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People walking aroundBuckingham Fountainto attend a rally (2013)
Location of Chicago in the United States
Location of Chicago in the United States
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Location of Chicago in the United States

The culture ofChicago,Illinoisis known for the invention or significant advancement of several performing arts, includingimprovisational comedy,house music,industrial music,blues,hip hop,gospel,jazz[1]andsoul.[2]

The city is known for itsChicago SchoolandPrairie Schoolarchitecture. It continues to cultivate a strong tradition ofclassical music,popular music,dance,andperforming arts,rooted inWestern civilization,as well as other traditions carried forward by itsAfrican-American,Asian-American,European AmericanandHispanic and Latino Americancitizens.

The city is additionally known for various popular culinary dishes, includingdeep-dish pizza,theChicago-style hot dogand theItalian beefsandwich.

Food and drink[edit]

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Ingredients and foods
Styles
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Holidays and festivals
See also:Chicago farmers' markets,Food manufacturers of Chicago,andCuisine of the Midwestern United States

Chicago lays claim to a large number of regional specialties that reflect the city's ethnic and working-class roots. Among these are its nationally renowneddeep-dish pizza;this style is said to have originated at Pizzeria Uno. The Chicago-style thin crust is also popular in the city. A number of well-known chefs have had restaurants in Chicago, includingCharlie Trotter,Rick Tramonto,Grant Achatz,andRick Bayless.

In 2003,Robb Reportnamed Chicago the country's "most exceptional dining destination" and in 2008,Maximawarded Chicago the title of "Tastiest City."

Local specialties[edit]

Chicago-style hot dog

The most popular Chicago-style foods are:

  • TheChicago-style hot dog,traditionally a steamed or boiled, natural-casing all-beef wiener on a poppy-seed bun, topped with yellowmustard,choppedonion,slicedtomato,neon-green sweet-pickle relish,sport peppers,adill picklespear, and a sprinkling ofcelery salt—but neverketchup.[3][4][5]
  • Chicago-style pizzaincludes deep-dish pizza with a tall outer crust and large amounts of cheese, with chunky tomato sauce on top of the cheese instead of underneath it.[6][7]Similar to this is stuffed pizza, with even more cheese, topped with a second, thinner crust.[8]Also very popular in Chicago is a type of thin-crust pizza called "tavern style", which has a very thin, crispy crust and is cut into squares instead of wedges.[8][9]
  • TheItalian beef,a sandwich featuring thinly sliced roast beef simmered in a broth (known locally as "gravy" ) containingItalian-style seasonings and served on an Italian roll soaked in the meat juices. Most beef stands offer a "cheesy beef" option, which is typically the addition of a slice of provolone or mozzarella. A "combo" is a beef sandwich with the addition of grilledItalian sausage.Italian beef sandwiches are traditionally topped withsweet peppersor spicygiardiniera.[10][11]

Other Chicago-style dishes include:

