Comparison of Islamic and Jewish dietary laws

TheIslamic dietary laws(halal) and theJewish dietary laws(kashrut;in English,kosher) are both quite detailed, and contain both points of similarity and discord. Both are the dietary laws and described in distinct religious texts: an explanation of the Islamic code of law found in theQuranandSunnahand the Jewish code of laws found in theTorah,TalmudandShulchan Aruch.

As a rule of thumb, most kosher foods not containing alcohol are also halal.However, there are some exceptions, and this article lists the similarities and differences between the two laws.

Substance classification

Similarities

• Porkis prohibited by both sets of beliefs.Animals with fangs (i.e. cats, dogs, lions, bears) are also prohibited by both sets of beliefs, as well as amphibians and reptiles.
• Almost all animals that are kosher are also halal, such asbovinesandbovids.
• To be kosher, aquatic animals must have scales and fins. Most Sunni schools of thought adhere to the interpretation that all creatures from the ocean or the sea or lake are considered halal (exceptHanafischool that require it to be fish).

TwelverShia Muslimshowever consider that only sea creatures that have scales are halal, but make an exception with some crustaceans; shrimp and prawns, but not lobsters.This is similar to the Jewish law with the exception of fins.

• Gelatin,according to one of the two Islamic viewpoints, it is only permissible if it comes from a permissible animal, but according to another Islamic viewpoint, gelatin is halal, whatever its source, due to a chemical transformation,as for Judaism usually kosher gelatin comes from the bones of kosher fish,or is avegansubstitute, such asagar.Judaism finds that only gelatin made from kosher animals or kosher fish are in essence "kosher gelatins."
• Almost all insects are prohibited by both sets of law, although of theMalikischool ofSunni Islampermits eating insects, with the condition of it being dead by any means. The few kosher insects are specific types oflocustsandgrasshoppers(seekosher locust) which are not eaten today in most Jewish communities and it is unknown which species is permitted (the exception being theYemenite Jews,who claim to have preserved this knowledge);however all types of locusts are considered halal in sharia.

Differences

• For a substance to be halal, it must not containalcoholof any kind. However, there is a difference drawn between the addition of alcohol to foods, which is absolutely forbidden, and the small quantities that naturally become present – such as orange juice. Except for grape wine and grape juice (which must be manufactured underJewishsupervision), kashrut allows the consumption of any sort of alcohol (besidesMezcalmade with a worm/larva)as long as it has kosher ingredients (excluding any unsupervised grape extracts).
• The list of animals forbidden by kashrut is more restrictive, as kashrut requires that to be kosher, mammals must chewcudand must have cloven hooves. Thus some animals such as camels and rabbits are halal, but not kosher.
• Kashrut requires strict separation ofdairyand meat products, even when they are kosher.
• According toJewish dietary laws,cooking equipment cannot come into contact with both meat and dairy. Both thekitchen utensilsandeating utensilsused must be designated to either one or the other.
• Wine was very important in early Judaism. The JewishTalmudstated that wine is an alternative to other medicines. Wine is permitted by all Jews as long as it is kosher. In order forwineto be kosher, it has to be made with all kosher ingredients and the entirety of the process from the picking of the grapes to the process of bottling the wine has to be supervised or created by other Jews. It is also a part of theShabbat dinnerand many other rituals. Especially thePassover Seder,where part of the ritual for Jewish tradition is for each person to drink four cups of wine. Grape juice is also an acceptable substitute for its alcoholic counterpart. Wine is also recommended to drink during the Jewish holiday ofPurim.Meanwhile, inIslamalcohol is considered morally and socially unacceptable and is not used in any religious processes (the exceptions being SufiBektaşi,who encourage it as part of their beliefs, as well asAlawites).

Slaughter

Shechitais the ritual slaughter of mammals and birds according to Jewish law.Dhabihahis the method used to slaughter an animal in Islamic tradition.Shechitarequires that an animal be conscious and this is taken to mean the modern practice of electrical, gas, or percussive stunning before slaughter is forbidden. Most Muslim authoritiesalso forbid the use of electrical, gas, or percussive stunning.However, other authorities state that stunning is permissible so long as it is not the direct cause of the animal's death.

Similarities

• Bothshechitaanddhabihahinvolve cutting across the neck of the animal with a sharp blade in one clean attempt in order to sever the main blood vessels.
• Both requiredraining the blood of the animal.
• Both Islamic and Jewish culinary practices enforce that the meat and poultry must be examined thoroughly by a member of its religion prior to consumption.
• Also, both religions emphasize that the meat has to be ritually slaughtered and not just found.

