Comedy music
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| Other names | Musical comedy |
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Comedy musicormusical comedyis a genre of music that is comical, comedic or humorous in nature. Its history can be traced back to the first century inancient GreeceandRome,moving forward in time to theMedieval Period,ClassicalandRomanticeras, and the 20th century. Various forms of comedic musical theatre, including "musical play", "musical comedy", "operetta" and "light opera", evolved from the comic operas first developed in late 17th-century Italy. Popular music artists in the 20th century interested in comedy includeAllan Sherman,Frank Zappa,Tiny Tim,Barenaked Ladies,Randy Newman,and"Weird Al" Yankovic.Artists in the 21st century includeTenacious D,Flight of the Conchords,The Lonely Island,Ninja Sex PartyandThe Axis of Awesome.
Comedy music is often associated withcounterculture,due to the subversive messages it displays.[1]This informative nature of comedy music also contributes to the improvement of learning inside and outside the classroom.[1]Forms of entertainment like musical theatre often incorporate comedy music as well.[2]
To create comic effects in music, Composers have developed several principalcompositionaltechniques, including the use of comic text, musical parody, and unexpected juxtapositions of syntactical elements among others.[3]Comedy music can be further categorized into several types, such asparody music,novelty song,comedy rock,andcomedy hip hop.Awards dedicated to comedy music include theGrammy Award for Best Comedy Album,theGolden Globe Award for Best Motion Picture – Musical or Comedy,and the Musical Comedy Awards.
Comedy-music relationship[edit]
Comedy is a form of art that addresses comic or humorous situations, or even serious ones with a light orsatiricalapproach.[4]Music is also a form of art, and it is concerned with therhythm,melody,andharmonyofvocal,instrumental,or mechanical sounds.[5]
One similarity between comedy and music is the way they both evoke psychological and emotional effects in their listeners, without them fully understanding the specific reason for their emotions of hilarity.[6]Comedy in entertainment is also established as musical codes set up and confirm the audience's understanding of the symbolic meaning of a scene, before subverting that understanding to play with the audience's response.[7]Thus, a multi-faceted musical experience has the ability to elicit emotions such as humor and comedy in its listeners.[8]This type of musical experience can be identified as comedy music.
History[edit]
Ancient Greece and Rome[edit]
The first uses of comedy in music can be traced back to the first century in ancient Greece and Rome, where poets and playwrights entertained withpunsandwordplay.[9]
The origins ofcomedy playin ancient Greece are first recorded onpotteryin the 6th century BCE, on which illustrations of actors dressed as horses,satyrs,and dancers in exaggerated costumes are painted on.[10]Another early origin are the explicit sexually humorous poems ofHipponaxin the 6th century BCE andArchilocusin the 7th century BCE.[10]The third origin are thephallic songssung duringDionysiacfestivals, as mentioned byAristotle.[10]
Playwrights of comedic theatre includeAristophanesandMenanderwhose works mocked politicians, philosophers, and fellow artists.[10]
Medieval Period[edit]
In the Medieval Period,minstrels,troubadoursandcourt jesterswould continue performing comedic music, some satirical, accompanied by musical instruments. Court jesters in particular would display their wit and humor through songs, jokes, and physical comedy as a way to offer critique on society and authority, working in public squares or officially hired as licensed fools to work directly under the king or queen.[9]
Classical and Romantic eras[edit]
Forms ofcomic operafirst developed in late 17th-century Italy, leading to the emergence ofopera buffaas an alternative toopera seria.It quickly made its way to France, where it became opéra comique, and eventually, in the following century, French operetta, withJacques Offenbachas its most accomplished practitioner. Many countries developed their own genres of comic opera, incorporating the Italian and French models along with their own musical traditions. Examples include Germansingspiel,Viennese operetta,Spanish zarzuela,Russian comic opera, English ballad andSavoy opera,North American operetta andmusical comedy.[11]
In the Classical and Romantic eras, composers likeHaydn,Beethoven,andSchumannwould place comic passages side by side with the more serious sections to bring out the contrast between them.[3]This technique is calledjuxtaposition,which is a basic element of comedy.[9]Haydn's Symphony No 45 of 1772 (theFarewell Symphony) and his Symphony No 94 of 1792 (theSurprise Symphony), are the most famous examples. A tradition oftoy symphonies- featuring toy musical instruments - began in the classical era and continued into the 19th century and beyond.
