Japanese Communist Party

Japanese Communist Party Nhật bổn cộng sản đảng Nihon Kyōsan-tō
Abbreviation	JCP
Chairperson	Tomoko Tamura
Secretary-General	Akira Koike
Representatives leader	Chizuko Takahashi
Councillors leader	Tomoko Kami
Founded	15 July 1922(15 July 1922)
Headquarters	4-26-7Sendagaya,Shibuya,151-8586 Japan
Newspaper	Shimbun Akahata
Youth wing	Democratic Youth League of Japan
Membership(January 2024)	250,000
Ideology	Communism Marxism Scientific socialism Progressivism Pacificism
Political position	Left-wingtofar-left
International affiliation	IMCWP
Colors	Red
Representatives	10 / 465
Councillors	11 / 248
Prefectural assembly members	113 / 2,644
Municipal assembly members	2,226 / 29,135
Election symbol
Party flag
Website
www.jcp.or.jp(Japanese) www.jcp.or.jp/english(English)
Politics of Japan Political parties Elections

TheJapanese Communist Party(Nhật bổn cộng sản đảng,Nihon Kyōsan-tō,abbr.JCP)is acommunist partyinJapan.Founded in 1922, it is the oldestpolitical party in the country.It has 250,000 members as of January 2024, making it one of the largestnon-governing communist partiesin the world. The party is chaired byTomoko Tamura,who replaced longtime leaderKazuo Shiiin January 2024.

The JCP was repressed by the Japanese government in the three decades immediately following its founding. TheAllied occupation of Japanlegalized the JCP afterWorld War II,but the party's unexpected success in the1949 general electionled to the "Red Purge",in which the Japanese government removed tens of thousands of actual and suspected communists from their jobs. TheSoviet Unionencouraged the JCP to respond with a violent revolution; the consequent internal debate fractured the party into several factions. The dominant faction, backed by the Soviets, waged anunsuccessful guerrilla campaignin Japan's rural areas, which undercut the party's public support.

In 1958,Kenji Miyamotobecame the JCP's leader and moderated the party's policies, abandoning the previous line of violent revolution. Miyamoto also began distancing the JCP from theEastern Blocin the 1960s. The party maintained a neutral stance during theSino-Soviet split,declared its support formulti-party democracyin opposition to theone-party politicsof China and the Soviet Union, and purged pro-Soviet or Chinese members. His efforts to regain electoral support were particularly successful in urban areas such as Osaka, Kyoto, and Tokyo, and the JCP worked with theJapan Socialist Party(JSP) in the 1970s to elect a number of progressive mayors and governors. By 1979, the JCP held about 10% of the seats in theNational Diet.The party saw a brief electoral resurgence after the collapse of the JSP in 1996; however, the party has generally been in decline since in terms of electoral results and party membership.

The party at present advocates the establishment of a democratic society based onpacificism.It believes that this objective can be achieved by working within an electoral framework while carrying out anextra-parliamentarystruggle against "imperialismand its subordinate ally,monopoly capital".As such, the JCP does not advocate violent revolution but rather a" democratic revolution "to achieve" democratic change in politics and the economy ". It accepts the current constitutional position ofthe emperorbut opposes the involvement of theImperial Housein politics. A staunchlyanti-militaristparty, the JCP firmly supportsArticle 9 of the Japanese Constitutionand seeks to dissolve theJapan Self-Defense Forces.It opposesJapan's military alliance with the United Statesas an unequal relationship and infringement of Japan'snational sovereignty.

History

Foundation

Sanzō Nosakabecame a communist in the late 1910s and was a founding member of theCommunist Party of Great Britain.Sen Katayamaleft Japan for the United States in 1914, after serving a prison sentence for supporting a strike. He became a communist during his time in the country and was a founding member of theCommunist Party USA.Katayama founded the Association of Japanese Socialists in America and served as chair of the Far Eastern People's Congress.

In 1921, Katayama was informed by theCommunist International(Comintern) that the First Congress of the Toiler of the Far East would be held on 21 January 1922 in Irkutsk. Three men from his organization (Watanabe Haruo, Taguchi Unzo, and Maniwa Suekichi) served as delegates.The Japanese Communist Party was founded in Tokyo on 15 July,at a meeting whereKyuichi Tokudadiscussed sessions held between the Japanese delegation and Comintern officials. Two delegates were sent to the4th World Congress of the Communist Internationaland a general meeting of the party was held inIchikawa, Chiba,on 4 February 1923.

The party's early leadership was drawn from theanarcho-syndicalistandChristian socialistmovements that developed around the turn of the century. From the former cameYamakawa Hitoshi,Sakai Toshihiko,andKanson Arahata,who had all been supporters ofKōtoku Shūsui,ananarchistexecuted in 1911. Katayama, another early party leader, had been a Christian socialist for much of his political life. The three former anarchists were reluctant to found the JCP, with Yamakawa shortly after arguing that Japan was not ready for a communist party and calling for work to be done solely within labor unions. Katayama's theoretical understanding ofMarxismalso remained low.In the aftermath of the1923 Great Kanto Earthquake,there was a campaign of rumors instigated by Japanese state authorities that incited widespread massacres of suspected enemies of the state by military, police, and vigilante forces. Military and police officials assassinated key leftist leaders under the cover of martial law, includingŌsugi Sakae.

Outlawed and persecuted

Prominent wartime JCP members from left to right:Kyuichi Tokuda,Sanzō NosakaandYoshio Shiga,c.1945–1946

In May 1923, a roster of the JCP's membership was found by police at Manabu Sano's quarters atWaseda University.A series of protests were occurring at the university about military training. On 5 June, almost every member of the party, except those in rural areas or outside the country, were arrested.A group of Japanese communists, including Arahata, assembled inVladivostokin August, and decided to create aproletarian party.Those members arrested in 1923, and released in 1924 believed that the conditions for a communist party were not present and decided to dissolve the party at the Morigasaki Conference in March. However,Grigori Voitinskyrejected this and ordered them to reestablish the party.In August, a committee with Tokuda as chair was formed to reestablish the party.Masanosuke Watanabeand Sano held positions in this committee and Arahata was an organizer in theKansai region.The JCP was formally reestablished on 4 December 1926.Fukumoto Kazuo,a rising figure in Japanese communism, was a member and his ideology, Fukumotoism, was a main part of the platform.

