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Balmoral Castle

Coordinates:57°2′27″N3°13′48″W/ 57.04083°N 3.23000°W/57.04083; -3.23000
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Balmoral Castle
Balmoral Castle from the south lawn
Balmoral Castle is located in Aberdeenshire
Balmoral Castle
Location of Balmoral in Aberdeenshire
General information
StatusCompleted
TypeRoyal residence
Architectural styleScots baronial revival
LocationAberdeenshire
AddressBalmoral Estate
Ballater
AB35 5TB
CountryScotland
Coordinates57°2′27″N3°13′48″W/ 57.04083°N 3.23000°W/57.04083; -3.23000
Construction started1853;171 years ago(1853)
Completed1856;168 years ago(1856)
OwnerKingCharles III
Height
Architectural30.48 m (100 ft 0 in) (Great Tower)
Technical details
MaterialGraniteandslate
Floor countLargely two- and three-storey
Design and construction
Architect(s)William Smith(City Architect of Aberdeen)
DeveloperQueen VictoriaandPrince Albert
Other designersJohn Thomas(Sculptor)
Main contractorM. Stuart
Website
www.balmoralcastle.com
Listed Building– Category A
Official nameBalmoral Castle with Parterre and Terrace Walls
Designated12 March 2010
Reference no.LB51460[1]
Official nameBalmoral Castle
Designated1 July 1987
Reference no.GDL00045[2]

Balmoral Castle(/bælˈmɒrəl/) is a large estate house inAberdeenshire,Scotland, and aresidenceof theBritish royal family.It is near the village ofCrathie,9 miles (14 km) west ofBallaterand 50 miles (80 km) west ofAberdeen.

The estate and its original castle were bought from theFarquharson familyin 1852 byPrince Albert,the husband ofQueen Victoria.Soon afterwards the house was found to be too small and the current Balmoral Castle was commissioned. The architect wasWilliam Smithof Aberdeen, and his designs were amended by Prince Albert. Balmoral remains the private property of the monarch and is not part of theCrown Estate.It was the summer residence of QueenElizabeth II,whodied thereon 8 September 2022.[3]

The castle is an example ofScottish baronial architecture,and is classified byHistoric Environment Scotlandas acategory A listedbuilding.[1]The new castle was completed in 1856 and the old castle demolished shortly thereafter.

The Balmoral Estate has been added to by successive members of the royal family, and now covers an area of 21,725 hectares (53,684 acres) of land.[4]It is a working estate, includinggrouse moors,forestry and farmland, as well as managed herds of deer,Highland cattle,sheep and ponies.

Etymology

[edit]

Balmoral is pronounced/bælˈmɒrəl/or sometimes locally/bəˈmɒrəl/.[5]It was first recorded as 'Bouchmorale' in 1451, and it was pronounced[baˈvɔrəl]by localScottish Gaelicspeakers.[5]The first element in the name is thought to be the Gaelicboth,meaning "a hut", but the second part is uncertain.[6]Adam Watson and Elizabeth Allan wrote inThe Place Names of Upper Deesidethat the second part meant "big spot (of ground)".[5]Alexander MacBainsuggested this was originally thePictish*mor-ial,"big clearing" (c.f.Welshmawr-ial).[7]Alternatively, the second part could be a saint's name.[8]

History

[edit]
After 1830,Sir Robert Gordonmade major alterations to the original castle

KingRobert IIof Scotland (1316–1390) had ahunting lodgein the area. Historical records also indicate that a house at Balmoral was built by Sir William Drummond in 1390.[9]The estate was later tenanted by Alexander Gordon, second son of the1st Earl of Huntly.Atower housewas built on the estate by the Gordons.[2]

In 1662, the estate passed to Charles Farquharson ofInverey,brother ofJohn Farquharson,the "Black Colonel". The Farquharsons wereJacobitesympathisers and James Farquharson of Balmoral was involved in both the 1715 and 1745Jacobite risings.He was wounded at theBattle of Falkirk (1746).The Farquharson estates wereforfeited,and passed to the Farquharsons ofAuchendryne.[10]In 1798,James Duff, 2nd Earl Fife,acquired Balmoral and leased the castle.Sir Robert Gordon,a younger brother ofGeorge Gordon, 4th Earl of Aberdeen,acquired the lease in 1830. He made major alterations to the original castle at Balmoral, including baronial-style extensions that were designed byJohn Smithof Aberdeen.[2]

