Dagestan
Republic of Dagestan | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Республика Дагестан 13 other official names
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Anthem: "State Anthem of the Republic of Dagestan" | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
![]() Location of Dagestan (red) withinEuropean Russia | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Coordinates:42°59′2″N47°30′18″E/ 42.98389°N 47.50500°E | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Country | Russia | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Federal district | North Caucasian[1] | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Economic region | North Caucasus[2] | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Capital | Makhachkala | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Government | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
• Body | People's Assembly[3] | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
•Head[3] | Sergey Melikov | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Area | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
• Total | 50,270 km2(19,410 sq mi) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
• Rank | 52nd | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Population | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
• Total | ![]()
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• Estimate (2018)[6] | 3,063,885 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
• Rank | 10th | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
•Urban | 45.2% | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
•Rural | 54.8% | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Time zone | UTC+3(MSK![]() | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
ISO 3166 code | RU-DA | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
License plates | 05 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
OKTMOID | 82000000 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Official languages | Russian;[8][9][10] | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Website | http://www.e-dag.ru/ |
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8C%D0%BE%D0%BD.jpg/220px-%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8C%D0%BE%D0%BD.jpg)
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%B1%2C_%D0%94%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD.jpg/220px-%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%B1%2C_%D0%94%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD.jpg)
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Grar_village_-_Dagestan.jpg/220px-Grar_village_-_Dagestan.jpg)
Dagestan(/ˌdæɡɪˈstæn,-ˈstɑːn/DAG-ə-STA(H)N;Russian:Дагестан;IPA:[dəɡʲɪˈstan]), officially theRepublic of Dagestan,[a]is arepublicofRussiasituated in theNorth CaucasusofEastern Europe,along theCaspian Sea.It is located north of theGreater Caucasus,and is a part of theNorth Caucasian Federal District.The republic is the southernmost tip of Russia, sharing land borders with the countries ofAzerbaijanandGeorgiato the south and southwest, the Russian republics ofChechnyaandKalmykiato the west and north, and withStavropol Kraito the northwest.Makhachkalais the republic'scapitalandlargest city;other major cities areDerbent,Kizlyar,Izberbash,Kaspiysk,andBuynaksk.
Dagestan covers an area of 50,300 square kilometres (19,400 square miles), with a population of over 3.1 million,[12]consisting of over 30 ethnic groups and 81 nationalities.[13]With 14 official languages, and 12 ethnic groups each constituting more than 1% of its total population, the republic is one of Russia's most linguistically and ethnically diverse, and one of the mostheterogeneousadministrative divisions in the world.[14]Most of the residents speak one of theNortheast Caucasian,orTurkic,languages;[13]however,Russianis the primary language and thelingua francain the republic.[15]
Toponymy
The wordDagestanis ofTurkishandPersianorigin, directly translating to "Land of the Mountains". The Turkish worddağmeans "mountain", and the Persian suffix-stanmeans "land".
Some areas of Dagestan were known asLekia,AvariaandTarkiat various times.[16]
Between 1860 and 1920,Dagestanwas referred to asDagestan Oblast,corresponding to the southeastern part of the present-day republic. The current borders were created with the establishment of theDagestan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republicin 1921, with the incorporation of the eastern part ofTerek Oblast,which is not mountainous but includes theTereklittoralat the southern end of theCaspian Depression.
Names in its official languages
- Russian– Республика Дагестан (Respublika Dagestan)
- Avar– Дагъистан Республика (Daġistan Respublika)
- Dargin– Дагъистан Республика (Daġistan Respublika)
- Kumyk– Дагъыстан Жумгьурият (Республика) (Dağıstan Cumhuriyat / Respublika)
- Lezgian– Республика Дагъустан (Respublika Daġustan)
- Lak– Дагъусттаннал Республика (Daġusttannal Respublika)
- Tabasaran– Дагъустан Республика (Daġustan Respublika)
- Rutul– Республика Дагъустан (Respublika Daġustan)
- Aghul– Республика Дагъустан (Respublika Daġustan)
- Tsakhur– Республика Дагъустан (Respublika Daġustan)
- Nogai– Дагыстан Республикасы (Dağıstan Respublikası)
- Chechen– Дегӏестан Республика (Deġestan Respublika)
- Azerbaijani– Дағыстан Республикасы (Dağıstan Respublikası)
- Tat– Республикей Догъисту (Respublikei Doġistu)
Geography
- theNorth Caucasus Federal District's republics:Karachay-Cherkessia,Kabardino-Balkaria,North Ossetia-Alania,Ingushetia,Chechnyaand Dagestan
- to the north and west: theSouthern Federal District
The republic is situated in the North Caucasus mountains. It is the southernmost part of Russia and is bordered on its eastern side by theCaspian Sea.