The JCP was outlawed in 1925 with the passage of thePeace Preservation Law,the JCP was subjected to repression and persecution by theSpecial Higher Police(Tokkō), nicknamed the "Thought Police".JCP members and sympathizers were imprisoned and pressured to "convert"(tenkō suru) to anti-communist nationalism.Many of those who refused to convert remained imprisoned for the duration of thePacific War.The Japanese Communist Party memberHotsumi Ozaki,who was part of theRichard Sorgespy ring for theKremlin,was the only Japanese person hanged for treason under the Peace Preservation Law.Police also widely used methods of torture against arrested communists. One of the JCP members killed by police torture in this period was the writerKobayashi Takiji.

Hyōgikaiwas formed on 25 May 1925, and this union served as a vehicle for the communist party. Other proletariat parties (Japan Farmers Party,Japan Labour-Farmer Party,Social Democratic Party,andLabour-Farmer Party) were formed during this period.These parties won seven seats in the1928 election,but acrackdown on 15 Marchresulted in 1,200 people, including Communist leaders, being arrested and the Japanese government dissolved Hyōgikai and Labour-Farmer Party. Sano, Watanabe,Shoichi Ichikawa,Kenzō Yamamoto, and Hideo Namba avoided arrest as they were serving as representatives to the6th World Congress of the Communist Internationaland reorganized the party. The Labour-Farmer Party was reconstituted, with opposition from the Comintern-affiliated communists, into theProletarian Masses PartywithMosaburō Suzukias Secretary General. An attempt to reform Hyōgikai resulted in arrests so a new organization, the National Council of Japanese Labor Unions (Zenkyō), was formed as an underground group with 5,500 members on 25 December 1928.

Police found a chart of the JCP's district organization in Tokyo after arresting a prominent member on 18 March 1929. This resulted in mass arrests that left Yamamoto, who was sick in Moscow, as one of the few leaders not in prison. 81 high-ranking members of Zenkyō were arrested in April. The party was reconstituted by Seigen Tanaka, Zenshirō Zennō, and Hiroshi Sano in July. Many members wanted to dissolve the party as the Peace Preservation Law was amended to inflict the death penalty. Jōkichi Kazama was sent from Moscow to rebuild the party in December 1930. He and Noboru Matsumura wrote the 1931 Draft Thesis, but the Comintern was displeased with it. A new document supported by the Comintern, the 1932 Draft Thesis, was written by Nosaka and served as the JCP's main document until 1946. This document stated that a bourgeois revolution to eliminate feudalism and the emperor must occur before the proletariat revolution.

Kazama and other leaders were arrested in fall 1932. The party was reformed by Masami Yamamoto, who was also sent from Moscow, in January 1933, but he was arrested in May. Manabu Sano, Kazama, Tanaka, and other imprisoned Communist leaders denounced communism starting in May. The leadership of the party's central committee passed fromEitaro NorotoKenji Miyamototo Hakamada Satomi as a result of each person's arrests. The party lost its organization after Satomi's arrested in 1935.

The JCP campaigned against theinvasion of Chinaand the imperial regime'sexpansionist policy in Asia.

Postwar reemergence

On 4 October 1945, all political prisoners, including communists that had been imprisoned for decades, were ordered to be released by theAllied military occupation of Japan.The first issue ofShimbun Akahataafter the end of the war thanked the Allied occupation for the "democratic revolution" that was occurring and called for the recreation of a communist political party. A national conference was held on 8 November 1945, and the 4th Party Congress was held from 1 to 2 December.

Nosaka returned to Japan after fourteen years in exile on 10 January 1946.Under the guidance of Nosaka, the party pursued a policy of portraying itself as "lovable".Nosaka's strategy involved avoiding open calls for violent revolution and taking advantage of the seemingly pro-labor stance of the Allied occupation to organize the urban working classes and win power at the ballot box and through propaganda.In particular, the party was successful in winning acceptance of the notion that communists had been the only ones to resistJapanese wartime militarism.This propaganda effort won the party thousands of new members and an even larger number of sympathizers, especially among artists and intellectuals.

Party membership, which never exceeded 1,000 in the pre-war period, rose from 1,180 in December 1945, to 7,500 by February 1946, 70,000 by December 1947, and over 100,000 by April 1950.Sanbetsu,a union affiliated with the JCP, had around 1.5 million members as overall Japanese union membership rose to 6 million in the post-war period.The JCP benefited from Japan'sKorean populationthat was more favorable to communism due to discrimination and high unemployment rates. The JCP made dramatic gains in the1949 general election,tripling its popular vote support and increasing its seat total from 4 to 35.

Red Purge and turn to violence

Beginning in the fall of 1949, in reaction to the JCP's electoral success and as part of the "Reverse Course"in Allied occupation policy amid risingCold Wartensions, the Allied occupation authorities and the Japanese government carried out a sweepingRed Purge,firing tens of thousands of communists and suspected communists from government posts, teaching positions at schools, and private corporations.The purge was further intensified in response to the outbreak of theKorean War.

JCP headquarters in 1950. The large banner above the door says "Oppose war!"

Douglas MacArthurconsidered banning the JCP on 3 May 1950. Twenty-four members of the party's central committee were removed from office on 6 June and its newspaper,Shimbun Akahata,was suspended on 27 June. A total of 11,000 workers and 1,200 government workers were fired from 1949 to 1950.Union divisions and attacks on communist influence in labor led to Sanbetsu's membership falling to 400,000 by 1949.

Against this backdrop in January 1950, the Soviet-ledCominform,at the behest of Soviet premierJoseph Stalin,issued a blistering criticism of the JCP's peaceful line as "opportunism" and "glorifying American imperialism". It also demanded that the JCP carry out an immediate violent revolution along Maoist lines.This devastating "Cominform Criticism" led rival JCP factions to compete for the Cominform's approval, and ultimately led to the militant "1951 Platform"(51 niên cương lĩnh)which declared that "it would be a serious mistake to think that Japan's liberation can be achieved through peaceful, democratic means" and called for an immediate violent revolution.This thesis was a combination of late Stalinist and Maoist thought.The result was a campaign of violence in which JCP activists threw Molotov cocktails at police boxes and cadres were sent up into the mountains with instructions to organize ostensibly oppressed farmers into "mountain guerrilla squads".