Royal acquisition

[edit]
Balmoral Castle, 1860s, albumen printcarte de visite

Queen Victoria and Prince Albert first visited Scotland in 1842, five years after she acceded to the throne and two years after their marriage. During this first visit they stayed atEdinburgh,and atTaymouth Castlein Perthshire, the home ofJohn Campbell, 2nd Marquess of Breadalbane.[2]They returned in 1844 to stay atBlair Castle,and in 1847, when they rentedArdverikie HousebyLoch Laggan.[11]Frequent rain during the last trip ledSir James Clark,the queen's doctor, to recommendDeesideinstead, for its healthier climate.[12]

Sir Robert Gordon died in 1847 and his lease on Balmoral reverted to Lord Aberdeen. In February 1848 an arrangement was made that Prince Albert would acquire the remaining part of the lease on Balmoral, together with its furniture and staff, without having seen the property first.[13]: 5 

The royal couple arrived for their first visit on 8 September 1848.[14]Victoria found the house "small but pretty",[15]and recorded in her diary that: "All seemed to breathe freedom and peace, and to make one forget the world and its sad turmoils".[10]The surrounding hilly landscape reminded them ofThuringia,Albert's homeland in Germany.[13]: 5 

The house was soon confirmed to be too small, and in 1848, John and William Smith were commissioned to design new offices, cottages, and other ancillary buildings.[16]Improvements to the woodlands, gardens and estate buildings were also being made, with the assistance of the landscape gardener James Beattie, and possibly the painterJames Giles.[2]

Major additions to the old house were considered in 1849,[16]but by then negotiations were under way to purchase the estate fromJames Duff, 4th Earl Fife.After seeing acorrugated ironcottage at theGreat Exhibition of 1851,Prince Albert ordered a prefabricated iron building for Balmoral from E. T. Bellhouse & Co., to serve as a temporary ballroom and dining room.[17]It was in use by 1 October 1851, and would serve as a ballroom until 1856.[18]

The sale was completed in June 1852, the price being £32,000 (equivalent to £4,400,000 in 2023) and Prince Albert formally took possession that autumn.[2][13]: 8 [19]The neighbouring estate ofBirkhallwas bought at the same time, and the lease onAbergeldie Castlesecured as well. To mark the occasion, thePurchase Cairnwas erected in the hills overlooking the castle, the first of many cairns on the estate.[20]

Construction of the new house

[edit]
Balmoral Castle– a principalkeepsimilar to that ofCraigievar Castleis the central feature of the castle, while a largeturretedcountry houseis attached

Space was needed for the growing family of Victoria and Albert, for additional staff, and for accommodation for visiting friends and official visitors such as cabinet members. Thus extension of the existing structure would not provide enough space, and a larger house needed to be built. In early 1852, this was commissioned fromWilliam Smith.[19]The son of John Smith (who designed the 1830 alterations of the original castle), William Smith, was the city architect ofAberdeenfrom 1852. On learning of the commission,William Burnsought an interview with the prince, apparently to complain that Smith previously had plagiarised his work, however, Burn was unsuccessful in depriving Smith of the appointment.[21]William Smith's designs were amended by Prince Albert, who took a close interest in details such as turrets and windows.[22]

Balmoral Castle,painted by Queen Victoria in 1854 during its construction

Construction began in mid-1853, on a site some 100 yards (90 metres) northwest of the original building that was considered to have a better vista.[23]Another consideration was that during construction the family would still be able to use the old house.[13]: 9 Queen Victoria laid the foundation stone on 28 September 1853, during her annual autumn visit.[24]By the autumn of 1855, the royal apartments were ready for occupancy, although the tower was still under construction and the servants had to be lodged in the old house.[18]By coincidence, shortly after their arrival at the estate that autumn, news circulated about the fall ofSevastopol,ending theCrimean War,resulting in wild celebrations by royalty and locals alike. While visiting the estate soon afterwards, PrinceFrederick of Prussiaasked for the hand ofVictoria, Princess Royal.[13]: 11 