20th century[edit]
Progress in comedy music continued over years, untilvaudevilleentertainers of the early 20th century added lyrics to musical numbers.[9]In 1923, one of the first comedy music hits 'Yes! We Have No Bananas' sung byEddie Cantorwas released.
In 1924Billy Roseasked,"Does the Spearmint Lose Its Flavor on the Bedpost Overnight?".In 1958 the song was rereleased as, "Does Your Chewing Gum Lose Its Flavour (On the Bedpost Overnight?)"byLonnie Donegan,theKing of Skiffle.
In the 1940s,Spike Jonescreated songs with a comedy technique of replacing several musical notes with humorous sound effects.[9]Followed in 1951,Stan Frebergreleased a series of cover songs that addressed the issue ofcommercialismin that age.[9]
In the 1950sFritz Spieglorganised a popular series of "April Fools" concerts inLiverpool.The idea was subsequently taken up byGerard Hoffnungin London at theRoyal Festival Hall.[12]The 1956 "Hoffnung Music Festival"played to a sell-out audience in the hall and toBBCviewers throughout Britain.[13]Two more Hoffnung Festivals followed, the second in 1958 and the third in 1961, presented as a tribute after his death. Contributions includedDonald Swann's revised version of Haydn'sSurpriseSymphony to make it considerably more surprising,[14]andMalcolm Arnold'sA Grand, Grand Overture,scored for orchestra and threevacuum cleaners,(dedicated to US PresidentHoover).[15][16]After Hoffnung's death, similar concerts were promoted by his widow Annetta.
Malcolm Arnold'sToy Symphonywas first performed at aSavoy Hotelfund raising dinner in London on 28 November 1957, with toy instruments played by a group of eminent composers, musicians and personalities, includingThomas Armstrong,Edric Cundell,Gerard Hoffnung,Eileen Joyce,Steuart WilsonandLeslie Woodgate.[17]
On 17 July 1958 the 'Mammoth Concert of Comic Music' was held at theRoyal Albert Hall.Pieces performed included a concerto for motor horn and orchestra byAntony Hopkins,Overture: The MasterdrinkersbySpike Hughesand a concertino for piano tuner and orchestra byLambert Williamson.[18]
The 1960s and 1970s saw the rise of numerous comedy music artists whose careers went on for decades. These artists include:Allan Sherman,Shel Silverstein,Frank Zappa,Tiny Tim,andRandy Newman.Particularly in 1970, the radio hostBarret Hansen– better known as Dr. Demento – appeared. He played tracks sent in by amateur artists, one of which was a 16-year-old 'Weird Al' Yankovic.
Yankovic released hisfirst albumin 1983, which eventually led to a 14-album contract that he did not complete until 2014. For over four decades, he released multiple hit parodies and originals, which made him a major player in the genre of comedy music and the counterculture associated with it.[9]
In 1994,The Actors' GangmembersJack BlackandKyle Gassformed the iconiccomedy rockduoTenacious D[broken anchor][19]and went on to release theirdebut albumin 2001.
21st century[edit]
A popular 21st century musical comedy act isFlight of the Conchords,aNew Zealandduo composed of musiciansBret McKenzieandJemaine Clement,which became the basis of the self-titledBBC radio series (2004)and then theHBO American television series (2007–2009).[20]
At the turn of the millennium, the bandSteel Pantherformed inLos Angeleswith songs, live shows and videos parodying the stereotypicalglam metalgenre and lifestyle of the 1980s.[21]
In 2001,The Lonely Islandformed inBerkeley, Californiawith membersAkiva Schaffer,Andy SambergandJorma Taccone,who starred in a series ofSNL Digital Shortsfeaturing songs likeMotherlover,Dick in a Box,I'm on a Boat,I Just Had Sexand more.[22]
Through the rest of the 2000s, a movement ofcomedy rockacts started to take place inAustraliawith bands such asThe Axis of Awesome,The Beards,The Kransky SistersandTripod.[23]
When musicianMatt Farleydiscovered the only songs from his band Moes Haven that were getting any plays had more-comedic titles, he switched his focus to novelty songs in 2008.[24]Since then, Farley has written over 22,000 songs about potty humor, celebrities, food and more[25]under band names like The Toilet Bowl Cleaners, Papa Razzi and the Photogs, The Very Nice Interesting Singer Man and The Hungry Food Band.
