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Connachta

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Connachta
Parent houseDál Cuinn
CountryIreland
Founded4th century AD
FounderEochaid Mugmedon
Current headO'Conor Don
Titles

TheConnachtaare a group of medieval Irishdynastieswho claimed descent from the legendaryHigh KingConn Cétchathach(Conn of the Hundred Battles). The modern westernprovinceofConnacht(IrishCúige Chonnacht,province, literally "fifth", of the Connachta) takes its name from them, although the territories of the Connachta also included at various times parts of southern and westernUlsterand northernLeinster.Their traditional capital wasCruachan(modernRathcroghan,County Roscommon).[1]

Early peoples and kingdoms of Ireland, c.800

Origins[edit]

The use of the wordcúige,earliercóiced,literally "fifth", to denote a province indicates the existence of a pentarchy in prehistory, whose members are believed to have been population groups the Connachta,[2]theUlaid(Ulster) and theLaigin(Leinster), the region of Mumu (Munster), and the centralkingdom of Mide.This pentarchy appears to have been broken up by the dawn of history in the early 5th century with the reduction of the Ulaid and the founding of new Connachta dynasties which expanded north and east.

Medieval Irish historical tradition traces these dynasties to the four or five sons ofEochaid Mugmedon:Brion,Ailill,Fiachrae,Fergus Caech (perhaps a literary addition), andNiall of the Nine Hostages.Four were ancestors of new Irish dynasties; those of Brión (theUí Briúin), Fiachrae (theUí Fiachrach) and Ailill (the Uí Ailello, later replaced byUí Maine[3]) were known asteóra Connachta,or the historicalThree Connachtaof the province itself; that of Niall, theUí Néill,at first surpassed its parent dynasty, establishing or continuing the so-calledHigh Kingship of IrelandatTara,and became the most powerful dynasty in Ireland down to early modern times.

However David Sproule points out that:

It does not seem that the word "Connacht" can originally have meant 'the descendants of Conn'; it may have meant 'headship' or 'supremacy' from "cond" or "conn", head, and later have been interpreted as meaning "the descendants of Conn",Conn Cetchathachbeing derived from the word "Connacht" rather than vice versa.... the name "Eoganacht" and "Ciannacht" were formed in imitation...[4]

Sproule'shypothesishas been accepted by historians such as Paul Byrne.[5]

The dynasties of theAirgíalla,and through them theUí Maine,while also counted as belonging to the Connachta by medieval genealogists,[6][7]may not possibly be related, as some have assessed that they descend from other peoples later added to the genealogical scheme.[8]Regardless, the connections toUí Mainewith each of the septs and theirdefined ancestorhave been maintained for well over a millennium.

The Connachta in the Ulster Cycle[edit]

In the sagas of theUlster Cycle,the Connachta, ruled from Cruachan by their kingAilill mac Mátaand their formidable queenMedb,are the enemies of theUlaid,ruled fromEmain Macha(Navan Fort,County Armagh) byConchobar mac Nessa,and their wars, notably theTáin Bó Cúailnge(cattle raid ofCooley), are the setting for most of the stories. These sagas are traditionally set around the time of Christ, which creates an apparent anachronism: the Connachta are supposedly named after Conn Cétchathach, who in the usual chronological scheme established by theLebor Gabála Érenn,lived in the 2nd century AD.[9]Later texts used the supposedly earlier names ofCóiced Ol nEchmacht(the province of the Fir Ól nÉcmacht, an ancient people of Connacht) andCóiced Genaind(the province ofGenann,a legendary king of theFir Bolg)[10]for the western province to get around this difficulty. However, the saga tradition is older than the chronological scheme, which is an artificial attempt by Christian monks to synchronise native traditions with classical and biblical history, and it is possible that the Ulster Cycle is based on historical wars between the Ulaid and the Connachta which have been chronologically misplaced.[11]Kenneth H. Jacksonestimated that Ulster heroic saga originated in the 4th century.[12]

Connachta family tree[edit]

Genealogy of the Connachta
Tuathal Techtmar
Fedlimid RechtmarCathair Mór
Conn CétchathachEithne Táebfada
Medb LethdergArt mac CuinnAchtan
Cormac mac Airt
Cairbre Lifechair
Fíacha SroiptineEochaid Doimlén
Muiredach Tirech
MongfindEochaid MugmedonCairenn
BriónFiachraeAilillFergus CaechNiallAirgíalla
Uí BriúinUí FiachrachUí AilelloUí NéillUí Maine

See also[edit]

References[edit]

  1. ^The Oxford Companion to Irish History,p.111, Oxford University Press, 1998.ISBN0-19-923483-3.
  2. ^Francis J. Byrne,Irish Kings and High Kings,Four Courts Press, 2001, p. 86
  3. ^Byrne, Francis John, Irish Kings and High-Kings. Batsford, London, 1973.ISBN0-7134-5882-8
  4. ^David Sproule, Origins of the Eoghnachta,,Eiru35, 1984, pp. 31–37.
  5. ^Paul Byrne, Ciannachta Breg before Sil nAeda Slaine, inSeanchas:Studies in Early and Medieval Irish Archaeology, History and Literature in Honour of Francis John Byrne,(Four Courts Press, Dublin, 2000), pp. 121–126.
  6. ^Byrne 2001, pp. 46, 85–86
  7. ^Dáibhí Ó Cróinín, "Ireland, 400–800", in Dáibhí Ó Cróinín (ed.),A New History of IrelandVol 1, 2005, pp. 182–234
  8. ^Francis J. Byrne,Irish Kings and High Kings,Four Courts Press, 2001.
  9. ^R. A. Stewart Macalister (ed. & trans.),Lebor Gabála Érenn: The Book of the Taking of Ireland Part V,Irish Texts Society, 1956, p. 331-333
  10. ^Margaret C. Dobs (ed. & trans.), "La Bataille de Leitir Ruibhe",Revue Celtique39, 1922, pp. 1–32
  11. ^Byrne 2001, p. 50-51.
  12. ^Kenneth Hurlstone Jackson,The Oldest Irish Tradition: a Window on the Iron Age,Cambridge University Press, 1964

External links[edit]

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