Balmoral Castle,painted by James Cassie

The new house was completed in 1856, and the old castle was later demolished.[2]By autumn 1857, a new bridge across the Dee, designed byIsambard Kingdom Brunellinking Crathie and Balmoral was finished.[13]: 11 

Balmoral Castle is built fromgranitequarried at Invergelder on the estate.[25]It consists of two main blocks, each arranged around a courtyard. The southwestern block contains the main rooms, while the northeastern contains the service wings. At the southeast is an 80-foot-tall (24-metre) clock tower topped with turrets,[26]one of which has a balustrade similar to a feature atCastle Fraser.[27]Being similar in style to the demolished castle of the 1830s, the architecture of the new house is considered to be somewhat dated for its time when contrasted with the richer forms ofScots baronialbeing developed by William Burn and others during the 1850s.[26]As an exercise in Scots baronial, it is sometimes described as too ordered, pedantic, and evenGermanicas a consequence of Prince Albert's influence on the design.[27]

However, the purchase of a Scottish estate by Victoria and Albert and their adoption of a Scottish architectural style were influential for the ongoing revival ofHighland culture.They decorated Balmoral with tartans and attendedhighland gamesat Braemar. Queen Victoria expressed an affinity for Scotland, even professing herself to be aJacobite.[28]Added to the work ofSir Walter Scott,this became a major factor in promoting the adoption ofHighland culturebyLowland Scots.HistorianMichael Lynchcomments that "the Scottishness of Balmoral helped to give the monarchy a truly British dimension for the first time".[29]

Victoria and Albert at Balmoral

[edit]

Even before the completion of the new house, the pattern of the life of the royal couple in the Highlands was soon established. Victoria took long walks of up to four hours daily and Albert spent many days hunting deer and game. In 1849, diaristCharles Grevilledescribed their life at Balmoral as resembling that of gentry rather than royalty.[30]Victoria began a policy of commissioning artists to record Balmoral, its surroundings, and its staff. Over the years, numerous painters were employed at Balmoral, includingEdwinandCharles Landseer,andCarl Haag.[citation needed]

During the 1850s, new plantations were established near the house and exoticconiferswere planted on the grounds. Prince Albert had an active role in these improvements, overseeing the design ofparterres,the diversion of the main road north of the river via a new bridge, and plans for farm buildings.[2]These buildings included amodel dairythat he developed in 1861, the year of his death. The dairy was completed by Victoria. Subsequently, she also built several monuments to her husband on the estate. These include a pyramid-shapedcairnbuilt a year after Albert's death, on top ofCraig Lurachain.A large statue of Albert with a dog and a gun byWilliam Theed,was inaugurated on 15 October 1867, the twenty-eighth anniversary of their engagement.[13]: 20–21 [31]

Following Albert's death, Victoria spent increasing periods at Balmoral, staying for as long as four months a year during early summer and autumn.[clarification needed]She placed numerous mementos of Albert on display.[32]

Few further changes were made to the grounds, with the exception of some alterations to mountain paths, the erection of various cairns and monuments, and the addition of some cottages (Karim CottageandBaile na Coille) built for senior staff.[2][13]: 18 It was during this period that Victoria began to depend on her servant,John Brown.He was a localghilliefrom Crathie, who became one of her closest companions during her long mourning.[13]: 23 

In 1887, Balmoral Castle was the birthplace ofVictoria Eugenie,a granddaughter of Queen Victoria. She was born to PrincessBeatrice,the fifth daughter of Victoria and Albert. Victoria Eugenie became queen of Spain when she married KingAlfonso XIIIin 1906.[33]

In September 1896, Victoria welcomed EmperorNicholas II of Russiaand EmpressAlexandra,a granddaughter of Victoria, to Balmoral. Four years later Victoria made her last visit to the estate, three months before her death on 22 January 1901.[34]

  • Balmoral (c. 1890–1900)
    Balmoral (c. 1890–1900)
  • Memorial cairn for Prince Albert, Balmoral Estate
    Memorial cairn for Prince Albert, Balmoral Estate
  • Queen Victoria's Business Room at Balmoral
    Queen Victoria's Business Room at Balmoral