  • Afrancheezieis a variation of the Chicago-style hot dog. The hot dog is wrapped in bacon and deep-fried, and either stuffed or topped with cheese.[12][13]
  • Maxwell Street Polish,named afterMaxwell Streetwhere it was first sold. It's a Polish sausage made with beef and pork, and with garlic and other spices, served on a bun with grilled onions.[14][15][16][17]
  • Thejibaritois a specialty sandwich that originated in the heart of Chicago'sPuerto Ricancommunity. Invented by Borinquen Restaurant in theHumboldt Parkneighborhood, a jibarito is made with meat or chicken, and condiments, placed between two pieces of fried and flattenedplantaininstead of bread.[18][19][20]
  • Chicken Vesuvio,an Italian-American dish made from chicken on the bone and wedges of potato, celery, and carrots; sauteed with garlic, oregano, white wine, and olive oil, then baked until the chicken's skin becomes crisp.[21][22]
  • Shrimp DeJonghe,a casserole of whole peeled shrimp blanketed in soft, garlicky, sherry-laced bread crumbs.[23][24]
  • Themother-in-lawis a tamale on a hot dog bun, topped withchili.[19][25]
  • Chicago also has its own unique style oftamale,machine-extruded fromcornmealand wrapped in paper, and typically sold at hot dog stands.[26]
  • Gyrosis popular in Chicago. While some restaurants still make their own gyros cones, Chicago is the hometown of mass-produced gyros.[27][28]
  • Flamingsaganakiwas popularized by restaurants in theGreektownneighborhood. A square piece ofkasseri,kefalotyri,or a similar cheese is fried in a small, two-handled pan, topped with a splash ofbrandy,and servedflambé-style, traditionally with a cry of "Opa!"from the waiter.[29][30][31]
  • Apizza puffis a deep-fried dough pocket filled with cheese, tomato sauce, and other pizza ingredients such as sausage. Indigenous to Chicago, pizza puffs can be found at some hot dog restaurants.[32][33][34][35]
  • Apepper and egg sandwichcombines scrambled eggs and grilled bell peppers, served on French bread. Originally eaten duringLentby Italian immigrants in Chicago, it now can be found in some casual dining restaurants.[36][37][38]
  • The big baby, a style of adouble cheeseburgerwith the cheese in between the hamburger patties, ketchup, mustard, and pickle slices underneath them, and grilled onions on top; said to have originated at Nicky's The Real McCoy in theGage Parkneighborhood.[39][40][41]
  • The breaded-steak sandwich, a specialty particularly found in theBridgeportneighborhood, which consists of a flattened inexpensive cut of beef that has been breaded, friedMilanesa-styleand served on an Italian bread roll withmarinarasauce, topped with optionalmozzarellacheese and/orgreen peppers.[42]
  • The Freddy, a sandwich consisting of an Italian sausage patty topped with green peppers, mozzarella and marinara served on a bun. It is typically found in sandwich shops and pizzerias on theSouth Sideand its adjacent suburbs.[43][44][45]
  • Pork chop sandwiches, served bone-in with mustard and grilled onions, are popular on the South Side.[46]
  • The gym shoe (sometimes spelled Jim Shoe or Jim Shoo), asubmarine sandwichmade with a combination ofcorned beef,gyros, and either roast beef or Italian beef.[47][48][49][50]
  • Chicago-style barbecue,particularlyrib tipsandhot links.This isbarbecuethat has been cooked in an aquarium smoker, a rectangular indoor smoker with glass sides and a large compartment for a wood fire under the grill.[51][52][53][54][55]Barbecued ribsare also very popular in Chicago.[56][57]
  • Mild sauce,a condiment made with barbecue sauce, ketchup, and hot sauce, and sometimes other ingredients such as honey or sugar. Mild sauce is used as a topping on fried chicken and other foods, and was popularized at fast food restaurants in Chicago's African-American community includingHarold's Chicken Shack,Uncle Remus Saucy Fried Chicken, and Coleman's Barbecue.[58][59][60][61]
  • Giardiniera– spicy, chopped, pickled vegetables in oil – is popular as a condiment in the Chicago area. For example, it's commonly used as a topping on Italian beef sandwiches. Giardienera was brought to the city by immigrants from Sicily, where it's served as a side dish. Chicago-style giardiniera has vegetables that are chopped very finely, and uses oil and not vinegar as a base.[62]
  • Popcorn fromGarrett Popcorn Shops,including their "Garrett Mix" flavor that is a combination of cheddar cheese popcorn and caramel popcorn.
  • Atomic cake, featuring banana, yellow, and chocolate cake layers alternating with banana, strawberry, and fudge fillings.[63][64]
  • Chicago Brick ice cream, aNeapolitan-style three-flavor ice-cream with orange sherbet, vanilla, and caramel flavors.[65][66]

Restaurant scene[edit]

See also:List of Michelin starred restaurants in Chicago

Chicago features many restaurants that highlight the city's various ethnic neighborhoods, includingChinatownon the South Side, Swedish/NordicAndersonvilleon North Clark street,Greektownon Halsted Street, andLittle Italyon Taylor Street and theHeart of Italy.TheSouth Asiancommunity alongDevon Avenuehosts manyPakistaniandIndian eateries.The predominantly Mexican neighborhoods ofPilsenandLittle Villageare home to numerous eateries ranging from smalltaqueríasto full scale restaurants. Several restaurants featuring Middle Eastern fare can be found along Lawrence Avenue, whilePolish cuisineis well represented along Milwaukee Avenue on the Northwest side and Archer Avenue on the Southwest side. A large concentration ofVietnameserestaurants can be found in theArgyle Street districtinUptown.[67]

