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Counter-Guerrilla

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Seal of the U.S.Office of Defense Cooperation.The 13 stars represent the original 13 US states, and indicate aUnited States Department of Defenseorganization (seeseal).[1]

Counter-Guerrilla(Turkish:Kontrgerilla) is a Turkish branch ofOperation Gladio,a clandestinestay-behindanti-communistinitiative backed by theUnited Statesas an expression of theTruman Doctrine.The founding goal of the operation was to erect a stay-behindguerrilla forceto undermine a possibleSovietoccupation. The goal was soon expanded to subvertingcommunisminTurkey.

The Counter-Guerrilla initially operated out of theTurkish Armed Forces'Tactical Mobilization Group(Turkish:Seferberlik Taktik Kurulu,or STK). In 1967, the STK was renamed to theSpecial Warfare Department(Turkish:Özel Harp Dairesi,ÖHD). In 1994, the ÖHD became theSpecial Forces Command(Turkish:Özel Kuvvetler Komutanlığı,ÖKK).

The military accepts that the ÖKK is tasked with subverting a possible occupation, though it denies that the unit is Gladio's "Counter-Guerrilla", i.e., that it has engaged inblack operations.[2][3]After thedissolution of the Soviet Union,the Counter-Guerrilla were used to fight the militantKurdistan Workers' Party(PKK) (cf.Susurluk scandal),[4]which has since its inception been regarded as a major threat by thedeep state in Turkey.[5]Mehmet Ali Agcawas part of the group in the late 1970s.[6]

Counter-Guerrilla's existence was revealed in 1971 by survivors of theZiverbey incident,and officially on 26 September 1973 byPrime MinisterBülent Ecevit.The subject has been broached by parliament at least 27 times since 1990, however no successful investigation has taken place.[7]Deputies of the incumbent party in any given administration always voted in dissent.[8]

Background[edit]

See also:Turkish Straits crisisandTruman Doctrine

Anatolia's geostrategic value has long attracted players of theNew Great Game.After theYaltaandPotsdam Conferencesin 1945,Joseph Stalinsent naval ships and troops to the region with his sights set on theDardanelles.In 1946, theSoviet Unionsent two diplomatic notes concerning theMontreux Convention Regarding the Regime of the Turkish Straits,arguing that its terms were unfavorable to the Soviets. Ankara dismissed the notes, and the US also expressed its dissatisfaction with Soviet demands, stating that "Should the Straits become the object of attack or threat of attack by an aggressor, the resulting situation would constitute a threat to international security and would clearly be a matter for action on the party of the Security Council of the United Nations."[9]

Development of US-Turkish military cooperation[edit]

See also:Office of Defense Cooperation Turkey

After theBritish governmentdeclared on 21 February 1947 its inability to provide financial aid (though she would establish theCentral Treaty Organizationa decade later), Turkey turned towards the United States, who drew up theTruman Doctrine,pledging to "support free peoples who are resisting attempted subjugation by armed minorities or by outside pressures".[10]$100 million was appropriated two months after theUS Congressratified theTruman Doctrineon 12 March 1947. This figure was raised to $233 million by 1950, after Turkey contributed a brigade of about 5000 men to theUnited Nationsforces in theKorean War.[11]In August 1947, theJoint American Military Mission for Aid to Turkey(JAMMAT) was established inAnkaraunder the authority of the US ambassador.

On 5 October 1947, a delegation of seniorTurkish militaryofficials traveled to the United States to establish the military framework of the co-operation agreement.[12][13]

In December 1947,United States National Security Council(NSC) Directive 4-A "secretly authorised the CIA to conduct these officially non-existent programs and to administer them" in such a way that "removed the U.S. Congress and public from any debate over whether to undertake psychological warfare abroad". A few months later, the NSC replaced directive 4-A with directive 10/2, creating theOffice of Policy Coordination(OPC, initially euphemistically called the "Office for Special Projects" ), the covert action arm of theCentral Intelligence Agency(CIA). The OPC's charter unambiguously called for "propaganda, economic warfare; preventative direct action, including sabotage, anti-sabotage, demolition and evacuation measures; subversion against hostile states, including assistance to underground resistance movements, guerrillas and refugee liberations [sic] groups, and support of indigenous anti-communist elements in threatened countries of the free world. "In the words of career intelligence officerWilliam Corson,"no holds were barred… all the guys on the top had said to put on the brass knuckles and go to work."[14]