- Area:50,300 square kilometers (19,400 sq mi)
- Borders:
- internal:Kalmykia(N),Chechnya(W), andStavropol Krai(NW)
- international:Azerbaijan(Balakan District,Khachmaz District,Oghuz District,Qabala District,Qakh District,Qusar District,Shaki DistrictandZaqatala District) (S),Georgia(Kakheti) (SW)
- water:Caspian Sea(E)
- Highest point:Mount Bazardüzü/Bazardyuzyu: 4,446 metres (14,587 ft)
- Maximum north–south distance:400 kilometers (250 mi)
- Maximum east–west distance:200 kilometers (120 mi)
Rivers
There are over 1,800 rivers in the republic. Major rivers include:
- Sulak River
- Samur River
- Terek River
- Avar Koisu
- Andi Koisu
- Kazi-Kumukh Koisu
Lakes
Dagestan has about 405 kilometers (252 mi) ofcoastlineon the world's largest lake, theCaspian Sea.
Mountains
Most of Dagestan is mountainous, with the GreaterCaucasus Mountainscovering the south of the republic. The highest point is theBazardüzü/Bazardyuzyupeak at 4,470 meters (14,670 ft), on the border withAzerbaijan.Thesouthernmost point of Russiais located about seven kilometers southwest of the peak. Other important mountains areDiklosmta(4,285 m (14,058 ft)),Gora Addala Shukgelmezr(4,152 m (13,622 ft)) andGora Dyultydag(4,127 m (13,540 ft)). The town ofKumukhis one of the settlements on the mountains.
Natural resources
Dagestan is rich inoil,natural gas,coal,and many other minerals.[17]
Climate
The climate is classified as acontinental climate,with a significant lack of precipitation. It is among the warmest places in Russia. In the mountainous regions, it issubarctic.[citation needed]
- Average January temperature:+2 °C (36 °F)
- Average July temperature:+26 °C (79 °F)
- Average annualprecipitation:250 mm (10 in) (northern plains) to 800 mm (31 in) (in the mountains).[18]
Administrative divisions
Dagestan is divided into forty-one administrativedistricts(raions) and tencities/towns.The districts are further subdivided into nineteenurban-type settlements,and 363rural okrugs and stanitsa okrugs.
History
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Derbent_gate.jpg/220px-Derbent_gate.jpg)
In the first few centuries AD,Caucasian Albania(corresponding to modern Azerbaijan and southern Dagestan) became a vassal and eventually subordinate to theParthian Empire.With the advent of theSasanian Empire,it became asatrapy(province) within the vast domains of the empire. In later antiquity, a few wars were fought as theRoman Empireunsuccessfully attempted to contest Sasanid rule over the region. Over the centuries, to a relatively large extent, the peoples within the Dagestan territory converted toChristianityalongsideZoroastrianism.
In the 5th century, the Sassanids gained the upper hand, and by the 6th century had constructed a strong citadel atDerbent,known from then on as theCaspian Gates,while theHunsoverran the northern part of Dagestan, followed by theCaucasian Avars.During the Sassanian era, southern Dagestan became a bastion of Persian culture and civilization, with its center at Derbent.[19]A policy of "Persianisation"can be traced over many centuries.[20]
Islamic influence
During theIslamic conquests,the Dagestani people (region ofDerbent) were the first people to become Muslims within current Russian territory, after theArabconquest of the region in 643.[21]In the 8th century Arabs repeatedlyclashed with the Khazars.Although the local population rose against the Arabs of Derbent in 905 and 913,Islamwasstill adoptedin urban centers, such asSamandarandKubachi(Zerechgeran), from where it steadily diffused into the highlands. By the 15th century,Christianityhad died away, leaving a 10th-centuryChurch of Datunaas the sole monument to its existence.
Seljuk Turks
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Mongol_horserider_with_cloud_collar%2C_House_of_Ahmad_and_Ibrahim%2C_Kubachi_in_the_Caucasus%2C_second_half_14th_century_CE.jpg/220px-Mongol_horserider_with_cloud_collar%2C_House_of_Ahmad_and_Ibrahim%2C_Kubachi_in_the_Caucasus%2C_second_half_14th_century_CE.jpg)
In the second half of the 11th century, theSeljuk Turkstook part of the region of Dagestan under their control.[22]
Mongol rule
The Mongols raided the lands in 1221–1222 then conquered Derbent and the surrounding area from 1236 to 1239 during theinvasions of GeorgiaandDurdzuketia.