The backlash to the JCP's new militant line was swift and severe. Militants were rounded up, tried, and sentenced to lengthy prison terms, and in the 1952 general election, Japanese voters vented their ire at the JCP by stripping the party of every single one of its 35 Diet seats, a blow from which it would take two decades to recover.Stunned, the JCP gradually began to pull back from its militant line, a process facilitated by the death of Stalin in 1953.At the 6th Party Congress in 1955, the JCP renounced the militant line completely, returning to its old "peaceful line" of gradually pursuing socialist revolution through peaceful, democratic means.

Shigeo ShidaandRitsu Itōwere informally controlling the JCP in the early 1950s. Tokuda's death in 1953 created a power vacuum in the party. Shida won and Itō was expelled from the party, having been accused of being a spy.Shida's influence waned in the late 1950s as Miyamoto, who became General Secretary in 1958, gained power.Members of Shida's faction later broke away to from a new JCP in September 1965.This group performed poorly in elections despite support from the Soviet Union.

Anpo protests

Kenji Miyamotoheld the party's leadership position from 1958 to 1982.

In 1960, the JCP played a central role in organizing the massiveAnpo protestsagainst theU.S.–Japan Security Treaty,which were the largest protests in Japanese history.The JCP took a different line than theJapan Socialist Party,Sohyolabor federation, and other groups who argued that the main target of the protest movement was Japanese monopoly capitalism. Instead, the JCP argued that the main enemy was American imperialism, and along with affiliated groups, focused its protests around the U.S. Embassy in Tokyo.Accordingly, JCP-linked groups were the driving force behind the "Hagerty Incident"in which the car carrying U.S. PresidentEisenhower's press secretaryJames Hagertywas mobbed outside of Tokyo'sHaneda Airporton 10 June 1960, provoking a major international incident and helping to precipitate the downfall of theNobusuke Kishicabinet.

The Anpo protests were a turning point in the JCP's ongoing attempts to revive its political fortunes after the disastrous turn toward violent revolution in the early 1950s.Although the Maoists had been purged from the party following the earlier disaster, the JCP was still riven by the age-old rivalry between the Rōnō Ha (Worker-Farmer Faction) and the Kōza Ha (Lecture Faction), which dated back to the prewar era.Among other disagreements, the two factions disagreed over which stage of Marxist development Japan was currently in; the Rōnō Ha believed that Japan had already achieved full capitalism, which meant that an immediate socialist revolution was possible, whereas the Kōza Ha argued that Japan's transition to capitalism was not yet complete and that therefore what was needed was a "two-stage" revolution—first a "democratic revolution" that would overthrow American imperialism and establish true democracy, and then a "socialist revolution" that would establish communism.Although the "mainstream" of the JCP, led byKenji Miyamoto,favored the Kōza Ha interpretation, as late as the 7th Party Congress in 1958 the "anti-mainstream" Rōnō Ha faction, led byShōjirō Kasuga,still controlled around 40% of the delegates.

The Anpo protests greatly strengthened the hand of the Kōza Ha faction.During the protest, the JCP, still scarred by the backlash to its violent line in the 1950s, consistently advocated peaceful, orderly, and restrained protests.This stance was highly unpopular with the radical student activists of theZengakurenstudent federation, who broke decisively with the JCP as a result and began to build aNew Leftstudent movement.However, the movement proved unpopular with the broader public, and the JCP was able to use its image as a "peaceful" and "positive" force during the protests as a recruitment tool. Membership in the party soared during the course of the protests, doubling from 40,000 to 80,000, and most of the new recruits wound up supporting the Kōza Ha line.

Zenith

Over the remainder of the 1960s, the Kōza Ha was able to purge many members from the Rōnō Ha faction, and others, dissatisfied with JCP policies, quit the party of their own accord.Miyamoto was able to cement his control over the party and reigned as party chairman all the way until 1982. Meanwhile, the party's membership continued to grow rapidly, and the party began to make steady gains at the ballot box, winning more and more seats in theNational Diet.By the mid-1960s, theUnited States Department of Stateestimated party membership to be approximately 120,000 (0.2% of the working-age population),Miyamoto reported a membership above 100,000 in 1964,and the party had acquired around 300,000 members by 1970.

The JCP's vote totals in the prefectural assemblies doubled between the 1959 and 1963 elections and their seats rose from 12 to 22 despite running 200 fewer candidates.The JCP's vote totals and seats in city council elections rose from 509,069 to 880,991 votes and 218 to 369 seats. Their vote totals in the town council elections doubled and their seats rose from 168 to 314.

In the1972 general election,the JCP won an astonishing 38 seats in the Diet, surpassing its 1949 high of 35 and signaling the party's full recovery from the disastrous militant line of the early 1950s.Party membership continued to grow in the 1970s, albeit at a slower rate than in the 1960s, reaching approximately 500,000 members by 1980.

1980s to 21st century

JCP headquarters in Tokyo'sShibuyaWard

After thedissolution of the Soviet Union,the JCP released a press statement titled "We welcome the end of a party which embodied the historical evil ofgreat powerchauvinismandhegemonism".The party also criticized the Eastern Bloc countries which abandoned socialism, describing their decisions as a" reversal of history ".Consequently, the party did not suffer an internal crisis as a result of the Soviet Union's collapse in 1991, nor did it consider disbanding or changing its name. However, owing to a significant loss in electoral support, the party revised its policies in the 1990s and became a more traditionaldemocratic socialistparty.

Lam Peng Er argued in thePacific Affairsin 1996 that "the JCP's viability is crucial to the health of Japanese democracy" because "[i]t is the only established party in parliament that has not been coopted by the conservative parties. It performs the watchdog role against the ruling parties without fear or favor. More importantly, the JCP often offers the only opposition candidate in prefectural governorship, city mayoral and other local elections. Despite the ostensible differences between the non-communist parties at the national level, they often support a joint candidate for governor or mayor so that all parties are assured of being part of the ruling coalition. If the JCP did not offer a candidate, there would be a walkover and Japanese voters would be offered a fait accompli without an electoral avenue of protest. Promoting women candidates in elections to win women's votes is another characteristic of the party. More women are elected under the communist label than other political parties in Japan."

In 2008, foreign media recorded an increase in support for the party due to the effect of theglobal financial crisison Japanese workers.However, the party failed to increase its number of seats in the2009 general election.Subsequently, the projected decline of the party was halted, with the JCP becoming the third-largest party in theTokyo Metropolitan Assemblyand making gains in the House of Councillors, going from six to 11 seats. The party surged in the 2014 elections, receiving 7,040,130 votes (13.3%) in the constituency section and 6,062,962 (11.37%) in the party lists.