Along with ethnic fare and fast food, Chicago is home to manysteakhouses,as well as a number of upscale dining establishments serving a wide array of cuisine. Some notable destinations includeFrontera Grill,a gourmetMexicanrestaurant owned by chef andMexico: One Plate at a Timehost,Rick Bayless;Graham Elliot's eponymous restaurant,Graham Elliot;Jean Joho's Everest, anew-French restaurantlocated on the top floor of theChicago Stock Exchangebuilding downtown, andTrufrom chefsRick TramontoandGale Gand.

Chicago has become known for its ventures inmolecular gastronomy,with chefsGrant AchatzofAlinea,[68]Homaro CantuofMoto,[69]andMichael CarlsonofSchwa.

Black restaurants[edit]

Many African American migrants who were entrepreneurs would open restaurants, female entrepreneurs especially. Food-related businesses had a low threshold for entry because many African Americans were raised in environments where food was a central part of life.[70]

The Chicago Tribune in 2019 identified five "iconic black restaurants" run by five families as having some of the best food in the city. They wereHarold's Chicken Shack(founded 1950),Lem's Bar-B-Q(founded 1954), Uncle Remus Saucy Fried Chicken (founded 1963), Taurus Flavors (founded 1966) and Old Fashioned Donuts (founded 1972).[71]The city is also home to many fried-shrimpshacks.[72][73][74]

Conferences and events[edit]

Taste of Chicagois a large annual food festival held in early July inGrant Parkin downtown Chicago. It features booths from dozens of Chicago-area restaurants, as well as live music.[75]

Beginning in 2015, Chicago Black Restaurant Week is an annual celebration of various Black cuisines where more than 20 different restaurants come together in February during Black History Month to share their foods.[76]

In 2001, the Culinary Historians of Chicago held a ‘Grits and Greens’ conference at Harold Washington College. The conference was focused on highlighting the contribution of African-American women in shaping the culinary culture of Chicago's black community. Over the course of two days, the event brought together an array of people, including authors, chefs, and professors. The programming of the event featured a variety of activities, such as a gala held at Roosevelt University and tours of the southwest neighborhoods of Chicago.[77]

Brewing[edit]

Chicago has a longbrewinghistory that dates back to the early days of the city.[78]While its era of mass-scale commercial breweries largely came to an end withProhibition,the city today has a large number ofmicrobreweriesandbrewpubs.[79][80]According to 2018 report by the Brewers Association, Chicago had the most breweries of any metropolitan area in the country, with 167 total.[81]Included among these are craft brewers likeHalf Acre,Metropolitan,Off Color,PipeworksandRevolution Brewing.[82][83]

The two largest breweries in Chicago[84]areLagunitas,based inPetaluma, Californiaand now owned byHeineken International,[85]andGoose Island,founded in Chicago in 1988 and now owned byAnheuser-Busch InBev.[86]

Annual events include Illinois Craft Beer Week,[87][88]the Festival of Barrel-Aged Beers (known as FOBAB),[89][90]the Chicago Beer Festival,[91]and the Chicago Beer Classic.[92][93]

In the mid- to late-20th century, the most popular beer in Chicago wasOld Style,a mass-produced lager that at the time was brewed byG. HeilemaninLa Crosse, Wisconsin.The Old Style brand is now owned by thePabst Brewing Companywhich supervises its production under contract byMillerCoors.[94][95][96][97][98]

Distilled spirits[edit]

Jeppson's Malörtis a brand ofbäsk,a Swedish-style liqueur flavored withwormwood.Known for its bitter taste, it can be found in some Chicago-area taverns and liquor stores, but is seldom seen elsewhere in the country. The Carl Jeppson Company was founded in Chicago in the 1930s.[99]Malört was made in Chicago until the mid-'70s, when the Mar-Salle distillery that produced it for the Carl Jeppson Company closed. It was made inKentuckybriefly, after which it was produced inFloridafor many years.[100]In 2018, Jeppson's Malört was acquired by Chicago-based CH Distillery,[101]and in 2019 production was moved back to Chicago.[102]