After Victoria

[edit]

After Victoria's death, the royal family continued to use Balmoral during annual autumn visits.George Vhad substantial improvements made during the 1910s and 1920s, including formal gardens to the south of the castle.[2]

During theSecond World War,royal visits to Balmoral ceased. In addition, due to the conflict with Germany,Danzig Shiel,a lodge built by Victoria in Ballochbuie, was renamedGarbh Allt Shieland the "King of Prussia's Fountain" was removed from the grounds.[13]: 25 

In the 1950s,Prince Philipadded herbaceous borders and a water garden. During the 1980s, new staff buildings were built close to the castle.[2]

Death of Queen Elizabeth II

[edit]

QueenElizabeth IIhad been at the castle since July 2022 for her annual summer holiday and had been receiving medical care there.[35]In a break with tradition, Balmoral Castle, rather thanBuckingham Palace,was the location of the appointment ofBritish Prime MinisterLiz Trusson 6 September 2022, due to concerns regarding the Queen's mobility issues.[36][37][38]Elizabeth died at Balmoralat 15:10BSTon 8 September 2022 at the age of 96. She was the first monarch to die at Balmoral, and this was the first time a monarch had died in Scotland sinceJames Vdied in 1542 atFalkland Palace.[39]The Queen's coffin lay in repose in the ballroom of the castle for three days, to allow the Royal Family, estate staff and neighbours to pay their respects. On 11 September, the coffin was transported to thePalace of HolyroodhouseinEdinburghfor the start of the state funeral proceedings.[40][41]

Architecture

[edit]
The "battlemented"porte cochère.Also called a "carriage porch", this structure is covered to protect arriving guests from inclement weather.

Though called a castle, Balmoral's primary function is that of a country house.[42]It is a "typical and rather ordinary" country house from the Victorian period. The tower and "pepper pot turrets" are characteristic features of the residence's Scottish baronial style. The seven-storey tower is an architectural feature borrowed from medieval defensivetower houses.The "pepper pot" turrets were influenced by the style of 16th-century Frenchchâteaux.Other features of the Scottish baronial style are thecrow-stepped gables,dormerwindows, andbattlementedporte-cochère.[43]

Ownership

[edit]

Balmoral is private property and, unlike the monarch'sofficial residences,is not the property ofthe Crown.It was originally purchased privately by Prince Albert, for Queen Victoria, meaning that no revenues from the estate go to Parliament or the public purse, as would otherwise be the case for property owned outright by the monarch by theCivil List Act 1760.[44]Along withSandringham Housein Norfolk, ownership of Balmoral was inherited byEdward VIIIon his accession in 1936. When heabdicatedlater the same year, however, he retained ownership of them. A financial settlement was devised, under which Balmoral and Sandringham were purchased by Edward's brother and successor to the Crown,George VI.[45]

Elizabeth IIinherited the Balmoral estate from her father, and then after her death, ownership passed to her eldest son KingCharles III,but the estate is managed by trustees under Deeds of Nomination and Appointment.[44]

Estate

[edit]

Extent and operation

[edit]

Balmoral Estate is within theCairngorms National Parkand is partly within theDeesideandLochnagarNational Scenic Area.[46]The 50,000-acre (20,000-hectare) estate contains a wide variety of landscapes, from theDee river valleyto open mountains. There are sevenMunros(hills in Scotland over 3,000 ft or 914.4 m) within the estate, the highest being Lochnagar at 3,789 ft (1,155 m). This mountain was the setting for a children's story,The Old Man of Lochnagar,told originally byCharles IIIto his younger brothers,AndrewandEdward.The story was published in 1980, with royalties accruing toThe Prince's Trust.[13]: 35–51 [47]The estate also incorporates the 7,500-acre (3,000-hectare)Delnadamph Lodgeestate, bought byElizabeth IIin 1978.[48]

Red deerstag nearGlas-allt-Shiellodge on the Balmoral estate

The estate extends toLoch Muickin the southeast where an old boat house and the RoyalBothy(hunting lodge) now namedGlas-allt-Shiel,built by Victoria, are located.[49]