During the nomination period of theJuly 2016 House of Councillors election,the party signed an agreement with theDemocratic,Social DemocraticandPeople's Lifeparties to field a jointly endorsed candidate in each of the 32 districts in which only one seat was contested, uniting in an attempt to take control of the House from the LDP–Komeito coalition.JCP leaders expressed willingness to enter into a coalition with the Democratic Party, a notion which was rejected by then-Democratic Party PresidentKatsuya Okadaas being "impossible" in the near future due to what he viewed as some of the "extreme leftist policies" promoted by the JCP.The party had three Councillors up for re-election and fielded a total of 56 candidates in the election, down from 63 candidates in the 2013 election, but still the second-highest number after the LDP.However, only 14 of those candidates contested single- and multi-member districts, while 42 contested the 48-seat national proportional representation block.

CouncillorTomoko Tamurawas appointed as the party's first chairwoman on 18 January 2024, replacing Kazuo Shii who had occupied the role for over 23 years.

Ideology and policies

The JCP is one of the largest non-governingcommunist partiesin the world;it is, however, politically moderate and advocates a peaceful transition to communism.Marxism–Leninism,which former party chairmanTetsuzo Fuwahad worked for years to make acceptable to the electorate, was abandoned in favor ofscientific socialismin 1976.According to theEncyclopædia Britannica,the JCP became a more traditionaldemocratic socialistparty after modifying its policies in the 1990s.This analysis is supported by the Japanese political scientistKōji Nakakita,who is often cited as a specialist on the JCP.The JCP follows a Marxist ideology,stating that the theory of Marx and Engels is the foundation of their program.The party sits on thelefttofar-leftof theleft–right political spectrum.

Economic policy

The JCP strives to change the nation's economic policy of what it views as serving the interests of large corporations and banks to one of "defending the interests of the people". It advocates establishing "democratic rules" that will check the activities of large corporations and "protect the lives and basic rights of the people".

Regarding theinternational economy,the JCP has advocated establishing a new international democratic economic order on the basis of respect for each country's economicsovereignty.The party strongly opposed Japan's consideration of the failedTrans-Pacific Partnership.The JCP views the United States, transnational corporations, and international financial capital as the main pushers ofglobalization,which it asserts is negatively affecting the global economy by further widening theNorth–South economic divideand creating irrevocable environmental problems. The JCP advocates the "democratic regulation of activities by transnational corporations and international financial capital on an international scale".

In September 2015, after the passage of the2015 Japanese military legislation,the JCP called for cooperation from other opposition parties to form an interim government to abolish the bills. It was the first time the party had called for such cooperation with other parties.

Social policy

The JCP is generally regarded as the mostprogressiveparty in Japanese politics.The JCP has traditionally been opposed to the existence of theImperial Housesince its inception. However, the party changed its stance in 2004 by acknowledging theEmperoras Japan's head of state.The JCP has stated that it supports the establishment of a democratic republic, but also that "[the monarchy's] continuation or discontinuation should be decided by the will of the majority of the people in future, when the time is ripe to do so".In 2000, the party opposed legislation which reintroduced two symbolic practices to secondary school graduation ceremonies in Japan, namely the raising of thenational flagand the singing of thenational anthem,both of which the party views as relics of Japan's militarist past.

LGBT rights and feminism

The JCP has been one of the political parties to vocally backLGBTQ+ rights in the country;communist lawmakers have been working to win the passage ofsame-sex marriageand anti-discrimination laws in parliament.The JCP jointly supports the passing of an LGBT equality law with theConstitutional Democratic Party of Japan(CDP), theSocial Democratic Party(SDP), andReiwa Shinsengumi.

The JCP has maintained a friendly relationship with theJapanese feminist campsince its inception, and is still the most active in women's rights issues among Japan's major political parties. The JCP was the first party to call foruniversal suffrage for women.The party supports eliminating thewage gap between men and womenand has called for the participation of more women in Japanese politics and political life.

Foreign policy

One of the JCP's main objectives is terminating theJapan–United States military allianceand the dismantling of allAmerican military bases in Japan,with a goal to make Japan anon-alignedandneutral country,in accordance with its principles ofself-determinationandnational sovereignty.There are about 130 American military bases and related facilities in Japan, withOkinawa Prefecturealone hosting more than half ofUnited States Forces Japanpersonnel. The JCP adheres to the idea that Japan, as an Asian country, must not allow its relationship with the United States and theG8to define its foreign relations and should put its East Asian neighbors at the center of its diplomatic efforts. It supports establishing an "independent foreign policy in the interests of the Japanese people" and rejects "uncritically following any foreign power".

The JCP advocates that Japan issue further apologies for its actions duringWorld War IIand has condemned prime ministerial visits toYasukuni Shrine.In the 1930s, while the JCP was still illegal, it was the only political party to vocally opposeJapan's war with China.The JCP supports Japanese territorial claims over theKurilandSenkakuIslands andLiancourt Rocks.Furthermore, the JCP has condemned North Korea's nuclear-weapons testing, calling for effective sanctions, but opposing the prospect of a military response.

The JCP's leading politicians are known to be the most active opponents ofanti-Korean racismandxenophobiain Japan. Contemporary JCP politicians criticize mainstream Japanese politicians for instigating contempt towards Korea, and opposehistorical revisionismin regard toKorean historyand Japanese war crimes. The JCP was one of the few Japanese parties which supported theKorean independence movement.In the latter half of the 1940s, a training school for Korean revolutionaries was operated jointly by the JCP and several Korean organizations, including theCommunist Party of Korea.In South Korea, the JCP is known as the only "pro-South Korea" political party in Japan.Although it is illegal to form a communist party in South Korea,Mindanmaintains friendly relations with the JCP.In 2003, due to the consideration of the then liberal South Korean presidentRoh Moo-hyun,formal exchanges between the JCP and the South Korean government began.

Pacifism

The JCP has traditionally championedpacifism.With regards to theJapan Self-Defense Forces(Japan's armed forces), the JCP's current policy is that it is not principally opposed to its existence (in 2000 the party stated that it would agree to its use should Japan ever be attacked), but that it will seek to abolish it in the long term, international situation permitting.The JCP opposes the possession ofnuclear weaponsby any country, military blocs, andattempts to revise Article 9 of the Japanese Constitution,which says that "never again... [will Japan] be visited with the horrors of war through the action of government ". Regarding the resolution of disputes, it argues that priority must be given to peaceful means through negotiations, not to military solutions. The JCP says that Japan must adhere to theUnited Nations Charter.