Koval,Chicago's first distillery to operate within city limits since Prohibition, began operation in 2008. Located in theAndersonvilleneighborhood on the city's North Side, Koval offers a wide range of spirits and was featured on the Chicago ( "World's Greenest Beer" ) episode during the second season of theEsquire NetworkshowBrew Dogsin 2014.[103]

Cohasset Punchis a brand ofrum-based drink first created by Chicago bartenders Lewis Williams and Tom Newman in the 1890s.[104]Officially classified as aliqueur,Cohasset Punch can also be considered a bottledcocktailorpunch.It has been referred to as "the definitive Chicago cocktail"[105],and a 1902trade journalremarked that "what themint julepis tothe South,Cohasset Punch is to Chicago. "[106]Cohasset Punch was produced until the late-1980s, and was relaunched under new ownership in 2024.[107][108]

Music[edit]

Main article:Music of Chicago
See also:Chicago record labelsandList of musicians from Chicago

Chicago has made many significantpop-culturalcontributions in the field ofmusic:Chicago blues,Chicago soul,jazz,gospel,indie rock,hip hop,industrial music,andpunk rock.With the advent of theChicago housein the 1980s, the city is also the birthplace of thehousestyle of music, which helped lead to the development oftechnomusic inDetroit,Michigan.

Chicago artists have played an influential role in the R&B–soul genre. Popular R&B or soul artists to hail from Chicago includeSam Cooke,R. Kelly,Curtis Mayfield,The Impressions,Jerry Butler,The Chi-Lites,Ahmad Jamal,Dave Hollister,Jennifer Hudson,Baby Huey,andCarl Thomas.

Willie Dixon

Prominent figures fromChicago bluesincludeSunnyland Slim,Howlin' Wolf,Muddy Waters,Sonny Boy Williamson,Willie Dixon,Elmore James,Albert King,Koko Taylor,Otis Spann,Little Walter,Lonnie Brooks,Junior Wells,Syl Johnson,Buddy Guy,Magic Sam,Magic Slim,Luther Allison,Freddie King,Eddy Clearwater,andOtis Rush.

Jazz musicians based in Chicago have includedJelly Roll Morton,Bix Beiderbecke,Benny Goodman,Sun Ra,Von Freeman,andDinah Washington.The city is the home of theAssociation for the Advancement of Creative Musicians,a group of musical artists who helped pioneeravant-garde jazz.

Thehip hop scene in Chicagois also very influential, with major artists includingKanye West,Chance the Rapper,Twista,Common,Lupe Fiasco,Crucial Conflict,Psychodrama,Cupcakke,Da Brat,Shawnna,Chief Keef,King Louie,Lil Reese,andRhymefest.

The rock bandChicagowas named after the city, although its original name was theChicago Transit Authority.The band's name was shortened to Chicago after the CTA threatened to sue them for unauthorized use of the original trademark. Popular 1980s bandSurvivoris from Chicago.

Many mainstream rock bands hail from Chicago or were made famous there. Among these areThe Blues Brothers,the aforementioned Chicago,Styx,Cheap Trick,REO Speedwagon,Survivor,theButterfield Blues Band,and theSiegel–Schwall Band.

Chicago has also been home to a thriving folk music scene, particularly in the 1960s and 1970s.John Prine,Steve GoodmanandBonnie Kolocwere the most prominent folk singer–songwriters of that time.

In the late 1970s, local bandThe Shoesarguably started indie rock with a power pop album recorded in their living room.[citation needed]1980s and 1990salternativebandsLocal H,Eleventh Dream Day,Ministry,Veruca Salt,My Life with the Thrill Kill Kult,Material Issue,Liz Phair,Urge Overkill,andThe Smashing Pumpkinshail from Chicago. Contemporary rock bandsThe Lawrence Arms,Soil,Kill HannahandWilcoare also Chicago-based. The 2000s have seen local artistsDisturbed,Alkaline Trio,The Academy Is,Rise Against,The Audition,Spitalfield,Chevelle,thePlain White T's,Kanye West,Lupe Fiasco,andFall Out Boyalso attain success in the U.S.

