Cuman language
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| Cuman | |
|---|---|
| Kipchak | |
| Tatar til | |
| Native to | Cuman–Kipchak Confederation,Golden Horde |
| Region | Cumania |
| Ethnicity | Cumans,Kipchaks,Tatars |
| Extinct | InKunság:1770, with the death of István Varró[1] Other regions: evolved into other Kipchak languages |
| Arabic,Latin | |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | qwm |
| Glottolog | cuma1241 |
CumanorKuman(also calledKipchak,QypchaqorPolovtsian,self referred to asTatar(tatar til) inCodex Cumanicus)[3]was aWest KipchakTurkic languagespoken by theCumans(Polovtsy, Folban, Vallany, Kun) andKipchaks;the language was similar to today's various languages of the West Kipchak branch. Cuman is documented in medieval works, including the Codex Cumanicus, and in early modern manuscripts, like the notebook of Benedictine monk Johannes ex Grafing.[4]It was a literary language inCentralandEastern Europethat left a rich literary inheritance. The language became the main language (lingua franca) of theGolden Horde.[5]
History[edit]
The Cumans were nomadic people who lived on the steppes ofEastern Europe,north of theBlack Sea,before theGolden Horde.Many Turkic peoples including theCrimean Tatars,Karachays,Kumyks,Crimean Karaites,KrymchaksandBalkars,Manavsare descended from the Cumans. Today, the speakers of these various languages belonging to theKipchakbranch speak variations closely related to the Cuman language.[6][7][8][9]
The literary Cuman language became extinct in the early 18th century in the region ofCumaniainHungary,which was its last stronghold. Tradition holds that the last speaker of the Cuman language in Hungary was István Varró, a resident ofKarcag(Hungary) who died in 1770. The Cuman language in Crimea, however, managed to survive. The Cuman language is considered the direct ancestor of the currentlanguage of the Crimean Tatarswith possible incorporations of the other languages, likeCrimean Gothic.[10][11][12]
By a preponderance Cumanian population of the Crimea acquired the name "Tatars", embracedIslam,and retained the Quman-Qipchaq Turkic language, and the process of consolidating the multi-ethnic conglomerate of the Peninsula began, which has led to the emergence of the Crimean Tatar people.[13]
The Cuman-Kipchaks had an important role in the history ofAnatolia,Kazakhstan,Ukraine,Russia,Georgia,Hungary,Romania(see, for example, theBasarab dynasty),Moldavia,BessarabiaandBulgaria.[14][15][16][17]
Radlovbelieved that among the current languages Cuman is closest to theMishar dialectof theTatar language.[18]
Sample[edit]
From the book known as theCodex Cumanicus,a Cuman Kipchak TurkicPater Noster(transcribed in theCommon Turkic Alphabet):
Atamız kim köktesiñ. Alğışlı bolsun seniñ atıñ, kelsin seniñ xanlığıñ, bolsun seniñ tilemekiñ – neçik kim kökte, alay [da] yerde. Kündeki ötmegimizni bizge bugün bergil. Dağı yazuqlarımıznı bizge boşatqıl – neçik biz boşatırbız bizge yaman etkenlerge. Dağı yekniñ sınamaqına bizni quurmağıl. Basa barça yamandan bizni qutxarğıl. Amen![19]
See also[edit]
References[edit]
- ^Melnyk, Mykola (2022).Byzantium and the Pechenegs.
István Varró, a member of the Jász-Cuman mission to the empress of Austria Maria Theresa and the known last speaker of the Cuman language, died in 1770.
- ^Glottolog entry for Cuman
- ^Florin Curta (2007).The Other Europe in the Middle Ages: Avars, Bulgars, Khazars and Cumans.p. 406.
- ^Knauer, Georg Nicholaus (2010). "The Earliest Vocabulary of Romani Words (c. 1515) in the Collectanea of Johannes ex Grafing, a student of Johannes Reuchlin and Conrad Celtis".Romani Studies.20(1): 1–15.doi:10.3828/rs.2010.1.S2CID170292032.
- ^"Turkic written memorials".Old.unesco.kz.Retrieved27 July2019.
- ^Yilmaz, Adil (2018)."Bızans'in Anadolu'ya Yerleştırdığı Son Türkler"[The Last Turks Settled in Anatolia by Byzantium].Eski̇çağ Araştirmalari Dergi̇si̇[Journal of Ancient Researches] (in Turkish) (3): 29–32.
- ^"YALAKOVA'DAN YALOVA'YA Prof. Dr. Halil İnalcık Anısına Yalova Tarihi Araştırmaları"(PDF).
- ^"Anadolu'ya yerleştirilen Kumanlar (Manavlar)".
- ^Acar, Kenan."GAGAVUZ TÜRKÇESİ İLE KOCAELİ YERLİ (MANAV) AĞIZLARI ARASINDAKİ PARALELLİKLER, 2022, VI. Uluslararası Türklerin Dünyası Sosyal Bilimler Sempozyumu, PARALLELS BETWEEN GAGAVUZ TURKISH AND KOCAELİ NATİVE TURK (MANAV) DİALECTS, Kenan Acar, 2022, VI. International Turkish World Social Sciences Symposium".
- ^István Vásáry (2005) Cumans and Tatars, Cambridge University Press.
- ^Stearns(1979:39–40).
- ^"Crimean Tatar proper, called the 'central dialect', belonged to the West Kipchak subbranch as a descendant of Kuman." (Lars Johanson, Turkic, Cambridge University Press, 2021, pg. 62)
- ^Vozgrin, Valery"Historical fate of the Crimean Tatars"Archived11 July 2006 at theWayback Machine
- ^Sun, Kevin (2019-04-07)."Sun Language Theory, Part 2: The Steppes of Tartary (Tatar, Bashkir, Kazakh, Kyrgyz)".Medium.Retrieved2019-09-17.
- ^Ayönü, Yusuf (August 2012)."Bati Anadolu'dakı Türk Yayilișina Karși Bızans İmparatorluğu'nun Kuman-Alan Topluluklarini Balkanlardan Anadolu'ya Nakletmesi"[The Transfer of Cumans and Alans from Balkans to Anatolia by Byzantine Empire against the Turkish Expansion in the Western Anatolia].Belleten(in Turkish).76(276). Turkish Historical Society: 403–418.doi:10.37879/belleten.2012.403.S2CID245309166.RetrievedOctober 12,2022.DOI: English version
- ^Rustam M. Shukurov."Latent Turkification of Byzantium (ca. 1071–1461)".Dumbarton Oaks.
- ^Dimitri Korobeinikov (2015)."The Cumans in Paphlagonia".Karadeniz İncelemeleri Dergisi(18): 29–44.
- ^"Публикация ННР О языке куманов: По поводу издания куманского словаря".books.e-heritage.ru.Retrieved2023-07-03.
- ^Kuun; Géza; et al. (1880)."Codex cumanicus, Bibliothecae ad templum divi Marci Venetiarum primum ex integro editit prolegomenis notis et compluribus glossariis instruxit comes Géza Kuun".Budapest: XLIX.RetrievedAugust 11,2016– via Archive.org.
Sources[edit]
- Güner, Galip (2013), Kıpçak Türkçesi Grameri, Kesit Press, İstanbul.
- Mustafa Argunşah, Galip Güner (2015), Codex Cumanicus, Kesit Yayınları, İstanbul.