Crangon crangon
| Crangon crangon | |
|---|---|
| |
Scientific classification
| |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Malacostraca |
| Order: | Decapoda |
| Suborder: | Pleocyemata |
| Infraorder: | Caridea |
| Family: | Crangonidae |
| Genus: | Crangon |
| Species: | C. crangon
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| Binomial name | |
| Crangon crangon | |
| Synonyms[1] | |
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Crangon crangonis a species ofcaridean shrimpfound across the northeasternAtlantic Ocean.Its range extends from theWhite Seain the north ofRussiato the coast ofMorocco,including theBaltic Sea,and appears also throughout theMediterraneanandBlack Seas.[1]Commercially important, it is fished mainly in the southernNorth Sea.Common namesincludebrown shrimp,[2]common shrimp,bay shrimp,andsand shrimp,while translation of its French namecrevette grise(or its Dutch equivalentgrijze garnaal) sometimes leads to the English versiongrey shrimp.
Description[edit]
Adults are typically 30–50 mm (1.2–2.0 in) long, although individuals up to 90 mm (3.5 in) have been recorded.[3]The animals havecryptic colouration,being a sandy brown colour, which can be changed to match the environment.[3]They live in shallow water, which can also be slightlybrackish,and feed nocturnally.[3]During the day, they remain buried in the sand to escape predatory birds and fish, with only theirantennaeprotruding.
Crangonis classified in the familyCrangonidae,and shares the family's characteristic subchelate firstpereiopods(where the movable finger closes onto a short projection, rather than a similarly sized fixed finger) and shortrostrum.[4]
Distribution and ecology[edit]
C. crangonhas a widerange,extending across the northeasternAtlantic Oceanfrom theWhite Seain the north ofRussiato the coast ofMorocco,including theBaltic Sea,as well as occurring throughout theMediterraneanandBlack Seas.[5]Despite its wide range, however, littlegene flowoccurs across certain natural barriers, such as theStrait of Gibraltaror theBosphorus.[6]The populations in the western Mediterranean Sea are thought to be the oldest, with the species' spread across the north Atlantic thought to postdate thePleistocene.[6]
Adults live epibenthically (on or near the sea-floor) especially in the shallow waters of estuaries or near the coast.[7]It is generally highly abundant, and has a significant effect on the ecosystems where it lives.[7]
Lifecycle[edit]
Females reachsexual maturityat a length around 22–43 mm (0.87–1.69 in), while males are mature at 30–45 mm (1.2–1.8 in).[8]The young hatch from their eggs intoplanktoniclarvae.These pass through fivemoultsbefore reaching the postlarval stage, when they settle to the sea-floor.[8]
Fishery[edit]
Historically, the commercial fishery was accomplished by horse-drawn beam trawls on both sides of the Dover straits.[10]In the sandy shallows ofMorecambe Bay(Lancashire, UK) horses have been replaced by tractors. Some small fishing vessels also use beam trawls for brown shrimp. A few artisanal fishermen use hand-pushed nets. In all UK shrimp fisheries, the catch is first 'riddled' to release the young of shrimps and fish. The shrimps are then traditionally boiled on board before landing.
Over 37,000 t (82 million lb) ofC. crangonwere caught in 1999, withGermanyand theNetherlandstaking over 80% of this total.[1]
The UK lands an annual average of 1000 tonnes of brown shrimp, but the catch is highly variable between 500 and 1500 tonnes.[11]In the Lancashire fishery for brown shrimp it has been shown that landings in any year are related to the annual catch, average annual air temperature (inverse) and total rainfall in the previous year. That has enabled a good prediction of annual landings one year in advance.[12]Moreover, for the port of Lytham, the abundance of shrimp (annual catch per unit effort) was found to be closely correlated with the mean annualZürich sunspot numberfor the period 1965-1975.[13]Given that sunspot numbers are predictable, this provides another tool for the prediction of annual shrimp catch. Sunspot cycle No. 23 (1997–2008) is a good example of the correlation between UK annual brown shrimp catch and mean annual sunspot number.[11]
GreenpeaceGermany classifies the brown shrimp as an "unsustainable" choice that should be avoided.[14]Brown shrimp have been documented to containmicroplastics.[15]
As food[edit]
The consumption of brown shrimp is popular in Belgium, the Netherlands, northern Germany, and Denmark.
Shrimp in general are known asgarnaleninDutch.It is the basis of the dishtomate-crevettes,where the shrimp are mixed withmayonnaiseand freshparsley,and served in a hollowed-out uncookedtomato.The shrimpcroquetteis another Belgian speciality; the shrimp are in the interior of the battered croquette along withbéchamel sauce.Freshly cooked, unpeeled brown shrimp are often served as a snack accompanying beer, typically a sour ale orFlemish redsuch asRodenbach.[16]
InLancashire,England, the peeled brown shrimps are mixed with butter and spices (including nutmeg or mace) to makepotted shrimps,a dish traditionally eaten with bread.[17]
References[edit]
- ^abc"Crangon crangon(Linnaeus, 1758) ".Species Fact Sheets.Food and Agriculture Organization.Archived fromthe originalon May 27, 2020.RetrievedJune 24,2011.