Chicago has become known for indie rockers following in the paths of the Smashing Pumpkins, Urge Overkill, Wilco, and The Jesus Lizard; bands likeThe Sea and Cake,Califone,OK Go,Andrew BirdandUmphrey's McGeehail from the city. Tim and Mike Kinsella, hailing from Chicago, fronted several seminal 90s emo bands:Cap'n Jazz,American Football,Owen,Joan of Arc,andOwls.Matthew and Eleanor Friedberger ofThe Fiery Furnaces,who now reside in Brooklyn, New York are originally from Oak Park, Illinois, a suburb of Chicago. Chicago is also home to many independent labels like Thrill Jockey, Drag City, and others, and to the popular music-news website Pitchfork Media.

A handful ofpunk rockbands are based in Chicago. Some of the more famous punk rock products of the city areNaked Raygun,The Effigies,Big BlackandShellac(featuringSteve Albini), andScreeching Weasel.Many of these punk and indie bands got their start at noted alternative music venuesMetro(originally Cabaret Metro),Lounge Ax,Empty Bottle,Double Door,andThe Fireside Bowl.

Chicago is also known for being the "birthplace of AmericanIndustrial Music",[This quote needs a citation]as many bands got their start in Chicago. The city was also home of the now-defunctWax Trax! Recordsrecord label which once hadKMFDM,Ministry,Front 242,PIG,Front Line Assembly,My Life with the Thrill Kill Kult,Coil,and more on its roster.

TheChicago Symphony Orchestrais one of the nation's oldest and most respectedorchestras.It is well regarded throughout the world through tours in both Asia and Europe and also through a large number of recordings widely available. Perhaps because of Chicago's historically large German-American population, the CSO is particularly well known for its performances of pieces by German composers.

Chicago also has a thriving and youthful contemporary classical scene. Major venues for new music include concerts by theInternational Contemporary Ensemble,Ensemble Dal Niente,Third Coast Percussion,Fulcrum Point and the CSO's MusicNOW series. Composers of note includeAugusta Read Thomas,Lee Hyla,Marcos Balter,Kirsten Broberg,Hans Thomalla,Jay Alan YimandShulamit Ran.

While lacking a school of music with the stature of theJuilliard Schoolor theCurtis Institute of Music,the Chicago area does have a number of colleges. The best known outside of the region is theNorthwestern UniversityBienen School of Music. TheChicago College of Performing ArtsatRoosevelt Universityand the School of Music atDePaul Universityare both working to expand their reputations.

Chicago's colorful history and culture have provided inspiration for a wide variety of musical compositions. In the 19th century, the chain of events surrounding theGreat Chicago Fireled Chicago residentHoratio Spaffordto write the hymn "It Is Well With My Soul".

Annual music festivals in Chicago with free admission include theChicago Blues Festival,theChicago Jazz Festival,theGrant Park Music Festival,andWorld Music Festival Chicago.Annual ticketed festivals in the city includeLollapalooza,Pitchfork Music Festival,Riot Fest,North Coast Music Festival,Spring Awakening,Ruido Fest,andChicago Open Air.

Performing arts[edit]

Main article:Theatre in Chicago
Chicago Theatre

Chicago is a major center fortheater,and is the birthplace of modernimprovisational comedy.[109]The city is home to two renowned comedy troupes:The Second CityandiO Theater(formerly known as ImprovOlympic). The form itself was invented at theUniversity of Chicagoin the 1950s by an undergraduate performance group called theCompass Players,whose members went on to found Second City. It was also home to one of the longest running plays in the country—theNeo-Futurists'Too Much Light Makes the Baby Go Blind,an ensemble of 30 plays in 60 minutes.

Since their foundings in 1925 and 1974,Goodman Theatre,downtown, andSteppenwolf Theatre Companyon the city's north side have nurtured generations of actors, directors, and playwrights. They have grown into internationally renowned companies of artists. Many other theatres, from nearly 100 black box performances spaces like theStrawdog Theatre Companyin theLakeviewarea to landmark downtown houses like theChicago Theatreon State and Lake Streets, present a wide variety ofplaysandmusicals,including touring shows and original works such as the premiere in December 2004 ofSpamalot.TheChicago Shakespeare Theater,Lookingglass Theatre Company,and theVictory Gardens Theaterhave wonregional Tony Awards,along with Goodman and Steppenwolf.Broadway In Chicago,created in July 2000, hosts touring productions andBroadwaymusical previews at:Bank of America Theatre,Cadillac Palace Theatre,Ford Center for the Performing Arts Oriental Theatre.Broadway In Chicago provides over 7,500 jobs and an economic impact of over $635 million.[110]Polish languageproductions forChicago's large Polish speaking populationcan be seen at the historicGateway TheatreinJefferson Park.