Timurids
TheTimuridsincorporated the region into their realm following the Mongols.[22]
Alternating Persian and Russian rule
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Coin_of_Nader_Shah%2C_minted_in_Daghestan_%28Dagestan%29.jpg/220px-Coin_of_Nader_Shah%2C_minted_in_Daghestan_%28Dagestan%29.jpg)
As Mongolian authority gradually eroded, new centers of power emerged in Kaitagi andTarki.In the early 16th century, the Persians (under theSafavids) reconsolidated their rule over the region, which would, intermittently, last till the early 19th century. In the 16th and 17th centuries, legal traditions were codified, and mountainous communities (djamaats) obtained considerable autonomy. In the 1720s, as a result of the disintegration of the Safavids and theRusso-Persian War (1722–23),the Russians briefly annexed maritime Dagestan from the Safavids. The Russians could not hold on to the interior of Dagestan, and could only be stopped in front of Baku with the help ofOttomanforces under the command of Mustafa Pasha. With a treaty signed between Russia and the Ottoman Empirein 1724,aimed at dividing the territories of Safavid Iran between them, Derbend, Baku and some other places in the region were left to Russia. Dagestan briefly came under Ottoman rule between 1578 and 1606.[22]
The territories were however returned toPersiain 1735 per theTreaty of Ganja.
Between 1730 and the early course of the 1740s, following his brother's murder in Dagestan, the new Persian ruler and military geniusNader Shahled a lengthycampaign in swaths of Dagestanin order to fully conquer the region, which was met with considerable success, although eventually he was forced to withdraw due to the extremity of the weather, the outbreak of disease and heavy raids by the various ethnic groups of Dagestan, forcing him to retreat with his army. From 1747 onwards, the Persian-ruled part of Dagestan was administered through theDerbent Khanate,with its center at Derbent. ThePersian expedition of 1796resulted in the Russian capture of Derbent in 1796. However, the Russians were again forced to retreat from the entire Caucasus following internal governmental problems, allowing Persia to capture the territory again.
Russian rule consolidated
It was not until the aftermath of theRusso-Persian War (1804–1813)that Russian power over Dagestan was confirmed, and thatQajar Persiaofficially ceded the territory to Russia. In 1813, following Russia's victory in the war, Persia was forced to cede southern Dagestan with its principal city of Derbent, alongside other vast territories in the Caucasus to Russia, conforming with theTreaty of Gulistan.[23]The 1828Treaty of Turkmenchayindefinitely consolidated Russian control over Dagestan and removed Persia from the military equation.[24]
Uprisings against imperial Russia
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Shamil_by_Denier.jpg/220px-Shamil_by_Denier.jpg)
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Sunni_Muslim_man_wearing_traditional_dress_and_headgear.jpg/220px-Sunni_Muslim_man_wearing_traditional_dress_and_headgear.jpg)
The Russian administration, however, disappointed and embittered the highlanders. The institution of heavy taxation, coupled with the expropriation of estates and the construction of fortresses (including Makhachkala), electrified highlanders into rising under the aegis of the MuslimImamate of Dagestan,led byGhazi Mohammed(1828–1832),Hamzat Bek(1832–1834) andShamil(1834–1859). ThisCaucasian Warraged until 1864.
Dagestan and Chechnya profited from theRusso-Turkish War (1877–1878),rising together against theRussian Empire.Chechnya rose again at various times throughout the late 19th and 20th centuries.
Soviet era
On December 21, 1917,Ingushetia,Chechnya,Dagestan and the rest of the North Caucasus declared independence from Russia and formed a single state called the "United Mountain Dwellers of the North Caucasus" (also known as theMountainous Republic of the Northern Caucasus).[citation needed]The capital of the new state was moved toTemir-Khan-Shura.[25][26]The first prime minister of the state wasTapa Chermoyev,a prominent Chechen statesman. The second prime minister was an Ingush statesman Vassan-Girey Dzhabagiev, who in 1917 also became the author of the constitution of the land, and in 1920 was re-elected for a third term.[27]After theBolshevik Revolution,Ottomanarmies occupiedAzerbaijanand Dagestan and the region became part of the short-livedMountainous Republic of the Northern Caucasus.After more than three years of fighting theWhite Armyand local nationalists, the Bolsheviks achieved victory and theDagestan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republicwas proclaimed on January 20, 1921. As the newly created Soviet Union was consolidating control in the region, Dagestan declared itself a republic within the Russian Soviet federation but did not follow the other ASSRs in declaringsovereignty.[28]
Post-Soviet era
On August 7, 1999, theIslamic International Peacekeeping Brigade(IIPB), an Islamist group fromChechnyaled by warlordsShamil Basayev,Ibn Al-KhattabandRamzan Akhmadov,launched a militaryinvasion of Dagestan,in support of the Shura separatist rebels with the aim of creating an "independent Islamic State of Dagestan".