After joining theNorth Atlantic Treaty Organization(NATO) on February 18, 1952,[15]Turkey signed a Military Facilities Agreement on 23 June 1954, paving the way for a large scaleUS militarypresence. With a staff of 1200 by 1959,[16][17]JAMMAT was the largest of theUnited States European Commands(USEUCOM), and also the world's largest military assistance and advisory group by 1951.[18]JAMMAT was renamed toJoint United States Military Mission for Aid to Turkey(JUSMMAT) in 1958, and the Office of Defense Cooperation Turkey (ODC-T) (Turkish:ABD Savunma İşbirliği Ofisi) on 1 May 1994.[19][20]

Tactical Mobilization Group (1952–1965)[edit]

See also:Tactical Mobilization Group
The command structure of the Counter-Guerrilla, as suggested inField Manual 31-15: Operations Against Irregular ForcesArchived2009-07-21 at theWayback Machine.The Host Country in this case is Turkey.

With the consent of the National Defense Supreme Council (Turkish:Milli Savunma Yüksek Kurulu),brigadier generalDaniş Karabelen founded theTactical Mobilization Group(Turkish:Seferberlik Taktik Kurulu,or STK) on 27 September 1952.[2][21]Karabelen was one of sixteen soldiers (including Turgut Sunalp, Ahmet Yıldız,Alparslan Türkeş,Suphi Karaman, and Fikret Ateşdağlı) who had been sent to the United States in 1948 for training inspecial warfare.These people were to form the core of theSpecial Warfare Department(Turkish:Özel Harp Dairesi,or ÖHD).[22]It has been said that the training also entailed an element of CIA recruitment.[23]

Some full generals that later ran the department were Adnan Doğu, Aydın İlter, Sabri Yirmibeşoğlu, İbrahim Türkgenci, Doğan Bayazıt, and Fevzi Türkeri.[22]Karabelen picked Ismail Tansu as his right-hand man, and they expanded the STK in acellularfashion. They filled the ranks, mostly with reserve officers, inducted them with an oath, and educated them before allowing them to return to civilian life. The officers were given no weapons, funding, or immediate task.[22]The recruitment was more concentrated in the east, where an invasion was most likely to occur.[24]

Books used to educate the officers included:

Later, the generals formed theTurkish Resistance Organizationto counter the Greek CypriotEOKA.[28]Operating under the authority of theChief of the General Staff,the STK was quartered in the JUSMMAT (Turkish:Amerikan Askerî Yardım Heyeti) building inBahçelievler, Ankara.[29]Ismail Tansu says that the American headquarters were facing the old Gülhane building, and that the STK's headquarters were in a villa near Kolej,Kızılay.[30]He also said that he used to meet soldiers from theJ3 Operations Directoratea few times a week, alternating between their bases. Some of his associates were colonel Latent, captain Berger, and major Hill.[28]

In the 1960s, Türkeş established the "civilian" Associations for Struggling with Communism (Turkish:Komünizm ile Mücadele Dernekleri)[23][31]and funded the far-rightNational Movement Party(Turkish:Milliyetçi Hareket Partisi,MHP).[17]These formed the core of future ultra-nationalist militants, used by the Counter-Guerrilla in destabilizing events.