TheLyric Opera of Chicago,founded in 1954, performs in theCivic Opera House.The Civic Opera House was built in 1929 on the east bank of theSouth Branch of the Chicago River.The Lyric Opera purchased the Civic Opera House in 1993.[111]

TheLithuanian Opera Company of Chicagowas founded byLithuanian Chicagoansin 1956,[112]and presentsoperasinLithuanian.It celebrated fifty years of existence in 2006, and operates as a not-for-profit organization. It is noteworthy for performing the rarely stagedRossini'sWilliam Tell(1986) andPonchielli'sI Lituani(1981, 1983 and 1991), and also for contributing experienced chorus singers to theLyric Opera of Chicago.[113] The operaJūratė and Kastytisby Kazimieras Viktoras Banaitis was presented inChicago, Illinoisin 1996.[114]

TheJoffrey Balletmakes its home in Chicago. Other ballet, modern and jazz dance troupes that are located in the city includeHubbard Street Dance Chicago,River NorthChicago Dance Company, Gus Giordano Jazz Dance Chicago,Chicago Dance Crash,Thodos Dance Chicago,Chicago Festival Balletand The Joel Hall Dancers.

The city'sUptownneighborhood is reported to be the birthplace ofSlam Poetry,a style ofspoken word poetrythat incorporates elements of hip hop culture, drama, jazz and lyricism.

Sports[edit]

Main article:Sports in Chicago
See also:U.S. cities with teams from four major league sports

Chicago is one of 13 metropolitan areas that have major league baseball, football, basketball, and hockey teams. In four of these metropolitan areas the teams from all four sports play their games within the limits of one city — Chicago,Detroit, Philadelphia,andDenver.Four of the metropolitan areas have two baseball teams — Chicago,New York City,Los Angeles,and theSan Francisco Bay Area— and of these four, only Chicago has had the same two teams since the American League was established in 1901.

TheChicago White Soxof theAmerican League,who won theWorld Seriesin 1906, 1917, and 2005, play atGuaranteed Rate Field,located on the city's South Side in theArmour Squareneighborhood.

Wrigley Field, home of the Chicago Cubs

TheChicago Cubsof theNational League,who won the World Series in 1907, 1908, and 2016, play atWrigley Field,located in the North Side neighborhood ofLakeview.The area of Lakeview near the stadium is commonly referred to as "Wrigleyville."

Soldier Field, home of the Chicago Bears

TheChicago Bearsof theNational Football Leagueplay atSoldier Field.The Bears have won nineAmerican Football championships(eightNFL ChampionshipsandSuper Bowl XX) trailing only theGreen Bay Packers,who have 13.

TheChicago Bullsof theNational Basketball Associationare one of the world's most recognizedbasketballteams, thanks to their enormous success during theMichael Jordanera, when they won six NBA titles in the 1990s. The Bulls play at theUnited Centeron Chicago's Near West side.

TheChicago Blackhawksof theNational Hockey Leaguealso play at the United Center. The Hawks are anOriginal Sixfranchise, founded in 1926, and have won sixStanley Cups,in 1934, 1938, 1961, 2010, 2013, and 2015.

TheChicago Fire,members ofMajor League Soccer,won one league and fourUS Open Cupssince 1997. They play their home games at Soldier Field.

TheChicago Red Starsof theNational Women's Soccer Leagueplay atSeatGeek Stadium.The team was founded in 2009.

TheChicago Skyof theWomen's National Basketball Associationplay atWintrust Arena.The Sky won the WNBA Championship in2021.

TheChicago Wolvesof theAmerican Hockey Leagueplay at theAllstate Arenain nearbyRosemont.The Wolves won the league championships in 1998, 2000, 2002, and 2008. Their first season was 1994–95.

