS(in French).
- ^Population en historique depuis 1968,INSEE
- ^James Monaco.The New Wave.New York: Oxford University Press. 1976. p. 303.
- ^"Tour de France 2023: routes reach for the sky with limited sprint chances".the Guardian.27 October 2022.Retrieved2 November2022.
- ^.Encyclopædia Britannica.Vol. 5 (11th ed.). 1911. pp. 824–825.
- ^.Encyclopædia Britannica.Vol. 7 (11th ed.). 1911. pp. 962–963.
- ^Pfister, Christian(1911)..Encyclopædia Britannica.Vol. 12 (11th ed.). pp. 564–565.
- ^.Encyclopædia Britannica.Vol. 18 (11th ed.). 1911. p. 829.
- ^Saintsbury, George;Chrystal, George(1911)..Encyclopædia Britannica.Vol. 20 (11th ed.). pp. 878–881.
- ^.Encyclopædia Britannica.Vol. 20 (11th ed.). 1911. p. 881.
- ^"Étienne Pascal - Biography".Maths History.Retrieved29 April2023.
- ^.Encyclopædia Britannica.Vol. 18 (11th ed.). 1911. p. 786.
- ^Yves Dreyfus - Auteur - Ressources de la Bibliothèque nationale de France
- ^.Encyclopædia Britannica.Vol. 2 (11th ed.). 1911. p. 183.
- ^.Encyclopædia Britannica.Vol. 4 (11th ed.). 1911. pp. 331–332.
- ^"Atlas Régional"(PDF)(in French). le ministère de l’Éducation nationale, de l’Enseignement supérieur et de la Recherche. April 2014. p. 51. Archived fromthe original(PDF)on 27 April 2014.Retrieved19 June2015.
- ^Fresco, Adam; Yeoman, Fran; Leroux, Marcus (4 July 2008)."Police baffled by horrific end of Laurent Bonomo and Gabriel Ferez".The Times.UK. Archived fromthe originalon 13 October 2008.Retrieved5 May2009.
- ^"Jumelages".international.clermont-ferrand.fr(in French). Clermont-Ferrand. Archived fromthe originalon 12 November 2019.Retrieved12 November2019.
Bibliography
[edit]- Sweets, John F.(1986).Choices in Vichy France: The French under Nazi Occupation.New York.
{{cite book}}:CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
External links
[edit]
- (in French)Town hall website
- (in French)Tourist office
- (in English)Visit Clermont Ferrand
- (in French)Unofficial Clermont-Ferrand website
- Joan of Arc's Letter to Clermont-Ferrand– Translation by Allen Williamson of an entry concerning Joan of Arc's letter to this city on 7 November 1429.
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