The invaders were supported by part of the local population but were driven back by the Russian military and local paramilitary groups.[29]In response to the invasion, Russian forces subsequentlyreinvaded Chechnya later that year.[30]
Dagestan hasone of the highest unemployment rates in Russia.[31]
Dagestani soldiers participated in the2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine,many of whom were killed in action.[32][33][34]In September, Dagestan became a center of the2022 North Caucasian protestsagainstmobilization.[35]
In 2023, during theHamas-Israel war,there were awave of antisemitic attacksacross the North Caucasus, including Dagestan.[36][37]
Politics
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%94%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD.png/220px-%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%94%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD.png)
Theparliamentof Dagestan is thePeople's Assembly,consisting of 72 deputies elected for a four-year term. The People's Assembly is the highest executive and legislative body of the republic.
The Constitution of Dagestan was adopted on July 10, 2003. According to it, the highest executive authority lies with the State Council, comprising representatives of fourteen ethnicities. The Constitutional Assembly of Dagestan appoints the members of the State Council for a term of four years. The State Council appoints the members of the Government.
The ethnicities represented in the State Council areAvars,Dargins,Kumyks,Lezgins,Laks,Azerbaijanis,Tabasarans,Russians,Chechens,Nogais,Aguls,Rutuls,Tsakhurs,andTats.
Formerly, the Chairman of the State Council was the highest executive post in the republic, held byMagomedali Magomedovich Magomedovuntil 2006. On February 20, 2006, the People's Assembly passed a resolution terminating this post and disbanding the State Council.Russian president,Vladimir Putinoffered the People's Assembly the candidature ofMukhu Aliyevfor the newly established post of thepresident of the Republic of Dagestan.The People's Assembly accepted the nomination, and Mukhu Aliyev became the first president of the republic. On February 20, 2010, Aliyev was replaced byMagomedsalam Magomedov.Ramazan Abdulatipovthen became the head (acting 2013–2017, following the resignation of Magomedov).[citation needed]On October 3, 2017,Vladimir Vasilyevwas appointed as head.[38]
Demographics
Because its mountainous terrain impedes travel and communication, Dagestan is unusually ethnically diverse and still largely tribal. It is Russia's most heterogeneous republic. Dagestan's population is rapidly growing.[39]
Year | Pop. | ±% |
---|---|---|
1897 | 571,154 | — |
1926 | 787,883 | +37.9% |
1939 | 1,023,300 | +29.9% |
1959 | 1,062,472 | +3.8% |
1970 | 1,428,540 | +34.5% |
1979 | 1,627,884 | +14.0% |
1989 | 1,802,579 | +10.7% |
2002 | 2,576,531 | +42.9% |
2010 | 2,910,249 | +13.0% |
2021 | 3,182,054 | +9.3% |
Source: Census data |
Population
3,182,054 (2021 Census);[40]2,910,249 (2010 Russian census);[41]2,576,531 (2002 Census);[42]1,802,579 (1989 Soviet census).[43]
Life expectancy
Dagestan has the second highestlife expectancyin Russia. Higher duration of life is observed only inIngushetia.[44][45]
2019 | 2021 | |
---|---|---|
Average: | 79.1 years | 76.6 years |
Male: | 76.6 years | 74.1 years |
Female: | 81.4 years | 79.0 years |
-
Life expectancy at birth in Dagestan
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Life expectancy with calculated differences
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Life expectancy in Dagestan in comparison with other regions of the North Caucasus
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Interactive chart of comparison of male and female life expectancy for 2021. Open theoriginal svg-filein a separate window and hover over a bubble to highlight it.
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Analogious interactive chart of comparison of urban and rural life expectancy.
Original interactive file.