OneNCAA Division Icollege football team plays in the Chicago area — theNorthwestern Wildcats,in nearbyEvanston.Chicago-area college basketball teams competing at the Division I level are theNorthwestern Wildcats,theDePaul Blue Demons,theLoyola Ramblers,theUIC Flames,and theChicago State Cougars.

Minor league baseball teams that play near Chicago include theKane County Cougars,theWindy City ThunderBolts,theSchaumburg Boomers,theJoliet Slammers,theGary SouthShore RailCats,and theChicago Dogs.

TheChicago Bandits,a women's professional softball team, play their home games atRosemont Stadium.

TheChicago Mustangsof theMajor Arena Soccer Leagueplay at theSears CentreinHoffman Estates.

TheWindy City Bullsare anNBA G Leagueteam affiliated with the Chicago Bulls. They play their home games at the Sears Centre in Hoffman Estates.

The city is home to severalroller derbyleagues, including theWindy City Rollersand theChicago Outfit.

TheChicago Swansare theAustralian rules footballclub in the city, competing in theMid American Australian Football League.

Rugbyteams in the city include theChicago Lionsand theChicago Griffins.

There are two facilities forauto racingnear Chicago, both of them inJoliet.Chicagoland SpeedwayhostsNASCARraces, and theRoute 66 Racewayis the site ofdrag racingevents.

Once a year in early autumn, thousands of long-distance runners from around the world compete in theChicago Marathon.

In most of the U.S.,softballis played with a 12-inch ball, but in Chicago16-inch softballis more popular.[115][116][117]

Chicago hosted the1959 Pan American Games,andGay Games VIIin 2006. The city made anunsuccessful bidfor the2016 Summer Olympics,though it was heavily favored.[118][119]

Visual arts[edit]

Main article:Visual arts of Chicago
The Chicago Picasso

Chicago is home to a lively fine arts community. A high concentration ofcontemporary art galleriescan be found in theRiver NorthandWest Loopneighborhoods, though a great amount of arts activity also centers aroundUkrainian Village.Chicago visual art has had a strong individualistic streak, little influenced by outside fashions. "One of the unique characteristics of Chicago," saidPennsylvania Academy of Fine Artscurator Bob Cozzolino, "is there's always been a very pronounced effort to not be derivative, to not follow the status quo",[120]and arts pioneers such asStanislav Szukalskiwho were tied to the "Chicago Renaissance" helped to fashion the city into a nexus for new trends in art.[121]

Chicago has long had a strong tradition of figurativesurrealism,as in the works ofIvan AlbrightandEd Paschke.In 1968 and 1969, members of theChicago Imagists,such asRoger Brown,Leon Golub,Robert Lostutter,Jim Nutt,andBarbara Rossiproduced bizarre representational paintings. TodayRobert Guinanpaints gritty realistic portraits of Chicago people which are popular inParis,although he is little known in Chicago itself.

These same impulses also appeared in Chicago's livelystreet photographyscene, gaining notoriety through artists centered around theInstitute of Designsuch asHarry Callahan,Aaron Siskind,as well as in the work of nanny-savantVivian Maier.Bob Thall'sbeautiful, bleak photographs of Chicago-area architecture have also won much acclaim.[122]

Chicago has aPercent for Artprogram of public artworks, although it is notoriously more opaque and secretive than that of most other cities; arts activist such asPaul Kleinand attorneyScott Hodeshave long criticized its lack of public accountability.[123]

Chicago is home to a number of large, outdoor works by well-known artists. These include theChicago Picasso,Miró's Chicago,FlamingoandFlying DragonbyAlexander Calder,Monument with Standing BeastbyJean Dubuffet,BatcolumnbyClaes Oldenburg,Cloud GatebyAnish Kapoor,Crown FountainbyJaume Plensa,Man Enters the CosmosbyHenry Moore,AgorabyMagdalena Abakanowicz,Fountain of TimebyLorado Taft,and theFour Seasonsmosaic byMarc Chagall.

Architecture[edit]

Main article:Architecture of Chicago

The central part of Chicago was largely destroyed by theChicago Firein 1871. Almost all the buildings currently standing in the city's downtown area were built after that, one exception being theChicago Water Tower.