The CIA employed people from the far right, such asPan-TurkistSS-memberRuzi Nazar(father ofSylvia Nasar),[17]to train theGrey Wolves(Turkish:Ülkücüler),[32]the youth wing of the MHP. Nazar was anUzbekborn nearTashkentwho had deserted theRed Armyto join the Nazis duringWorld War IIin order to fight on theEastern Frontfor the creation of a Turkistan.[33]After Germany lost the war,some of its spies found haven in the U.S. intelligence community.Nazar was such a person, and he became the CIA's station chief to Turkey.[34]

The STK became theSpecial Warfare Department(Turkish:Özel Harp Dairesi,ÖHD) in 1967.[21][35][36]

Special Warfare Department (1965–1992)[edit]

See also:Special Warfare Department

Search for funding[edit]

During the 1970s, theSpecial Warfare Department(Turkish:Özel Harp Dairesi) was run by GeneralKemal Yamak.In his memoirs he stated that the United States had set aside around $1m worth of support; part munitions, part money. This arrangement continued until 1973-4, when Yamak decided the munitions did not meet the department's needs. The Americans allegedly retorted that they were footing the bill, and had right of decision. Yamak left the meeting and expressed his concerns to theChief of General Staff,Semih Sancar,and the agreement was subsequently annulled.[22][37]

It was only when Yamak asked prime ministerBülent Ecevitfor an alternative means of funding did Ecevit became aware of the operation's existence; the other members of the cabinet remained in the dark. Ecevit suggested that the organization seek support from Europe. Yamak contacted generals from the United Kingdom, followed by France. The commander of the Turkish army at the time, General Semih Sancar, informed him the U.S. had financed the unit as well as theNational Intelligence Organizationsince the immediate post-war years.

Special Forces Command (1992–present)[edit]

See also:Special Forces (Turkish Armed Forces)

Post-USSR[edit]

In the early 1990s, Turkey andAmericawere at loggerheads over theKurdishissue. In order to reduce U.S. influence over the Turkish military,[38]chief of staffDoğan Güreş[39]restructured the ÖHD and renamed it to theSpecial Forces Command(Turkish:Özel Kuvvetler Komutanlığı,or ÖKK) in 1992.[40]The ÖKK, whose 7000+ recruits are nicknamed the "Maroon Berets" (Turkish:Bordo Bereliler), combats terrorism and protects the chiefs of staff and the president on trips abroad.[40]Similarly, civilian counter-guerrillas are collectively named the White Forces (Turkish:Beyaz Kuvvetler).[41]

In 1993, the parliament formed a commission (Turkish:Faili Meçhul Cinayetleri Araştırma Komisyonu) to investigate the numerousunsolved murdersbelieved to be perpetrated by the Counter-Guerrilla. Their report enumerated 1797 such deaths; 316 in 1992 and 314 in 1993 alone. General Güreş contacted theSpeaker of Parliament,Hüsamettin Cindoruk,to stop the investigation in order to prevent the outing of his men.[42]Meanwhile,State Security Courtprosecutor Nusret Demiral ordered the police force not to co-operate with the parliamentary commission in solving the crimes.[29][38][43][44]

Turkey maintains strong military ties with the U.S., through theOffice of Defense Cooperation Turkey(ODC-T), whose leader is "the single point of contact with the Turkish General Staff regarding all United States military organizations and activities in Turkey".[45]As of 2008,this position is held by major general Eric J. Rosborg.[46]Since 1993, the chiefs of the ODC-T have beenU.S. Air Forcegenerals.[47]The offices of the ODC-T are located at Kirazlıdere Mevkii, İsmet İnönü Bulvarı No. 94, Balgat, 06100 Ankara.[19]

Incidents[edit]

Istanbul pogrom[edit]

Main article:Istanbul Pogrom

In 1955, members of the ÖHD participated in planning theIstanbul Pogrom,which promoted both the state's secret policy ofTurkification,and the subversion of Communism.[48]

Coups of 1971 and 1980[edit]

Main articles:1971 Turkish coup d'étatand1980 Turkish coup d'état

After themilitary coup in 1960,yet another plot was found byNational Intelligence Organization(MİT) agentMahir Kaynak,who in early 1971 informed both Joint Chiefs of Staff, GeneralMemduh Tağmaçand also the fiercely anti-communist Commander of the First Army based inIstanbul,GeneralFaik Türün,who was a veteran ofKorean Warand was decorated personally by GeneralDouglas MacArthurthere. The information conveyed to them was that a number of high-ranking Turkish officers, including the Army Chief of Staff and the Air Force Chief of Staff were planning to execute amilitary coupon 9 March 1971 with the media support of pro-Sovietleftist intellectuals in a number of Turkish newspapers.