Settlements
Largest cities or towns in Dagestan
2021 Russian Census | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Rank | Administrative Division | Pop. | |||||||
![]() Makhachkala ![]() Khasavyurt |
1 | Makhachkala | City of republic significance of Makhachkala | 623,254 | ![]() Derbent ![]() Kaspiysk | ||||
2 | Khasavyurt | Khasavyurtovsky District | 155,144 | ||||||
3 | Derbent | Derbentsky District | 124,953 | ||||||
4 | Kaspiysk | City of republic significance of Kaspiysk | 121,140 | ||||||
5 | Buynaksk | Buynaksky District | 68,121 | ||||||
6 | Izberbash | Town of republic significance of Izberbash | 55,996 | ||||||
7 | Kizlyar | Kizlyarsky District | 49,999 | ||||||
8 | Kizilyurt | Kizilyurtovsky District | 38,335 | ||||||
9 | Dagestanskiye Ogni | Town of republic significance of Dagestanskiye Ogni | 31,412 | ||||||
10 | Karabudakhkent | Karabudakhkentsky District | 20,710 |
Vital statistics
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Dagestan.svg/220px-Dagestan.svg.png)
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/%D0%90%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F._%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%B6%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%85.jpg/220px-%D0%90%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F._%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%B6%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%85.jpg)
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Prokudin-Gorskii-44.jpg/220px-Prokudin-Gorskii-44.jpg)
Source:Russian Federal State Statistics Service [46]
Average population (x 1000) | Live births | Deaths | Natural change | Crude birth rate (per 1000) | Crude death rate (per 1000) | Natural change (per 1000) | Fertility rates | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1970 | 1,438 | 41,381 | 9,543 | 31,838 | 28.8 | 6.6 | 22.1 | |
1975 | 1,544 | 42,098 | 10,292 | 31,806 | 27.3 | 6.7 | 20.6 | |
1980 | 1,655 | 44,088 | 11,188 | 32,900 | 26.6 | 6.8 | 19.9 | |
1985 | 1,744 | 50,053 | 12,010 | 38,043 | 28.7 | 6.9 | 21.8 | |
1990 | 1,848 | 48,209 | 11,482 | 36,727 | 26.1 | 6.2 | 19.9 | 3.07 |
1991 | 1,906 | 47,461 | 12,062 | 35,399 | 24.9 | 6.3 | 18.6 | 2.94 |
1992 | 1,964 | 44,986 | 12,984 | 32,002 | 22.9 | 6.6 | 16.3 | 2.70 |
1993 | 2,012 | 41,863 | 14,777 | 27,086 | 20.8 | 7.3 | 13.5 | 2.46 |
1994 | 2,117 | 44,472 | 15,253 | 29,219 | 21.0 | 7.2 | 13.8 | 2.45 |
1995 | 2,209 | 45,680 | 15,700 | 29,980 | 20.7 | 7.1 | 13.6 | 2.41 |
1996 | 2,251 | 42,282 | 15,565 | 26,717 | 18.8 | 6.9 | 11.9 | 2.19 |
1997 | 2,308 | 41,225 | 15,662 | 25,563 | 17.9 | 6.8 | 11.1 | 2.10 |
1998 | 2,363 | 41,164 | 15,793 | 25,371 | 17.4 | 6.7 | 10.7 | 2.05 |
1999 | 2,417 | 38,281 | 16,020 | 22,261 | 15.8 | 6.6 | 9.2 | 1.87 |
2000 | 2,464 | 38,229 | 16,108 | 22,121 | 15.5 | 6.5 | 9.0 | 1.82 |
2001 | 2,511 | 38,480 | 15,293 | 23,187 | 15.3 | 6.1 | 9.2 | 1.79 |
2002 | 2,563 | 41,204 | 15,887 | 25,317 | 16.1 | 6.2 | 9.9 | 1.85 |
2003 | 2,609 | 41,490 | 15,929 | 25,561 | 15.9 | 6.1 | 9.8 | 1.81 |