- ^Lagardère, J. P. (1982). "Effects of noise on growth and reproduction of Crangon crangon in rearing tanks".Marine Biology.71(2): 177–185.doi:10.1007/BF00394627.S2CID80913454.
- ^abc"Crangon crangon".ARKive.Archived fromthe originalon 2008-05-17.RetrievedJune 24,2011.
- ^Joana Campos; Cláudia Moreira; Fabiana Freitas & Henk W. van der Veer (2012)."Short review of the eco-geography ofCrangon".Journal of Crustacean Biology.32(2): 159–169.doi:10.1163/193724011X615569.
- ^Joana Campos; Vânia Freitas; Cindy Pedros; Rita Guillot & Henk W. van der Veer (2009). "Latitudinal variation in growth ofCrangon crangon(L.): does counter-gradient growth compensation occur? ".Journal of Sea Research.62(4): 229–237.Bibcode:2009JSR....62..229C.doi:10.1016/j.seares.2009.04.002.
- ^abPieternella C. Luttikhuizen; Joana Campos; Judith van Bleijswijk; Katja T.C.A. Peijnenburg & Henk W. van der Veer (2008). "Phylogeography of the common shrimp,Crangon crangon(L.) across its distribution range ".Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution.46(3): 1015–1030.doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2007.11.011.PMID18207428.
- ^abJoana Campos; Cindy Pedrosa; Joana Rodrigues; Sílvia Santos; Johanses I. J. Witte; Paulo Santos & Henk W. van der Veer (2009). "Population zoogeography of brown shrimpCrangon crangonalong its distributional range based on morphometric characters ".Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom.89(3): 499–507.doi:10.1017/S0025315408002312.S2CID86803810.
- ^abJoana Campos & Henk W. van der Veer (2008). R. N. Gibson; R. J. A. Atkinson & J. D. M. Gordon (eds.).Autecology ofCrangon crangon(L.) with an emphasis on latitudinal trends.Vol. 46.CRC Press.pp. 65–104.doi:10.1201/9781420065756.ch3.ISBN978-1-4200-6575-6.
{{cite book}}:|journal=ignored (help) - ^Based on data sourced from theFishStat database,FAO.
- ^Charlier, Roger H (2012)."Crangon crangon, endangered or merely on a via dolorosa?"(PDF).Academy of Romanian Scientists Annals Series on Biology Sciences.1(1): 31–58.ISSN2285-4177.Archived fromthe original(PDF)on 2015-04-02.Retrieved2015-03-14.
- ^abCatchpole, Tom L.; Revill, Andrew S.; Innes, James; Pascoe, Sean (2008)."Evaluating the efficacy of technical measures: A case study of selection device legislation in the UK Crangon crangon (Brown shrimp) fishery".ICES Journal of Marine Science.65(2): 267–275.doi:10.1093/icesjms/fsn016.
- ^Driver, Paul A. (1976)."Prediction of fluctuations in the landings of brown shrimp ( Crangon crangon) in the Lancashire and Western Sea Fisheries District".Estuarine and Coastal Marine Science.4(5): 567.Bibcode:1976ECMS....4..567D.doi:10.1016/0302-3524(76)90031-1.
- ^Driver, P. A. (1978). "The prediction of shrimp landings from sunspot activity".Marine Biology.47(4): 359–361.doi:10.1007/BF00388927.S2CID83763670.
- ^"Fisch Einkaufsratgeber"[Fish Shopping Advisor](PDF).Greenpeace(in German). January 2016.Retrieved3 January2023.
- ^Devriese, L. I.; Van Der Meulen, M. D.; Maes, T.; Bekaert, K.; Paul-Pont, I.; Frère, L.; Robbens, J.; Vethaak, A. D. (2015)."Microplastic contamination in brown shrimp (Crangon crangon, Linnaeus 1758) from coastal waters of the Southern North Sea and Channel area".Marine Pollution Bulletin.98(1–2): 179–187.doi:10.1016/j.marpolbul.2015.06.051.PMID26456303.
- ^"Les crevettes grises"(in French). Eating.be. Archived fromthe originalon October 11, 2012.RetrievedSeptember 13,2012.
- ^Paston-Williams, Sara (2005). "Morecambe Bay shrimps".Fish: Recipes from a Busy Island.London:National Trust.p. 140.ISBN0-7078-0357-8.
External links[edit]
- Joana Costa Vilhena de Bessa Campos (2009).The eco-geography of the brown shrimpCrangon crangonin Europe(Ph.D.thesis).Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam.ISBN978-90-865-9350-7.
- Photos ofCrangon crangonon Sealife Collection