On 10 March 1971, theCIAsent the State and Defense departments a cable stating that the Turkish high command had convened that day resolving to carry out a counter-coup.[49][50]

The1971 coup on 12 Marchwas executed to forestall aSovietsupported left-wing coup originally planned to take place on 9 March 1971.

Immediately after the coup,Sovietleaning intellectuals, civilian and non-ranking participants in the 9 March plot were interrogated in a building allegedly belonging to the MİT (see the next section). One 9 March plotter, colonel Talat Turhan, was interrogated by the chief of the MİT, Eyüp Ozalkus. Turhan expended much effort on exposing the Counter-Guerrilla after his release.[51]

It has been alleged that the groups of plotters were in fact two facets of the same organization.[52]

The counter-guerrilla engaged in sporadic acts ofdomestic terrorthroughout the 1970s[citation needed],serving as a pretext[citation needed]for yet another coup in 1980. By the time it took place, this thirdmilitary coupin the short history of Turkish democracy (1950–1980) was seen as necessary by the unwitting public to restoring peace. It was also encouraged by members of Parliament, many of whom had joined the Counter-Guerrilla in their youth.[53]

With this coup firm steps were taken to bring the country under the military's heel. A stifling constitution was drafted, a Supreme Education Council was established to bring intellectuals into line, and theNational Security Councilwas beefed up to do the same for politicians.[54]

After having served his role in instigating the 1980 coup, Alparslan Türkeş was jailed by the high command. In fact, GeneralMadanoğluintended toexecute him by a firing squad,but his friend Ruzi Nazar (of the CIA) intervened.[55]

Ziverbey villa[edit]

Main article:Ziverbey Villa

After the1971 coup d'état,the Ziverbey villa inErenköy,Istanbulwas used to interrogate Turkish communists. The mastermind behind Ziverbey interrogations was brigadier generalMemduh Ünlütürk,working under Lieutenant GeneralTurgut Sunalp,who was reporting to the Commander of the First Army, GeneralFaik Türün.The latter two generals wereKorean Warveterans who had served in the Operations Department (Turkish:Harekât Dairesi). The interrogation techniques they used in Ziverbey were inspired by what they had seen done to Korean and Chinese POWs during the Korean War.[56]Prisoners were bound and blindfolded.

Intellectuals such asİlhan Selçuk(one of the 9 March conspirators) andUğur Mumcuwere tortured there. Several Ziverbey victims confirmed that the interrogators introduced themselves as "Counter-Guerrillas" and claimed to be above the law and entitled to kill.[4][57][58][59]Under duress to write an apologetic statement, Selçuk famously revealed his plight using a modifiedacrosticwhich decrypted to "I am under torture". The key letter was the first of the penultimate word of each sentence in his statement.

Another prisoner, outspoken liberalMurat Belge,says that he was tortured there byVeli Küçük,who later foundedJITEMandHezbollah (Turkey)to counter theKurdistan Workers' Party.[60]Küçük says he could not be responsible since he was stationed in Şırnak and has been charged with colluding with another Ziverbey victim, İlhan Selçuk (seeErgenekon).[61]

The activist film directorYılmaz Güneywas also present. A friend of his in the MİT had tried to prevent him from being captured by telling his superiors that Güney was also a spy, but the ruse failed. A MİT officer who was present,Mehmet Eymür,said Güney was treated well in return for his co-operation.[62]

GeneralYamakdenied that the ÖHD was involved, and dismissed any notion of a "counter-guerrilla".[63]

Ziverbey is notable for:

  • being the first time the term "Counter-Guerrilla" was mentioned to anyone who was not already a member.
  • revealing the fact that the counter-guerrilla co-operated with theMİT.