The working estate includesgrouse moors,forestry, and farmland, as well as managed herds of deer,Highland cattle,and ponies.[13]: 38–47 It also offers access to the public for fishing (paid) and hiking during certain seasons.[13]: 36–37 

Approximately 8,000 acres (3,200 hectares) of the estate are covered by trees, with almost 3,000 acres (1,200 hectares) used for forestry that yields nearly 10,000 tonnes of wood per year.Ballochbuie Forest,one of the largest remaining areas of old Caledonian pine growth in Scotland, consists of approximately 3,000 acres (1,200 hectares). It is managed with only minimal or no intervention.[13]: 48, 51 The principal mammal on the estate is thered deerwith a population of 2,000 to 2,500 head.[13]: 44 

The areas of Lochnagar and Ballochbuie were designated in 1998 by theSecretary of State for ScotlandasSpecial Protection Areas(SPA) under the European Union (EU)Birds Directive.[50][51]Bird species inhabiting the moorlands includered grouse,black grouse,ptarmigan,and thecapercaillie.[13]: 38 Ballochbuie is also protected as aSpecial Area of Conservationby the EUHabitats Directive,as "one of the largest remaining continuous areas of nativeCaledonian Forest".[52]In addition, there are foursites of special scientific intereston the estate.[46]

The royal family employs approximately 50 full-time and 50–100 part-time staff to maintain the working estate.[53]

There are approximately 150 buildings on the estate,[13]: 35 includingBirkhall,formerly home toElizabeththe Queen Mother.[54]Craigowan Lodge is regularly used by the family and friends of the royal family and has also been used while Balmoral Castle was being prepared for a royal visit.[55]Six smaller buildings on the estate are let asholiday cottages.[56]

Public access to gardens and castle grounds

[edit]
Northwest corner of Balmoral Castle

In 1931, the gardens and castle grounds were opened to the public for the first time. They are now open daily between April and the end of July, after which royal family members arrive at the castle for their annual stay.[55]The ballroom was the only room in the castle that could be viewed by the public until 2024.[57]In April 2024, it was announced that during a month-long summer tour programme the public would be able to view the interior and several rooms used by members of the royal family.[58]

Craigowan Lodge

[edit]

Craigowan Lodge is a seven-bedroom[59]stone house approximately 1 mile (1.6 km) from the main castle in Balmoral.[60]More rustic than the castle, the lodge was often used by Prince Charles andPrincess Dianawhen they visited. In May 1981 Charles and Diana posed for a photo at the lodge before theirJuly 1981 wedding.[61]

In the obituary ofPrince Michael Andreevich of Russiain 2008, it was noted that his family spent most of World War II at Craigowan Lodge.[62]

The lodge has been in the news periodically since 2005 because Elizabeth II and Prince Philip often spent the first few days of their summer holiday there.[59]During the summer, the castle is a lucrative source of income from tourists. Sometimes, the Queen arrived at Balmoral before the tourist season was over.[55]

[edit]

Parts of the filmsMrs Brown(1997) andThe Queen(2006) were based on events at Balmoral. In both films, substitute locations were used:Blairquhan CastleinThe QueenandDuns CastleinMrs Brown.[63][64]In theNetflixseriesThe Crown,Ardverikie Housewas used as a stand-in.[65]In the sci-fi filmThe Day After Tomorrow(2004), three helicopters of theRoyal Air Forcecrash in Scotland during an attempt to evacuate the Royal Family from Balmoral Castle.[66]

An illustration of the castle features on the reverse of£100 notesissued by theRoyal Bank of Scotland.[67]

See also

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References

[edit]