Differences

• In Judaism, only one who has been specially trained and has learned on all the laws ofshechitamay slaughter kosher animals.However,dhabihahcan be performed by any "sane adult Muslim… by following the rules prescribed byShariah".Some Islamic authorities state thatdhabihacan also be performed by someone who follows any Abrahamic religion, known in the Shariah asPeople of the Book.
• Dhabiharequires that God's name be pronounced before each slaughter.There is a genuine difference of opinion regarding the mention of the name of God if slaughtered by a Jew or Christian.(seeIslamic concept of God). However, the Muslim will be required to mention the name of God before consuming the dhabiha if not mentioned at the slaughter.(The matter contains detail not to be mentioned here for sake of simplicity.) Dhabihameat by definition is meat that is slaughtered in theshariahmanner and the name of God is said before the slaughter. Inshechita,a blessing to God is recited before beginning an uninterrupted period of slaughtering; as long as theshochetdoes not have a lengthy pause, interrupt, or otherwise lose concentration, this blessing covers all the animals slaughtered in that period. This blessing follows the standard form for a blessing before most Jewish rituals ( "Blessed are you God who has consecrated us with his commandments and who has commanded us regarding [such-and-such]", in this case,shechita).The general rule inJudaismis that for rituals which have an associated blessing, if one omitted the blessing, the ritual is still valid [see Maimonides Laws of Blessings 11:5]; as such, even if theshochetfailed to recite the blessing beforeshechita,the slaughter is still valid and the meat is kosher.
• There are some restrictions on what organs or parts of the carcass may be eaten from ahalal-slaughtered and dressed animal. Commonly known prohibition include blood (Qur'an 2:173),Hanafischool adds penis, testicles, vulva, glands.However, in addition to blood, kashrut also prohibits eating thechelev(certain types of fat) andgid hanosheh(thesciatic nerve), and thus the hindquarters of a kosher animal must undergo a process callednikkur(or, inYiddish,traibering) in order to be fit for consumption by Jews. Asnikkuris an expensive, time-consuming process, it is rarely practiced outside ofIsrael,and the hindquarters of kosher-slaughtered animals in the rest of the world are generally sold on the non-kosher market.

Other comparisons

Similarities

• After slaughter, both require that the animal be examined to ensure that it is fit for consumption. Dhabiha guidelines generally say that the carcass should be inspected,while kashrut says that the animal's internal organs must be examined "to make certain the animal was not diseased".
• Both sets of religious rules are subject to arguments among different authorities with regional and other related differences in permissible foodstuffs.
• Strictly observant followers of either religion will not eat in restaurants not certified to follow its rules.
• Meat slaughtered and sold as kosher must still be salted to draw out any remaining blood and impurities. A similar practice is followed in some Muslim households, but usingvinegar.This is done to remove all surface blood from the meat, in accordance with Islam's prohibition of the consumption of blood.

Differences

• During the Jewish holidayPassover,an additional set of restrictions requires that nochametz(sour-dough starter or fermented products from the five species of grains) be eaten. This requirement is specific to the holiday, and nothing to do with the laws of kashrut.
• In Judaism, the permissibility of food is influenced by many secondary factors. For instance, vessels and implements used to cook food must also be kept separate from non-kosher products, and not used for both dairy products and meat products. (If a vessel or implement used to cook dairy products is then used to cook meat, the food becomes non-kosher and the vessel or implement itself can no longer be used for the preparation or consumption of a kosher meal.) In general, the same policy extends to any apparatus used in the preparation of foods, such as ovens or stovetops. Laws are somewhat more lenient for certain kitchen items such as microwaves or dishwashers, although this depends greatly on tradition (minhag) or individuals' own stringent practices (chumrot). As a result of these factors, many Conservative and Orthodox Jews refuse to eat dishes prepared at any restaurant that is not specifically kosher, even if the actual dish ordered uses only kosher ingredients.
• Likewise, in Islamic food preparation, the permissibility of food is also influenced by whether or not it comes into contact with non-halal food or drink from utensils or kitchen surfaces. Utensils used for pork, alcoholic drinks, blood, or any other not-permissible substance must not be used for halal food.
• The United States houses around 40 percent of the world's Jewish population, around 6.8 million. It is home to the largest Jewish population and, therefore, the largest kosher markets. The largest markets are found in populous states like New York (e.g.New York City), California (particularly Los Angeles), Florida (Miami), and New Jersey. The kosher food fills a special niche in the food market and, despite the fact that only 10–15 percent of American Jews say they buy kosher, the niche was worth more than $12.5 billion in 2013. Industries that serve kosher products estimate that there are over 12 million kosher consumers in the United States and that around 1 in 5 Americans regularly or occasionally buy kosher products because they are kosher. There are over 11,000 kosher-producing companies and plants throughout the United States and more than 195,000 kosher-certified packaged products sold. It is estimated that 70 percent of the food ingredients produced and 40–50 percent of foods sold in the United States are kosher.
• The kosher market has been continuously growing. Over the past decades, kosher certification companies like theOrthodox Unionhave grown to meet market satisfaction. More recently, large corporations likeCoca-Colastarted turning segments of its production to kosher to meet demand (especially duringPassover). There are kosher festivals like theKosherfestin which many kosher chefs compete in culinary arts.
• Kosher meat is necessarily halal, however, halal meat is not necessarily kosher.

See also

• Israʼiliyyat,Judaism-induced elements in Islam
• Islamic dietary laws
• Kashrut(Jewish dietary laws)

External links

• Difference Between Kosher and Halal
• Laws of Judaism and Islam concerning food
• Kosher diet versus Halal diet