Kızıldere Operation[edit]

On 30 March 1972 special forces raided Kızıldere village inNiksardistrict,Tokatprovince and killed the 10 young men who had kidnapped three foreign hostages and kept them in Kızıldere. The victims includedMahir Çayan(THKP-C), Hüdai Arıkan (Dev-Genç),Cihan Alptekin(THKO), taxi driver Nihat Yılmaz, teacher Ertan Saruhan, farmer Ahmet Atasoy, Sinan Kazım Özüdoğru (Dev-Genç), student Sabahattin Kurt, Ömer Ayna (THKO) and lieutenant Saffet Alp. The three hostages (two British and one Canadian citizen) where part of GCHQ and were held in an attempt to prevent the execution of three student leaders (Deniz Gezmiş,Hüseyin İnan and Yusuf Aslan) were also killed.[64]

Although General Yamak denied it,[65]an active participant, hitman Metin Kaplan said that theÖHDwas responsible. He mentioned talking to generalMemduh Ünlütürk(himself a Counter-Guerrilla, and infamous participant of theZiverbey villaincident) about what to do with the Communist inmates of Maltepe prison, who were planning to escape. On the advice of two U.S. generals, they let the prisoners escape, and then take hostage threeNATOofficers at Ünye. This created the pretext for their assassination.[66][67]

Taksim Square massacre[edit]

Main article:Taksim Square massacre

On 1 May 1977 the trade union confederationDİSKheld a rally onTaksim Square,Istanbulwith half a million participants. Unidentified people shot at the crowd and killed 36 people. The perpetrators were never caught.[68]Prime MinisterBülent Ecevit,and member of the social democraticRepublican People's Party,declared to then PresidentFahri Korutürkthat he suspected the Counter-Guerrilla's involvement in the massacre.[69] According to Ecevit, the shooting lasted for twenty minutes, yet several thousand policemen on the scene did not intervene. This mode of operation recalls theJune 20, 1973 Ezeiza massacrein Buenos Aires, when theArgentine Anticommunist Alliance(a.k.a. "Triple A" ), founded byJosé López Rega(aP2member), opened fire on the left-wingPeronists.

Moreover, Ecevit himself barely survived an assassination attempt twenty days after he publicly mentioned the possibility of a secret organization being behind the massacre.[68]

Ankara's Deputy State AttorneyDoğan Özthen investigated on relationship betweenAlparslan Türkeş'sNationalist Movement Party(MHP) the Special Warfare Department and violent incidents of the 1970s. Doğan Öz's report stated that "Military and civilian security forces are behind all this work." It also stated that theNational Intelligence Organizationwas complicit, and that "all these activities [were] guided by MHP members and cadres." The attorney Doğan Öz was assassinated on March 24, 1978. İbrahim Çiftçi, a member of theGrey Wolves,confessed to the crime, but his conviction was overturned by the military judicial system.[69]

16 March massacre[edit]

Main article:Beyazıt Massacre

Seven students (Hatice Özen, Cemil Sönmez, Baki Ekiz, Turan Ören, Abdullah Şimşek, Hamit Akıl and Murat Kurt) were killed and 41 were injured at Istanbul University's Faculty of Pharmacy on 16 March 1978. The assailants were members of theGrey Wolves.The lawsuit was canceled in 2008 due to thestatute of limitation.[70][71]

Bahçelievler massacre[edit]

Main article:Bahçelievler massacre

A group ofnationalistsunder the leadership ofAbdullah Çatlıkilled seven leftist students on 9 October 1978. Çatlı was convicted in absentia.[72]

Kahramanmaraş massacre[edit]

Main article:Kahramanmaraş massacre

On 23–24 December 1978, manyAlevipeople were targeted and killed in a neighbourhood. Martial law was declared afterwards, and the 1980 coup followed.[citation needed]

See also[edit]

References[edit]

