Columbia Plateau

This article is about the geographic feature. For the associated ecoregion, seeColumbia Plateau (ecoregion).

The Columbia Plateau covers much of theColumbia River Basalt Group,shown in green on this map. The Washington cities of Spokane, Yakima and Pasco, and the Oregon city of Pendleton, lie on the Columbia Plateau.

TheColumbia Plateauis ageologicandgeographicregion that lies across parts of theU.S. statesofWashington,Oregon,andIdaho.It is a wideflood basaltplateau between theCascade Rangeand theRocky Mountains,cut through by theColumbia River.

Geology

Main article:Columbia River Basalt Group

During lateMioceneand earlyPliocenetimes, aflood basaltengulfed about 63,000 square miles (160,000 km²) of the Pacific Northwest, forming alarge igneous province.Over a period of perhaps 10 to 15 million years, lava flow after lava flow poured out, ultimately accumulating to a thickness of more than 6,000 feet (1.8 km).As the molten rock came to the surface, the Earth's crust gradually sank into the space left by the rising lava. The Columbia River Basalt Group consists of seven formations: The Steens Basalt,Imnaha Basalt,Grande Ronde Basalt, Picture Gorge Basalt, Prineville Basalt, Wanapum Basalt, and Saddle Mountains Basalt. Many of these formations are subdivided into formal and informal members and flows.

The subsidence of the crust produced a large, slightly depressed lava plateau.The ancientColumbia Riverwas forced into its present course by the northwesterly advancing lava. The lava, as it flowed over the area, first filled the stream valleys, forming dams that in turn caused impoundments or lakes.Entities found in these lake beds includefossilleaf impressions,petrified wood,fossil insects, and bones of vertebrate animals.

Evidence suggests that some concentrated heat source is melting rock beneath the Columbia Plateau Province at the base of the lithosphere (the layer of crust andupper mantlethat forms Earth's moving tectonic plates). In an effort to figure out why this area, far from a plate boundary, had such an enormous outpouring of lava, scientists established hardening dates for many of the individual lava flows. They found that the youngest volcanic rocks were clustered near the Yellowstone Plateau and that the farther west they went, the older the lavas.

Although scientists are still gathering evidence, a probable explanation is that ahot spot,an extremely hot plume of deepmantlematerial, is rising to the surface beneath the Columbia Plateau Province. BeneathHawaiiandIceland,a temperature instability develops (for reasons not yet well understood) at theboundary between the core and mantle.The concentrated heat triggers a plume hundreds of kilometers in diameter that ascends directly through to the surface of the Earth.

The track of this hot spot starts in the west and sweeps up toYellowstone National Park.The steaming fumaroles and explosivegeysersare ample evidence of a concentration of heat beneath the surface. The hotspot is stationary, but the North American plate is moving over it, creating a superb record of the rate and direction of plate motion.

Flora

Part of the Columbia Plateau is associated with theColumbia Plateau ecoregion,part of the "Nearctic temperate and subtropical grasslands, savannas, and shrublands"ecoregionof thetemperate grasslands, savannas, and shrublandsbiome.

Geography

Washington cities in the Columbia Plateau include:

• Colfax
• Davenport
• Ellensburg
• Reardan
• Kennewick
• Moses Lake
• Pasco
• Pullman
• Richland
• Spokane
• Walla Walla
• Yakima
• Goldendale
• Deer Park
• Othello
• Warden
• Lind

Oregon cities in the Columbia Plateau include:

• Athena
• Hermiston
• Hood River
• Pendleton
• The Dalles
• Milton-Freewater

Idaho cities in the Columbia Plateau include:

• Coeur d'Alene
• Lewiston
• Moscow

See also

• Cascade-Sierra province
• Channeled scablands
• Columbia Plateau Aquifer System
• Grand Coulee
• Interior Plateau
• High Desert (Oregon)

External links

• USGS Page on Columbia Plateau
• Geology of Lake Roosevelt National Recreation Area (source of much of this page)
• Guide to digital documents and photographs about the Columbia River area.
• Columbia River Basin Ethnic History Archive