Citations

[edit]
  1. ^abHistoric Environment Scotland."Balmoral Castle With Parterre and Terrace Walls (Category A Listed Building) (LB51460)".Retrieved6 March2019.
  2. ^abcdefghijkHistoric Environment Scotland."Balmoral Castle (GDL00045)".Retrieved6 March2019.
  3. ^"Queen Elizabeth II has died".BBC News.8 September 2022.Archivedfrom the original on 8 September 2022.Retrieved9 September2022.
  4. ^Revealed: King Charles’s private fortune estimated at £1.8bn
  5. ^abcWatson, Adam (1984).The place names of Upper Deeside.Aberdeen University Press. p. 18.
  6. ^Mills, A.David (2011).A Dictionary of British Place Names.Oxford: Oxford University Press.ISBN978-0191078941.
  7. ^MacBain, Alexander (1922).Place names Highlands & Islands of Scotland.E. Mackay. p. 156.
  8. ^Mac an Tàilleir, Iain (2003)."Ainmean-Àite/Placenames"(PDF).Scottish Parliament. p. 15.Archived(PDF)from the original on 9 October 2022.
  9. ^"Balmoral Castle, Aberdeenshire".www.whichcastle.com.Retrieved4 December2010.
  10. ^abGordon, Seton(2009). "The Country of Balmoral".Seton Gordon's Cairngorms: an anthology.Whittles. pp. 141–142.ISBN978-1-904445-88-3.
  11. ^Millar, pp. 23, 31
  12. ^Millar, p. 39
  13. ^abcdefghijklmnopqMacLean, Charles.Balmoral Highland Estate.Balmoral Castle and Estate.
  14. ^Millar, pp. 40–41
  15. ^Millar, p. 41
  16. ^abMillar, p. 55
  17. ^Bellhouse, David (2000)."E.T. Bellhouse and Co. Engineers and Iron Founders"(PDF).David Bellhouse and Sons, Manchester.Archived fromthe original(PDF)on 15 June 2011.Retrieved23 January2012.
  18. ^abMillar, p. 59
  19. ^abMillar, p. 56
  20. ^"Crieff dykers build Jubilee cairn for the Queen".Daily Record.24 August 2012.Retrieved7 October2014.
  21. ^"William Smith II".Dictionary of Scottish Architects 1840–1980.Retrieved23 January2012.
  22. ^Millar, p. 57
  23. ^Millar, pp. 56–57
  24. ^Millar, p. 58
  25. ^Little, G. A. (1981).Scotland's Gardens.Spur Books.ISBN0-7157-2091-0.
  26. ^abGlendinning, Miles; MacKechnie, Aonghus; MacInnes, Ranald (1996).A History of Scottish Architecture.Edinburgh University Press. p. 270.ISBN0-7486-0849-4.
  27. ^abFenwick, Hubert (1974).Scotland's Historic Buildings.Robert Hale.ISBN0-7091-4497-0.
  28. ^Devine, T. M. (2006).The Scottish Nation 1700–2000.Penguin.ISBN978-0-14-102769-2.
  29. ^Lynch, Michael (1992).Scotland: A New History.Pimlico.ISBN978-0-7126-9893-1.
  30. ^Millar, p. 44
  31. ^Millar, p. 102
  32. ^Millar 1985, p. 101
  33. ^"Ena, princess of Battenberg (1887-1969)".National Records of Scotland. 31 May 2013.Retrieved11 September2022.
  34. ^"Queen Victoria's final visit to Balmoral marked the beginning of the end for the monarch".Press and Journal.21 January 2021.Retrieved11 September2022.
  35. ^Jones, Tony; Brady, Jon (21 July 2022)."Queen arrives in Scotland for annual summer holiday at Balmoral".Daily Record.Retrieved9 September2022.
  36. ^Andersson, Jasmine (30 August 2022)."Queen to appoint new prime minister at Balmoral".BBC News.Retrieved2 September2022.
  37. ^Walker, Peter (31 August 2022)."New PM will meet Queen at Balmoral before taking over at No 10".The Guardian.Retrieved2 September2022.
  38. ^Foster, Max; Said-Moorhouse, Lauren (31 August 2022)."Queen won't return to London to appoint new British PM, for first time in her reign".CNN.
  39. ^Bautista, Ashley (12 September 2022)."Queen Elizabeth II is the first British monarch to die in Scotland since James V in 1542".The Focus.Retrieved28 November2022.
  40. ^Davies, Caroline (8 September 2022)."Queen Elizabeth II, Britain's longest-reigning monarch, dies aged 96".The Guardian.Retrieved8 September2022.