The Wrigley Building and Tribune Tower

Around the turn of the twentieth century, Chicago was a key location in the development of theskyscraper.This movement was spearheaded by architects promoting theChicago Schooldesign philosophy, includingLouis Sullivanand others. Notable tall buildings and skyscrapers built before the mid-1930s include theRookery Building,theAuditorium Building,theChicago Cultural Center,theMonadnock Building,theReliance Building,theSullivan Center,theMarquette Building,theChicago Building,theWrigley Building,Tribune Tower,theLondon Guarantee Building,333 North Michigan,theJewelers' Building,thePalmolive Building,theCarbide & Carbon Building,Riverside Plaza,theMerchandise Mart,and theChicago Board of Trade Building.

In the 1940s, amodernistSecond Chicago School of architecture emerged from the work ofLudwig Mies van der Rohe.Buildings that he designed include860–880 Lake Shore Drive,Crown Hall,330 North Wabash,and theKluczynski Federal Building.

Thetallest buildings in ChicagoareWillis Tower,Trump Tower,theSt. Regis Chicago,theAon Center,and theJohn Hancock Center.Willis Tower was originally named Sears Tower, and was the tallest building in the world from 1973 to 1998. It is now the third-tallest building in the United States, afterOne World Trade CenterandCentral Park Tower,though the height to the roof of Willis Tower is greater than that of One World Trade Center.[124]

Other architecturally significant modern andpostmodernskyscrapers in Chicago include theInland Steel Building,Marina City,Lake Point Tower,theCNA Center,333 Wacker Drive,theCrain Communications Building,theThompson Center,theHarold Washington Library,andAqua.

ThePrairie Schoolof architecture originated in Chicago, which is home to a number of buildings byFrank Lloyd Wrightand other Prairie School architects. Examples includeRobie Houseand theFirst Congregational Church of Austin.

ThePullman Districtwas the first planned industrial community in the United States.

Some neighborhoods in the city have manyChicago bungalowhouses. Built mostly between 1910 and 1940, these single-family homes are narrow,1+1⁄2-story brick structures, with gables parallel to the street.

Literature[edit]

Main article:Chicago literature

Early writers associated with Chicago includeTheodore Dreiser,Eugene Field,Hamlin Garland,Edgar Lee Masters,andFrank Norris.[125]Poets have includedGwendolyn BrooksandCarl Sandburg.Other notable writers often associated with the city's literary tradition includeNelson Algren,Saul Bellow,John Dos Passos,James T. Farrell,Lorraine Hansberry,Ernest Hemingway,Upton Sinclair,Studs Terkel,andRichard Wright.

Public attractions[edit]

The main hall of the Field Museum of Natural History in 2007, withSuethe T. rex in the foreground

Popular public attractions in Chicago include theMuseum of Science and Industry,theField Museum of Natural History,Adler Planetarium,Shedd Aquarium,Lincoln Park Zoo,theChicago History Museum,Millennium Park,andNavy Pier.

The city has a number of art museums, of which the two largest are theArt Instituteand theMuseum of Contemporary Art.

One weekend each August the city hosts theChicago Air & Water Show,a free exhibition on the shores of Lake Michigan.

Flag and municipal device[edit]

Main articles:Flag of ChicagoandMunicipal device of Chicago
Flag of Chicago

The flag of Chicago consists of four red stars and two blue stripes on a white background. The stars represent events in the history of the city – the establishment ofFort Dearbornin 1803, theChicago Firein 1871, theWorld's Columbian Expositionin 1893, and theCentury of Progress Expositionin 1933. The stripes represent the North and South branches of theChicago River.The flag is very popular in the city, both for its bold design and as a sign of civic pride.[126][127][128]

Less well-known is the Chicago municipal device, a symbol that looks like the letter Y inside a circle. According to theMunicipal Code of Chicago,the device is "for use by the varied unofficial interests of the city and its people". Its design is inspired by the confluence of the North, South, and main branches of the Chicago River atWolf Point.The municipal device can be seen in various places around the city – for example on the marquee of theChicago Theatre.[129][130]

See also[edit]

References[edit]

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Further reading[edit]

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