Takingrockandsynth-popinfluence in the more comedic direction, the duoNinja Sex Partyformed in 2009 with membersDan "Danny Sexbang" AvidanandBrian "Ninja Brian" Wecht[26]who went on to recordfive albums of original material, three cover albums and one re-recording album.Ever since their albumUnder the Covers,NSP has been backed by the bandTWRP.For three albums, they collaborated with animator and internet personalityArin "Egoraptor" Hansonto create thevideo gamethemed side projectStarbomb.[27]
In 2010, rappersPeter "Nice Peter" ShukoffandLloyd "Epic Lloyd" Ahlquistcreated the web-seriesEpic Rap Battles of History,a show that pinned famous figures both real and fictional inrap battlesagainst each other. It has run for seven seasons, featuring stars like"Weird Al" Yankovic,Snoop Dogg,T-Painand more.[28]
The beginning of the 2010s sawNerf Herderfront manParry Grippstarting to release a long series of successful tween pop songs such as "It's Raining Tacos", "Space Unicorn" and "Do You Like Waffles?" dealing with themes of animals and food, gaining him the nickname "the"Weird Al" YankovicofYouTube".[29]
Associations[edit]
Counterculture[edit]
Counterculture is associated with comedy music due to the individual natures of comedy and music. Comedy often contains progressive and subversive messages that intend to provide listeners with information about issues,Injustices,and other topics that are important to the artist.[1]Music has the ability to explain political issues in a way that is easily acceptable for a wide range of listeners.[1]Both comedy and music have the power to create movements and spread ideas, allowing them to effectively advocate counterculture through the ages, one of them being the challenge ofauthority.[1]
'Weird Al' Yankovic spread his message about the privilege of the upper class through his comedy music song, titled 'First World Problems':
My maid is cleaning the bathroom, so I can't take a shower / When I do, the water starts getting cold after an hour / I couldn't order off the breakfast menu, cause I slept in till two / Then I filled up on bread, didn't leave any room for tiramisu / Oh no, there's a pixel out in the corner of my laptop screen / I don't have any bills in my wallet small enough for the vending machine / Some idiot just called me up on the phone, what!? Don't they know how to text? OMG! / I got first world, first world problems.[30]
Kevin Bloody Wilson's song – 'Living Next Door to Alan' – is about an indigenous family claiming land neighboring the millionaireAlan Bond:
They came down from Meekatharra / In a burned-out blue FJ / That farted and just shit itself in Jutland Parade / Right next door to Bondy's / When the smoke had cleared a voice said: / 'Eh.. this place look all right / We'll tell the government it's a sacred site / Dead fuckin' easy' / 'Good day Mr Alan Bond, how you goin' bloke? / Hey, I'm your brand-new neighbour... hey, mate you got a smoke? / And I think I'm gonna like it here / Livin' next door to Alan'.[31]
Education[edit]
Comedy and music have both been found to improve the effectiveness of learning inside and outside the classroom.[1]Comedy improves short-term issuerecognition,and can improve a student's learning by attracting and holding their attention for a longer duration of the class, also ensuring their continued motivation and engagement.[1]Music improves a student'svocabularyandcomprehensiveskills, simultaneously encouraging them to thinkcreatively.[1]An example of the implementation of comedy music in education is the incorporation of parody songs to learn the English language.[1]
Entertainment[edit]
In the 1920s and 1930s, musical theatre is a form of entertainment that often incorporates comedy.[2]In a musical setting, rhetorico-musical techniques contribute in creating comedic effect, and an example of this isaposiopesis,which is the device of suddenly breaking off in musical speech for dramatic or emotional effect.[7]Another contributing aspect to it is dance – particularlytap dance.Musical comedies differ from book musicals as they focus more on comedy and dance rather than on drama and character development.[2]This era's musical comedies include works created by brothersGeorgeandIra Gershwin,and these musicals are: 'Strike Up the Band', 'Lady, Be Good', 'Oh, Kay!', 'Girl Crazy', 'Crazy for You', and 'Of Thee I Sing'.
Principal techniques[edit]
To create comic effects in music, composers have developed the following principal compositional techniques.[3]
Comic text[edit]
The use of comic text or funny words immediately conveys humor. This can be traced back to 13th centuryMotets,but it is the 18th centuryopera buffathat first explored deeply all the aspects of verbal comedy. An example of this isMozart'sLe nozze di Figarocomposed in 1786.