Sino-Soviet split

The JCP took a neutral stance during theSino-Soviet splitand Miyamoto believed that it was unnecessary for the JCP to take a side.A pro-Chinese faction under the leadership of Hakamada Satomi and pro-Soviet faction under the leadership ofYoshio ShigaandShigeo Kamiyamaexisted within the JCP. However, both groups were in the minority compared to the neutral faction.

Another pro-Soviet faction of the party was under the leadership ofShōjirō Kasuga.Kasuga's faction formed the Preparatory Commission for a Socialist Reform Movement on 9 October 1961. This group broke away on 3 May 1962, and formed theUnified Socialist Leaguewith 600 members.Relations between the Soviet Union and JCP soured as the Soviets attempted to court the JSP. Shiga andIchizo Suzukiwere expelled from the party for voting in favor of thePartial Nuclear Test Ban Treatyin 1963. Shiga and Suzuki were praised in Soviet publications, includingPravda.The publication ofShimbun Akahatafaced restrictions in the Soviet Union while Shiga'sVoice of Japandid not.

The JCP supported China during theSino-Indian War.Miyamoto announced the JCP's opposition to the 1968Soviet invasion of Czechoslovakia.At the same time, the party had distanced itself from Mao and Maoism, which allowed it to avoid being associated with China'sGreat Leap ForwardandCultural Revolutiononce they started coming more fully to light in the 1970s. In July 1969, the JCP declared that if it ever came to power, it would permit the free functioning of opposition parties, in an effort to distinguish itself from theone-party statesin the Soviet Union and China.A purge of pro-Chinese elements in the JCP, including Tokuda's son Nishizawa Ryūji from the Central Committee, was conducted in 1966.In 1976, mentions of "Marxism–Leninism" in the party program were changed to "scientific socialism".

In 2020, the JCP revised its platform for the first time since 2004. The new platform criticized theChinese Communist Party,denouncing China's "great-power chauvinism and hegemonism" as "an adverse current to world peace and progress". The JCP also removed a line from its platform which described China as a country "that is beginning a new quest for socialism". JCP members have stated that this was due tohuman rights conditions in China.TheMinistry of Foreign Affairs of Chinadenounced the accusations of the JCP as "groundless and biased".

Organization

The party officially upholdsdemocratic centralism.The party constitutions states decisions "shall be based on democratic discussion and finally decided by majority vote" and that "there shall be no factions or splinter groups". Along withKomeito,the JCP is unique amongst major Japanese political parties for the continuity of its leaders, with Shii having served as JCP chairman from 2000 to 2024.

Central organization

JCP Central Committee Building, October 2012

According to the party constitution, the highest body of the JCP is the Party Congress, organized by the Central Committee every 2–3 years, though it may be postponed in special circumstances.Between the congresses, the highest body is the Central Committee, elected by the Party Congress. The Central Committee meets two times every year and can also hold a plenum at the request of one-third of its membership.The Central Committee is made out of regular and alternate members; the latter can precipitate in Central Committee meetings but cannot vote. The Central Committee also elects the executive committee of the Central Committee, and its chairpersons and vice-chairpersons, the head of the Secretariat. The current chairman of the executive committee of the Central Committee of the JCP isTomoko Tamura.The Central Committee also appoints the Disciplinary Commission and the Audit Commission, and may elect a Central Committee chairperson; the current Central Committee chair isKazuo Shii.

The executive committee manages party affairs between Central Committee meetings. It appoints the members of the Secretariat, which manages the day-to-day affairs of the party center, and the Central Organ Paper Editors Commission. It also elects the Standing Committee of the executive committee.

Press

Shimbun Akahata(Japanese:Red Flag Newspaper) is the daily organ of the JCP in the form of a national newspaper.Musansha Shinbun(Japanese:Proletarian News) was another publication of the party which was circulated between 1925 and 1929.Several other newspapers preceded and merged intoRed Flag,includingDaini Musansha Shinbun(Japanese:The Second Proletarian News), which was merged intoRed Flagin 1932.Daini Musansha Shinbunwas itself the immediate successor to the originalThe Proletarian News,which was banned by the government in September 1929.Daini Musansha Shinbunbegan publication immediately after the ban.

In the past, the party published numerous other newspapers as well, including another national paper calledNihon Seiji Shinbun(Japanese:Japan Political News) and a theoretical journal calledZenshin(Japanese:Forward).The party also published several regional newspapers such asClass Warin and aroundKyoto,OsakaandKobe,Shinetsu Red FlaginNaganoandHokkaido NewsinHokkaido.They also published numerous (the exact number is unknown) factory newspapers.

Some regional newspapers, such asShin Kanagawa(Japanese:New Kanagawa) inKanagawa,are still published.

Affiliated organizations

The youth wing of JCP is theDemocratic Youth League of Japan.In the 1920s and 1930s, the organization published several newspapers of its own, includingRēnin Seinen(English:Lenin Youth) andProletarian Youth.

The party also has affiliate medical and consumer co-ops.The Japanese Consumers' Co-Operative Union (JCCU), the umbrella body of the co-operative movement in Japan, has a sizable number of communists in its ranks, although the exact numbers are difficult to verify.Another example of the JCP's prevalence in the co-operative movement is the Co-op Kanagawa in theKanagawa Prefecture,which has 800,000 members and has historical ties to the JCP.It still advertises and occasionally is published in JCP newspapers such asRed FlagandNew Kanagawa.The prevalence ofhouse unionsin Japan as opposed to enterprise unions has prompted much of the exceptional development of other organizations by the JCP, as well as causing the JCP to seek other external organizational support, including fromkōenkai.