  41. ^Castle, Stephen (11 September 2022)."Crowds lined the route from Balmoral to bid farewell to their queen".The New York Times.ISSN0362-4331.Retrieved12 October2022.
  42. ^Castleden, Rodney (2014).The Castles of Britain and Ireland.Quercus.ISBN978-1-62365-543-3.
  43. ^Jones, Nigel R. (2005).Architecture of England, Scotland, and Wales.Westport, Conn: Greenwood Publishing Group.ISBN978-0-313-31850-4.
  44. ^abWightman, Andy (2011).The Poor Had No Lawyers: Who Owns Scotland (And How They Got It).Edinburgh: Birlinn. pp. 113–114.ISBN978-1841589077.
  45. ^"Sandringham House: History".The official website of The British Monarchy.The Royal Household. Archived fromthe originalon 16 April 2010.Retrieved12 June2016.
  46. ^ab"Conservation".Archived fromthe originalon 5 August 2012.Retrieved18 June2014.
  47. ^"The Old Man of Lochnagar, 1980".Royal Collection Trust.Inventory no. 1101076.
  48. ^"The Queen buys grouse moor near Balmoral."The Times,London, 6 January 1978: p. 3.
  49. ^Watson, Adam(1992).The Cairngorms, Lochnagar and the Mounth(6th ed.). Scottish Mountaineering Trust. pp. 214–215.ISBN0-907521-39-8.
  50. ^"Lochnagar SPA: Standard Data Form"(PDF).Joint Nature Conservation Committee.Archived(PDF)from the original on 9 October 2022.
  51. ^"Ballolchbuie SPA: Standard Data Form"(PDF).Joint Nature Conservation Committee.Archived(PDF)from the original on 9 October 2022.
  52. ^"Ballolchbuie SAC: Site Details".Joint Nature Conservation Committee. Archived fromthe originalon 13 October 2010.Retrieved21 February2011.
  53. ^"Employment".Archived fromthe originalon 15 January 2013.Retrieved18 June2014.
  54. ^"Birkhall".The Prince of Wales official website.Household of HRH The Prince of Wales.Retrieved23 January2012.
  55. ^abcFrost, Katie (7 August 2018)."Inside Balmoral, the Queen's Scottish retreat".Harper's Bazaar.Retrieved1 May2019.
  56. ^"Current Availability".Balmoral Estates.Retrieved23 January2012.
  57. ^"2011 Admission Charges".Balmoral Estate.Retrieved23 January2012.
  58. ^Ward, Victoria (2 April 2024)."King Charles to open Balmoral to the public for the first time".The Telegraph.Retrieved2 April2024.
  59. ^abMichael MacLeod."Royals in Scotland: Palaces, paparazzi and garden parties".STV News.Archived fromthe originalon 4 March 2016.Retrieved3 November2014.
  60. ^Gossip, Shona (28 July 2014)."Queen arrives in Royal Deeside for holiday".The Press and Journal.Aberdeen.Retrieved31 July2018.
  61. ^"Princess Diana's Life In Photos: Famous Pictures Of The Royal".Today.Retrieved11 September2022.
  62. ^"Michael Andreevich Romanoff: a member of the Russian imperial family".The Times.London. 11 October 2008.
  63. ^"Filming locations forThe Queen".Internet Movie Database.Archivedfrom the original on 21 September 2022.Retrieved23 January2012.
  64. ^"Filming locations forMrs Brown".IMDb.Archivedfrom the original on 21 September 2022.Retrieved23 January2012.
  65. ^Leadbeater, Chris (8 December 2017)."8 spectacular filming locations from The Crown to visit as season 2 returns".The Daily Telegraph.Archivedfrom the original on 12 January 2022.Retrieved30 January2021.
  66. ^"Never mind the weather overkill: scientists praise Hollywood's global warning".The Guardian.11 May 2004.Retrieved11 September2022.
  67. ^"Current Banknotes: Royal Bank of Scotland".The Committee of Scottish Clearing Bankers.Archivedfrom the original on 3 October 2008.Retrieved17 October2008.

General and cited references

[edit]
  • Millar, Delia (1985).Queen Victoria's Life in the Scottish Highlands: Depicted by Her Watercolour Artists.London: Philip Wilson.ISBN0-85667-194-0.
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