Musical parody[edit]
Musical parodies satirize certain styles or particular works of music. An example of this is Mozart'sEin musikalischer Spasscomposed in 1787, which parodies the style of incompetent composers andSiegfried Ochs's variations on 'Kommt ein Vogel geflogen' that models the style of particular composers for each variation.
Juxtapositions of syntactical elements[edit]
The use of unexpected juxtapositions of syntactical elements include changing the lengths ofphrases,startling turns of melody anddynamics,and contrasting textures. An example of this is a minuet from Haydn'sSymphony No. 104composed in 1796, where rests and a crescendo of thetimpaniinterrupt the regular flow of music.
Musical description[edit]
Musical description includes animal or even nonsensical sound effects that illustrate certain events or situations within the music piece. Examples of this are the bird calls in Beethoven'sPastoral Symphonycomposed in 1808, the bleating of sheep inStrauss'sDon Quixotecomposed in 1897, and sound effects that illustrate hunting or market scenes inMedieval Italian caccie.
References to particular styles[edit]
Inclusion offolkorpopularmusic techniques in certain passages creates humorous effect. Examples of this are the clumsy folk-like dance technique incorporated in the last movement of Haydn'sSymphony No. 82– nicknamed The Bear – composed in 1786 andHindemith's use of theShimmyin his Suite 1922 for Piano.
Incongruency[edit]
The use of incongruency creates contrasts between music styles and techniques, and this is done with parodistic intent. An example of this is Haydn'sSymphony No. 60– nicknamed Il Distratto – composed in 1774.
Orchestral devices[edit]
The use of unusual orchestral devices creates the element of surprise. Examples of this are the tuning of violins in the last movement of Haydn's Symphony No. 60 composed in 1774, the use ofcol legnoin the last movement ofBerlioz'sSymphonie fantastiquecomposed in 1830, and the use oftoy instrumentsin various classical pieces from the 1760s to the 21st century.
Allusions to a famous comic character[edit]
The descriptive use of music can be used toalludeto famous comic characters. Examples of this areElgar'ssymphonic poemonFalstaffcomposed in 1913 and Strauss's depiction ofTill Eulenspiegelcomposed in 1895.
Texture, dynamics, rhythm, and melodic design[edit]
The use of unusual effects of texture, dynamics, rhythm, and melodic design creates comic features within the music piece. Examples of this are the exaggerated large intervals of thebass voicein 18th century opera buffa and the twoSopranosshowing off their high register singing in Mozart'sDer Schauspieldirektorcomposed in 1785.
Keys and modulations[edit]
The use of strangekeysand distantmodulationsrespectively createdissonanceand distant harmonic movements. These musical devices create a subtle humorous effect. Examples of this areRenaissanceMadrigalsandMotetsandBaroqueCantatas.
References to past styles[edit]
References to past styles and techniques are presented in a new context, and this is played with the assumption that the audience is familiar with the referenced style and technique. An example of this is the referencing of 18th century forms and instrumentation byNeoclassiccomposersStravinskyand Hindemith in the 20th century.
Quotations of musical materials[edit]
Musical quotationsare blended together in vertical and horizontal orders to form amedley.In the Renaissance era, this type of musical composition is called thequodlibet.In the Romantic era, they are often medleys performed in Operas. Examples of this are C. Hopfner'soperettafor men's voices – Das Gastspiel der Lucca – composed in 1875 andCharles Ives'sHoliday Symphonycomposed in 1913.
Movement titles[edit]
Composers like Haydn and Beethoven often use specific movement titles to identify their work as humorous, labeling them as 'scherzo', which means 'joke'. An example of this is the scherzo fromTchaikovsky'sSymphony No. 4composed in 1878.
Tempo modifications[edit]
Tempomodifications not only sets the pace of music, but also imply mood and style. An example of this is Haydn's symphony finales in the late 18th century, where tempo modifications are used to display character.
Notation[edit]
The use of visually uncommon notations has been employed in the complexpolyphonyof the late 14th century,puzzle canonsof the Renaissance and Baroque eras, andaleatoric musicof the 20th century. An example of this isBaude Cordier's 'Belle bonne' heart-shaped manuscript composed in the late 14th century.