Official logo of the Japanese Communist Party and the highlighted acronym JCP

The Choir of JCP-fans(JCPファン tạp xướng đoàn,JCP-fan zassyōdan)is a musical group which supports the JCP. Its repertory and artistic activity are strongly linked toThe Singing Voice of Japan(Nhật bổn のうたごえ,Nihon no utagoe)/うたごえ vận độngUtagoe-undō), a musical movement of Japanese working class that dates back to 1948, when the Choir of the Communist Youth League of Japan(Nhật bổn thanh niên cộng sản đồng minh trung ương hợp xướng đoàn,Nihon-seinen-kyōsan-dōmei Chuō-gassyōdan)was established. The group was founded inKyotoin 2011 and is directed by Tadao Yamamoto, a composer, accordionist, choir director, and ordinary member of the National Council of The Singing Voice of Japan. In various cultural events organized by the party, the Choir of JCP-fans appears as an element among the joined choirs of the volunteer singers of The Singing Voice of Japan. As of 2016, the choir is the only organization of Japanese musicians specializing in political support and in the cultural activity of the party.

Notable concerts and performances by the choir include:

• 11 February 2011,Kyoto Kaikan Hall:Concert sponsored by the Kyoto Committee of the Japanese Communist Party (JCP).
• 1 August 2013, Nishijin Bunka Center (Kyoto): Cultural Live RevolutionaryPub,in collaboration with Tokiko Nishiyama(Tây sơn đăng kỷ tử),former JCP member of theHouse of Councilors.
• 23 September 2014, Takaragaike Park (Kyoto): Festival Kyoto ed. 2014, organized by the Kyoto Committee of the JCP.
• 1 February 2015, Kyoiku Bunka Center (Kyoto): Festival sponsored by the Kyoto Committee of the JCP.
• 29 April 2016, Takaragaike Park (Kyoto): Festival Kyoto ed. 2016, organized by the Kyoto Committee of the JCP: performance withSeifuku Kōjō Iinkai(Chế phục hướng thượng ủy viên hội)andAkira Koike(Tiểu trì hoảng),JCP member of theHouse of Councilorsand Secretary-General of the party.

Membership

44.09% of the JCP's membership in 1966 was between the ages of 30–39, 27.50% were below 29, 15.21% were 40–49, 8.81% were above 50, and 3.74% were of an unknown age. The most common form of employment was in factory work, civil service, education, and agrarian work.During the 1980s, party membership began to decline, falling to 500,000 by 1990and 370,000 by 1997.

Following its advancement in the2013 Tokyo prefectural election,the party enjoyed an increase in membership growth, with over 1,000 people joining in each of the final three months of 2013. Approximately 20% of new members during this period were aged 20 to 40, showing a higher ratio of young people joining the party than in the past. The JCP had approximately 320,000 members in January 2014.

More recently, however, membership numbers have declined, with membership around 300,000 in 2017, 270,000 in 2020,and 250,000 in 2024.

Notable members

Main article:List of members of the Japanese Communist Party

Takiji Kobayashi,prominent author ofproletarian literature

Pre-war (1922–1941)

• Kanson Arahata
• Sen Katayama
• Hajime Kawakami
• Fukumoto Kazuo
• Takiji Kobayashi
• Toshihiko Sakai
• Hitoshi Yamakawa

Wartime (1941–1945)

• Kim Chon-hae
• Sanzō Nosaka
• Yoshio Shiga
• Kyuichi Tokuda

Post-war (1945–present)

• Kiyoteru Hanada
• Kenji Miyamoto
• Hiromu Murakami
• Tetsuzo Fuwa
• Kazuo Shii
• Hisashi Inoue
• Takeshi Kimura

Leaders

Chairman of the Executive Committee of the Central Committee

No.	Photo	Name (Birth–death)	Constituency / title	Term of office		Prime Minister(term)
				Took office	Left office
General Affairs Chief Secretary (1922–1923)
1		Arahata Katsuzō (1887–1981)	None	5 July 1922	1923		Katō To.1922–1923
							Yamamoto1923–1924
2		Sakai Toshihiko (1871–1933)	None	1923	1923
Party outlawed by the Government
General Secretary (1945–1970)
1		Kyuichi Tokuda (1894–1953)	Rep for Tokyo 2nd (1946) Tokyo 3rd (1947–1950)	3 December 1945	14 October 1953		Shidehara1945–1946
							Yoshida1946–1947
							Katayama1947–1948
							Ashida1948
							Yoshida1948–1954
2		Sanzō Nosaka (1892–1993)	Cou for Tokyo at-large (1956–1977)	14 October 1953	1 August 1958
							Hatoyama I.1954–1956
							Ishibashi1956–1957
							Kishi1957–1960
3		Kenji Miyamoto (1908–2007)	None	1 August 1958	7 July 1970
							Ikeda1960–1964
							Satō1964–1972
Chairperson (1970–present)
1		Kenji Miyamoto (1908–2007)	Cou for National PR (1977–1989)	7 July 1970	31 July 1982		Satō1964–1972
							Tanaka K.1972–1974
							Miki1974–1976
							Fukuda T.1976–1978
							Ōhira1978–1980
							Ito1980Acting
							Suzuki Z.1980–1982
2		Tetsuzo Fuwa (born 1930)	Rep for Tokyo 6th	31 July 1982	29 November 1987
							Nakasone1982–1987
							Takeshita1987–1989
3		Hiromu Murakami (1921–2007)	Rep for Osaka 3rd	29 November 1987	29 May 1989
4 (2)		Tetsuzo Fuwa (born 1930)	Rep for Tokyo 6th (1969–1996) Tokyo PR block (1996–2003)	29 May 1989	24 November 2000
							Uno1989
							Kaifu1989–1991
							Miyazawa1991–1993
							Hosokawa1993–1994
							Hata1994
							Murayama1994–1996
							Hashimoto1996–1998
							Obuchi1998–2000
							Mori2000–2001
5		Kazuo Shii (born 1954)	Rep for Southern Kanto PR block	24 November 2000	18 January 2024
							Koizumi2001–2006
							Abe S.2006–2007
							Fukuda Y.2007–2008
							Asō2008–2009
							Hatoyama Y.2009–2010
							Kan2010–2011
							Noda2011–2012
							Abe S.2012–2020
							Suga2020–2021
							Kishida2021–present
6		Tomoko Tamura (born 1965)	Cou for National PR	18 January 2024	Incumbent

Chairman of the Central Committee

No.	Photo	Name (Birth–death)	Term of office
			Took office	Left office
1		Sanzō Nosaka (1892–1993)	1 August 1958	31 July 1987
2		Kenji Miyamoto (1908–2007)	31 July 1982	26 September 1997
3		Tetsuzo Fuwa (born 1930)	24 November 2000	14 January 2006
4		Kazuo Shii (born 1954)	18 January 2024	Incumbent