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    Bu ziyaretten sonra çok önemli bir uygulama başladı; Türk subaylarının Amerika'ya gönderilip, komünistlere karşı gerilla eğitimi alması...
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  34. ^Akbas, Tutkun (2008-01-15)."Türkeş'i CIA kurtardı".Sabah(in Turkish). Archived fromthe originalon May 22, 2011.Retrieved2008-12-29.) See alsoVideoonYouTube
  35. ^Harun, Abdullah (2008-07-27)."Kontrgerilla, Ergenekon mu?".Kontrgerilla.com(in Turkish).Retrieved2012-12-07.Kontrgerilla, Ergenekon mu? Ya da, Ergenekon davasında kontrgerilla mı yargılanıyor?
  36. ^Harun, Abdullah (2001-08-13)."Özel Harp Dairesi (ÖHD) ile ilgili haberler".Kontrgerilla.com(in Turkish).Retrieved2012-12-07.Özel Harp Dairesi (ÖHD) ve Türkiye'deki terörle bağlantısına dair haberler
  37. ^Acan, Necdet (2006-01-03)."NATO Gladio istedi reddettik".Hürriyet.Retrieved2008-08-15.
  38. ^abDilipak, Abrurrahman (2008-10-13)."Washington'dan Ankara'ya yol gider!".Vakit(in Turkish). Archived fromthe originalon August 10, 2009.Retrieved2008-10-13.
  39. ^Ender Okusluk; Kursad Ciftci (2001-04-08)."Bitlis'in ölümü kaza".Gündem.Yeni Şafak(in Turkish). Archived fromthe originalon August 10, 2009.Retrieved2008-10-13.Özel Kuvvet Komutanlığı'nı görevlendirdim. Birliğin daha önce Özel Harp olan ismini değiştirdim.
  40. ^ab"Terörle mücadeleye özel kuvvet".Radikal(in Turkish). 2006-08-08. Archived fromthe originalon 2006-08-27.Retrieved2008-09-22.For a quote in English seeUslu, Emrullah (July 10, 2008)."Tackling the PKK: New Directions for Turkey's Special Forces".Terrorism Monitor.VI(14).Jamestown Foundation:9–11.
  41. ^"Özel Harp'teki siviller: Beyaz Kuvvetler".Sabah(in Turkish). 2007-10-11.Retrieved2008-11-12.Özel Harp Dairesi askerlerinin Bordo Bereliler olarak anılmasından hareketle onlar da Beyaz Kuvvetler diye anıldılar.
  42. ^Kurtay, Serpil (2002-03-20)."Maşalar kötü de paşalar temiz mi? -2".Dosya.Evrensel(in Turkish). Archived fromthe originalon August 11, 2009.Retrieved2009-01-02.
  43. ^Erbektaş, Barış (1997-11-08)."Kontrgerilla soruşturmasını Doğan Güreş engelledi".Politika.Evrensel(in Turkish). Archived fromthe originalon September 28, 2004.Retrieved2009-01-02.
  44. ^Kilic, Ecevit (2007-10-11)."Çatlı ve Ağca Özel Harp Dairesi'ne bağlı çalıştı".Sabah(in Turkish).Retrieved2008-11-16.Özel Harp Dairesi'nin 1994'te isim değiştirip Özel Kuvvetler Komutanlığı adını aldığını belirten Metin Kaplan, bu dönemde kurum içinde milli bilincin güçlendiğini söylüyor. Kaplan, 'Bu değişimle birlikte Amerika ve CIA ile bağlar iyice zayıfladı, belki de koptu' diyor.
  45. ^AmbassadorJames W. Spain(1980-03-29)."32 U.S.T. 3323; 1980 U.S.T. LEXIS 39, U.S. Treaties on LEXIS (TURKEY: Cooperation on Defense and Economy)"(PDF)(Implementing Agreement on United States Organizations and Activities Outside the Installations, Annex Number 5 to Supplementary Agreement Number 3 on Installations ed.). Ankara: U.S. Embassy, Turkey. Archived fromthe original(PDF)on 2008-12-17.{{cite journal}}:Cite journal requires|journal=(help)
  46. ^"Major General Eric J. Rosborg".Biographies.USAF. Archived fromthe originalon July 9, 2008.Retrieved2008-10-13.