Genre designations[edit]
The use of specific terms in genre designations identifies certain types of music as humorous. Obvious designations include opera buffa, while subtler ones include terms likecanzonetta,chansonetta, and operetta. An example of this is Schumann's use of the term 'humoresque' to designate humorous music, as demonstrated in his own work –Humoreske– composed in 1838.
Performance styles[edit]
Composers make fun of certain performance styles through the use of parody. Examples of this areVictor Borgewho made fun of conventional classical music by mimicking well-known pieces of music andAnna Russellwho satirizedWagner.
Texting of instrumental works[edit]
Satiric texts are incorporated within instrumental works to convey humor. An example of this is a vocal arrangement of Mozart'soverturetoDie Zauberflotethat begins with "Vivat Carl Maria Weber".
Chance[edit]
The use of chance to combine phrases in musical composition is known as ars combinatoria. In the 20th century, this genre is called aleatoric music or chance music. An example of this isJohn Cage'sMusic of Changescomposed in 1951.
Soggetto cavato[edit]
Soggetto cavatois a technique that substitutes syllables fromsolmizationfor letters, creating amusical cryptogram.An example of this is the use of the letters ASCH and SCHA Schumann'sCarnavalcomposed in 1835.
Types[edit]
Parody music[edit]
Parody musicis a subgenre of comedy music that incorporates comic or satirical features, and is a reinterpretation of the original it is based upon.[32]
Bart BakerparodiesNicki Minaj's song – 'Anaconda' – by replacing original lyrics with new ones:
I'm dry humping bamboo in a jungle / My butt's so big it's like two gigantic bubbles / And I always show it off 'cause it's my greatest asset / But it's enhanced by surgery, yes, it's made out of plastic / It's not real, real, real.[33]
Peter Schickelecomposed and performed music allegedly written by the fictionalP. D. Q. Bach,the "only forgotten son" of the Bach family.
Novelty song[edit]
Novelty songis a subgenre of comedy music that is humorous, unique and original, sounding different from everything else being played in the media.[34]
Bob the builder / Can we fix it? / Bob the builder / Yes we can![35]
Comedy rock[edit]
Comedy rockis a subgenre of comedy music that focuses onDissentinghumor, a merge of youthful silliness andrebelliousinstincts.[36]
Stephen Lynchsings about the death of his grandfather in his song, titled 'Grandfather':
When Grandfather dies / Life will be strange / When Grandfather dies / My whole world will change / When Grandfather dies / I'll scream and I'll yell / 'Cause I'll be fuckin' rich as hell.[37]
Comedy hip hop[edit]
Comedy hip hopis a subgenre of comedy music that incorporates humor in theraplyrics and in the music itself.[38]
The Lonely Islandreleased their first comedy hip hop song – 'Ka-Blamo!' – in 2001:
When you're mining for coal and you forget what coal is / And you're sure to be fired, because that's your job! / When a mole's in your ass and you wonder where the mole is / You're screwed man, a mole is in your ass. Job![39]
Awards[edit]
Grammy Award for Best Comedy album[edit]
TheGrammy Award for Best Comedy Albumacknowledges both spoken word and musical comedy albums. It is presented by theNational Academy of Recording Arts and Sciencesof the United States, and is first awarded in 1959 until the present day.
Golden Globe Award for Best Motion Picture – Musical or Comedy[edit]
TheGolden Globe Award for Best Motion Picture – Musical or Comedyrecognizes musical or comedy films. It is presented by theHollywood Foreign Press Associationof the United States, and is first awarded in 1952 until the present day.
Musical Comedy Awards[edit]
The Musical Comedy Awards is an annual competition that acknowledges the United Kingdom's up-and-coming as well as established artists in the musical comedy genre.[40][41]It is first set up in 2008 by founder Ed Chappel.[40]
See also[edit]
- Novelty song
- Outsider music
- Victor Borge,"The Clown Prince of Denmark", famous for his own mixture of comedy and music.
References[edit]
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- ^abcdefgMcKeague, Matthew (3 July 2018)."The accordion is mightier than the sword: analysing the comedy music counterculture expressed through the works of 'Weird Al' Yankovic".Comedy Studies.9(2): 138–149.doi:10.1080/2040610X.2018.1494360.ISSN2040-610X.S2CID192849572.
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