Head of the Secretariat

No.	Photo	Name (Birth–death)	Term of office
			Took office	Left office
1		Tetsuzo Fuwa (born 1930)	7 July 1970	31 July 1982
2		Mitsuhiro Kaneko (1924–2016)	31 July 1982	13 July 1990
3		Kazuo Shii (born 1954)	13 July 1990	24 November 2000
4		Tadayoshi Ichida (born 1942)	24 November 2000	18 January 2014
5		Yoshiki Yamashita (born 1960)	18 January 2014	11 April 2016
6		Akira Koike (born 1960)	11 April 2016	Incumbent

Electoral performance

House of Representatives

Prior to 1996, the entire House of Representatives was elected by majoritarian or "semi-proportional" voting systems with votes cast for individuals (1946:limited votingin multi-member districts, 1947 to 1993SNTVin multi-member districts). Since 1996, the House of Representatives is elected in aparallel election system—essentially two separate elections only in the lower house complicated by the fact that a candidate may stand in both segments and thesekihairitsusystem which ties proportional list ranking to FPTP results: only the majority of members the House of Representatives, 295 (initially 300) seats, are elected in a majoritarian system with voting for candidates (first-past-the-postin single-member districts), while the remaining 180 (initially 200) seats are elected by a proportional representation system (votes are cast for party lists in regional multi-member districts, called "blocks" in the House of Representatives). The votes and vote percentages in the table below are the JCP candidates' vote totals for the whole election from before 1993 and just the votes for the party in the election to the 180 proportional seats after 1996.

The JCP polled 11.3% of the vote in 2000, 8.2% in 2003, 7.3% in 2005, 7.0% in 2009, and 6.2% in 2012. These results seemed to indicate a trend of declining support, but the party won 21 seats in 2014, up from eight in the previous general election, as the JCP received 7,040,130 votes (13.3%) in the constituency section and 6,062,962 (11.37%) in the party lists. This continued a new wave of support that was also evident in the2013 Tokyo prefectural electionin which the party doubled its representation. Fighting on a platform directly opposed toneoliberalism,theTrans-Pacific Partnership,attempts to rewrite the constitution,United States Forces Japan,andnuclear power,the JCP tapped into a minority current that seeks an alternative to Japan's rightward direction.Following the2016 Japanese House of Councillors election,the party held 13 seats in theHouse of Councillors.After the2017 Japanese general election,the party held 12 seats in theHouse of Representatives,and since the2021 Japanese general election,it holds 10 seats.

House of Representatives

Election	No. of votes	%	Total seats	±	Status
1946	2,135,757	3.8	6 / 464		Opposition
1947	1,002,883	3.7	4 / 466	2	Opposition
1949	2,984,780	9.8	35 / 466	31	Opposition
1952	896,765	2.5	0 / 466	35	Extra-parliamentary
1953	655,990	1.9	1 / 466	1	Opposition
1955	733,121	2.0	2 / 467	1	Opposition
1958	1,012,035	2.5	1 / 467	1	Opposition
1960	1,156,723	2.9	3 / 467	2	Opposition
1963	1,646,477	4.0	5 / 467	2	Opposition
1967	2,190,564	4.8	5 / 486	0	Opposition
1969	3,199,032	6.8	14 / 486	9	Opposition
1972	5,496,827	10.5	38 / 491	24	Opposition
1976	5,878,192	10.4	17 / 511	21	Opposition
1979	5,625,527	10.4	39 / 511	22	Opposition
1980	5,803,613	9.8	29 / 511	10	Opposition
1983	5,302,485	9.3	26 / 511	3	Opposition
1986	5,313,246	8.8	26 / 512	0	Opposition
1990	5,226,987	8.0	16 / 512	10	Opposition
1993	4,834,587	7.7	15 / 511	1	Opposition
1996	7,268,743	13.1	26 / 500	11	Opposition
2000	6,719,016	11.2	20 / 480	6	Opposition
2003	4,586,172	7.8	9 / 480	11	Opposition
2005	4,919,187	7.3	9 / 480	0	Opposition
2009	4,943,886	7.0	9 / 480	0	Opposition
2012	3,689,159	6.2	8 / 480	1	Opposition
2014	6,062,962	11.4	21 / 475	13	Opposition
2017	4,404,081	7.9	12 / 465	9	Opposition
2021	4,166,076	7.2	10 / 465	2	Opposition

House of Councillors

Elections to the House of Councillors are staggered. Every three years, half of the House is up for election to six-year terms. In addition, a parallel election system is used: the majority of members of the House of Councillors (currently 146 of 242, or 73 in one regular election to one half of the House) are elected in 45 (formerly 46→47) prefectural districts, votes are cast for individual candidates by SNTV, but with both multi- and single-member districts used and in the latter SNTV becomes identical to FPTP (winner-takes-all). The remaining, currently 96 members (48 per regular election) are elected in one nationwide district. Until 1980, votes there were cast for individuals too by SNTV. Since 1983, votes are cast for party lists and the seats are allocated proportionally (d'Hondt) in the nationwide district. Unlike in general elections to the lower house, a candidate may not be nominated in both segments of one regular election to the upper house. The seats totals show below are the JCP's overall post-election seat totals, not just their seats elected in that particular year. The votes shown are the votes in the election for the 48 (formerly 50) seats in the nationwide SNTV/PR segment.

House of Councillors

Election	National district votes		Total		Status
	No. of votes	%	Seats	±
1947	610,948	2.9	4 / 250		Opposition
1950	1,333,872	4.8	4 / 260	0	Opposition
1953	293,877	1.1	2 / 260	2	Opposition
1956	599,254	2.1	2 / 254	0	Opposition
1959	551,916	1.9	3 / 254	1	Opposition
1962	1,123,947	3.1	4 / 254	1	Opposition
1965	1,652,364	4.4	6 / 254	2	Opposition
1968	2,146,879	5.0	7 / 251	1	Opposition
1971	3,219,307	8.1	10 / 251	3	Opposition
1974	4,931,650	9.4	19 / 260	9	Opposition
1977	4,260,050	8.4	16 / 252	3	Opposition
1980	4,072,019	7.3	12 / 252	4	Opposition
1983	4,163,877	8.9	14 / 252	2	Opposition
1986	5,430,838	9.5	16 / 252	2	Opposition
1989	3,954,408	7.0	14 / 252	2	Opposition
1992	3,532,956	7.9	11 / 252	3	Opposition
1995	3,873,955	9.5	14 / 252	3	Opposition
1998	8,195,078	14.6	23 / 252	9	Opposition
2001	4,329,210	7.9	20 / 247	3	Opposition
2004	4,363,107	7.8	9 / 242	11	Opposition
2007	4,407,937	7.5	7 / 242	2	Opposition
2010	3,563,556	6.1	6 / 242	1	Opposition
2013	5,154,055	9.7	11 / 242	5	Opposition
2016	6,016,245	10.7	14 / 242	3	Opposition
2019	4,483,411	8.95	13 / 245	1	Opposition
2022	3,618,343	6.82	11 / 248	2	Opposition