  47. ^Bartley, Michael (2007-07-23)."7 Years on Turkish Soil: between 1978 and 1997".merhabaturkey.com.Retrieved2008-10-15.Since the beginning of the military mission in the late 1940s, every Chief, JUSMMAT had been a US Army Major General. The reason…in the Turkish Armed Forces, the Turkish Army was by far the most senior and most populated service. Also, the Chief of the Turkish General Staff was always a Turkish Army 4-star general. It was thus felt that the US needed a US Army general officer to liaise with the Chief, TGS. Nonetheless, in 1993, the US Army decided not to nominate an Army general as Chief, ODC-T, and the Air Force eagerly picked up the billet.
    For many years, senior Air Force leaders resented the fact that a US Army General was always Chief, despite the fact that almost all US military personnel in Turkey wereUS Air Force,and almost all the installations were US Air Force as well.
  48. ^Berkan, Ismet (2005-09-06)."6-7 Eylül'ün anlamı".Radikal(in Turkish). Archived fromthe originalon 2009-01-30.Retrieved2008-12-09.Hem azınlık dükkânlarını yağmalatırlar hem de 'Bu işi komünistler yaptı' diyerek bir taşla iki kuş vurmaya kalkışırlar.
  49. ^Sertoğlu, Sedat (2008-02-18)."Amerikan gizli belgelerindeki muhtıra-1".Akşam(in Turkish). Archived fromthe originalon February 16, 2016.Retrieved2008-12-28.
  50. ^"441. Intelligence Information Cable (Meeting of Command Council of the Armed Forces)"(PDF).Foreign Relations, 1969-1976.XXIX.U.S. Department of State:1083. 1970-03-10. TDCS 314/02595–71.(originally from the National Archives, Nixon Presidential Materials, NSC Files, Box 632, Country Files—Middle East, Turkey, Vol. II, 1 Jan 1970-31 Dec 1971.)
  51. ^Özgentürk, Nebil(1997-03-09)."Sakalı yoktu dinletemedi".Sabah(in Turkish).Retrieved2008-12-28.
  52. ^Korkmaz, Tamer (2008-07-27)."Kim, kimin nesi oluyor?".Yeni Şafak(in Turkish).Retrieved2008-12-28.İlhan Selçuk'un içinde yer aldığı 9 Mart Cuntası ile 12 Mart darbesini yapanların 'Gizli İktidar'ın sol ve sağ eli olduklarını...
  53. ^Korkmaz, Tamer (2008-02-22)."CIA, nasıl oluyor da bu kadar detaylı biliyordu?".Yeni Şafak.Retrieved2008-12-28.
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  57. ^Kamp, Kristina (2008-02-01)."Gladio, Turkish Counter-Guerrilla and Ergenekon, a devilish trio".Today's Zaman.Archived fromthe originalon August 10, 2009.Retrieved2008-10-22.They blindfolded me and bound my arms and feet. Then they told me that I was 'in the hands of the Counter-Guerrilla unit operating under the high command of the army outside the Constitution and the law.' They told me that they 'considered me their prisoner of war' and that I was 'sentenced to death'
  58. ^Ganser, Daniele (Winter–Spring 2005)."Terrorism in Western Europe: An Approach to NATO's Secret Stay-Behind Armies"(PDF).Whitehead Journal of Diplomacy and International Relations.VI(1): 74. Archived fromthe original(PDF)on 2008-12-17.
  59. ^İlhan Selçuk,Ziverbey Köşkü(quoted in Mercan, 2006). His interrogators reputedly said: "İlhan Selçuk, Genelkurmay Başkanlığına bağlı kontrgerilla örgütünün karşısında bulunuyorsun. Sen bizim tutsağımızsın. Burada anayasa babayasa yoktur. Örgüt seni ölüme mahkum etmiştir. Sana istediğimizi yapmaya yetkiliyiz. Buraya getirilmen örgüt kararıyladır. Seni Marksist, Leninist, Komünist biliyoruz. Eğer konuşur ve böyle olduğunu itiraf edersen hakkında hayırlı olur."
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  69. ^abGanser, Daniele.NATO's Secret Armies. Operation Gladio and Terrorism in Western Europe,Franck Cass, London, 2005, p.237
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Further reading[edit]

External links[edit]

  • Doğan Öz,Counter-Guerrilla report:I,II(State prosecutor Öz was assassinated on 24 March 1978)
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