Current members of National Diet

House of Representatives

• Seiken Akamine(Okinawa-1st)
• Akira Kasai(Tokyo PR)
• Keiji Kokuta(Kinki PR,contestedKyoto-1st)
• Takeshi Miyamoto(Kinki PR)
• Tōru Miyamoto(Tokyo PR,contestedTokyo-20th)

• Nobuko Motomura(Tōkai PR)
• Kazuo Shii(Minami-Kantō PR)
• Tetsuya Shiokawa(Kita-Kantō PR)
• Chizuko Takahashi(Tōhoku PR)
• Takaaki Tamura(Kyushu PR,contestedFukuoka-10th)

House of Councillors

Term expires in 2025 (elected in 2019)

• Yoshiko Kira(Tokyo at-large)
• Gaku Ito(Saitama at-large)
• Akiko Kurabayashi(Kyoto at-large)
• Akira Koike(National PR)
• Yoshiki Yamashita(National PR)
• Satoshi Inoue(National PR)
• Tomoko Kami(National PR)

Term expires in 2028 (elected in 2022)

• Taku Yamazoe(Tokyo at-large)
• Tomoko Tamura(National PR)
• Sohei Nihi(National PR)
• Tomo Iwabuchi(National PR)

See also

• Appeal to the People
• Democracy in Marxism
• Political dissidence in the Empire of Japan
• List of foreign delegations at the 21st Japanese Communist Party Congress
• List of foreign delegations at the 22nd Japanese Communist Party Congress
• Relations between Japanese revolutionaries, the Comintern and the Soviet Union
• Socialist thought in Imperial Japan
• Zengakuren

References

Works cited

Books

• Beckmann, George M.; Okubo, Genji (1969).The Japanese Communist Party, 1922–1945.Stanford, CA:Stanford University Press.ISBN978-0804706742.
• Cole, Allan; Totten, George; Uyehara, Cecil (1966).Socialist Parties In Postwar Japan.Yale University Press.
• Hrebenar, Ronald J., ed. (2019).Japan's New Party System.Routledge.ISBN978-0429721083.
• Jou, Willy; Endo, Masahisa, eds. (2016).Generational Gap in Japanese Politics: A Longitudinal Study of Political Attitudes and Behaviour.Palgrave Macmillan.ISBN978-1137503428.
• Kapur, Nick (2018a).Japan at the Crossroads: Conflict and Compromise after Anpo.Cambridge, MA:Harvard University Press.ISBN978-0674984424.
• Peng-Er, Lam (2005).Green Politics in Japan.Routledge.ISBN978-1134637669.Retrieved26 May2023.
• Scalapino, Robert(1967).The Japanese Communist Movement, 1920-1966.University of California Press.
• Uno, Shun'ichi[in Japanese](1991).Nihon zenshi: Japan chronik(in Japanese). Tokyo:Kodansha Ltd.ISBN4-06-203994-X.

Journal articles

• Berton, Peter (May 2000)."The Japanese Communist Party and Its Transformations".Japan Policy Research Institute(JPRI Working Paper No. 67). Archived fromthe originalon 5 August 2016.Retrieved26 July2020.
• Kapur, Nick (2018b). "The Empire Strikes Back? The 1968 Meiji Centennial Celebrations and the Revival of Japanese Nationalism".Japanese Studies.38(3): 305–328.doi:10.1080/10371397.2018.1543533.S2CID149788596.

Further reading

• Peter Berton and Sam Atherton, "The Japanese Communist Party: Permanent Opposition, but Moral Compass." New York: Routledge, 2018.
• T. E. Durkee,The Communist Party of Japan, 1919–1932.PhD dissertation. Stanford University, 1953.
• G. A. Hoston,Marxism and the Crisis of Development in Prewar Japan.Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1986.
• Hong M. Kim,Deradicalization of the Japanese Communist Party Under Kenji Miyamoto.Cambridge University Press, 1976.
• Stephen S. Large,The Romance of Revolution in Japanese Anarchism and Communism during the Taishō Period.Cambridge University Press, 1977.
• Robert A. Scalapino,The Japanese Communist Movement: 1920–1966.London: Cambridge University Press. 1967.
• R. Swearingen and P. Langer,Red Flag in Japan: International Communism in Action, 1919–1951.Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1952.

External links

• Official website
• "Anti-Russian Organization Rises in Japan; Red Liaison Officer Says That American Occupation Too Soft".Times Daily.9 October 1945.
• "Military Oblivion Is Japs' Fate".The Evening Independent.15 October 1945.
• "Jap Communists Ask United Front Against Shidehara".The Evening Independent.19 October 1945.
• "Japanese Reds Enjoy Freedom For First Time".Berkeley Daily Gazette.15 December 1945.
• Members of the Communist Party march and protest in Tokyo(in Japanese). NHK. 27 December 1945.
• Article on Japanese Communist Party from Japanese Press Translations 1945–1946.Dartmouth Digital Library Collections.
• "Japanese Communist Party Asks End of Feudal System".Berkeley Daily Gazette.23 February 1946.
• "5–12 The Red Purge".National Diet Library.Modern Japan Archives. 6 June 1950.
• "Red Parliament Members Fight Purge in Japan".The Owosso Argus-Press.8 June 1950.
• "Japan's Eight Top Communists Still Missing Without Clue".Reading Eagle.3 June 1951.
• Kazuo Shii: Comments from the Japanese Communist Party on the upcoming election.YouTube video (in English) of the JCP leader Kazuo Shii discussing the2014 Japanese general election.Uploaded 8 December 2014.
• "How the Japanese Communist Party Developed its Theory of Scientific Socialism".Japanese Communist Party.Retrieved12 June2019.