2004 | 2,647 | 41,573 | 15,724 | 25,849 | 15.7 | 5.9 | 9.8 | 1.76 |
2005 | 2,684 | 40,814 | 15,585 | 25,229 | 15.2 | 5.8 | 9.4 | 1.69 |
2006 | 2,721 | 40,646 | 15,939 | 24,707 | 14.9 | 5.9 | 9.1 | 1.64 |
2007 | 2,761 | 45,470 | 15,357 | 30,113 | 16.5 | 5.6 | 10.9 | 1.81 |
2008 | 2,804 | 49,465 | 15,794 | 33,671 | 17.6 | 5.6 | 12.0 | 1.94 |
2009 | 2,850 | 50,416 | 16,737 | 33,679 | 17.7 | 5.9 | 11.8 | 1.92 |
2010 | 2,896 | 52,057 | 17,013 | 35,044 | 18.0 | 5.9 | 12.1 | 1.92 |
2011 | 2,914 | 54,646 | 16,872 | 37,774 | 18.1 | 5.8 | 12.3 | 1.98 |
2012 | 2,931 | 56,186 | 16,642 | 39,544 | 19.1 | 5.7 | 13.4 | 2.03 |
2013 | 2,955 | 55,641 | 16,258 | 39,383 | 18.8 | 5.5 | 13.3 | 2.02 |
2014 | 2,982 | 56,888 | 16,491 | 40,397 | 19.1 | 5.5 | 13.6 | 2.08 |
2015 | 3,003 | 54,867 | 16,188 | 38,679 | 18.3 | 5.4 | 12.9 | 2.02 |
2016 | 3,029 | 52,867 | 15,719 | 37,148 | 17.4 | 5.2 | 12.2 | 1.98 |
2017 | 3,041 | 50,174 | 15,473 | 34,701 | 16.4 | 5.1 | 11.3 | 1.91 |
2018 | 3,077 | 48,120 | 14,871 | 33,249 | 15.6 | 4.8 | 10.8 | 1.86 |
2019 | 3,110 | 45,977 | 14,941 | 31,036 | 14.8 | 4.8 | 10.0 | 1.78 |
2020 | 3,138 | 47,051 | 19,750 | 27,301 | 15.1 | 6.3 | 8.8 | 1.87 |
2021 | 3,182 | 44,330 | 19,766 | 24,564 | 14.1 | 6.3 | 7.8 | 1.76 |
2022 | 3,186 | 42,515 | 16,344 | 26,171 | 13.4 | 5.2 | 8.2 | 1.73 |
Ethnic groups
The people of Dagestan include a largevariety of ethnicities.According to the2021 Census,[47]Northeast Caucasians (includingAvars,Dargins,Lezgins,Laks,Tabasarans,andChechens) make up almost 75% of the population of Dagestan. Turkic peoples,Kumyks,Azerbaijanis,andNogaismake up 21%, andRussians3.3%. Other ethnicities (e.g.Tats,who are anIranian people) each account for less than 0.4% of the total population.
Such groups as theBotlikh,theAndi,theAkhvakhs,theTsezand about ten other groups were reclassified as Avars between the 1926 and 1939 censuses.[48]
Ethnic groups in Dagestan (2021)
Ethnic group |
1926 Census | 1939 Census | 1959 Census | 1970 Census | 1979 Census | 1989 Census | 2002 Census | 2010 Census | 2021 Census1 | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Number | % | Number | % | Number | % | Number | % | Number | % | Number | % | Number | % | Number | % | Number | % | |
Avars | 177,189 | 22.5% | 230,488 | 24.8% | 239,373 | 22.5% | 349,304 | 24.5% | 418,634 | 25.7% | 496,077 | 27.5% | 758,438 | 29.4% | 850,011 | 29.4% | 956,831 | 30.5% |
Dargins | 125,707 | 16.0% | 150,421 | 16.2% | 148,194 | 13.9% | 207,776 | 14.5% | 246,854 | 15.2% | 280,431 | 15.6% | 425,526 | 16.5% | 490,384 | 17.0% | 521,381 | 16.6% |
Kumyks | 87,960 | 11.2% | 100,053 | 10.8% | 120,859 | 11.4% | 169,019 | 11.8% | 202,297 | 12.4% | 231,805 | 12.9% | 365,804 | 14.2% | 431,736 | 14.9% | 496,455 | 15.8% |
Lezgins | 90,509 | 11.5% | 96,723 | 10.4% | 108,615 | 10.2% | 162,721 | 11.4% | 188,804 | 11.6% | 204,370 | 11.3% | 336,698 | 13.1% | 385,240 | 13.3% | 416,963 | 13.3% |
Laks | 39,878 | 5.1% | 51,671 | 5.6% | 53,451 | 5.0% | 72,240 | 5.1% | 83,457 | 5.1% | 91,682 | 5.1% | 139,732 | 5.4% | 161,276 | 5.6% | 162,518 | 5.2% |
Tabasarans | 31,915 | 4.0% | 33,432 | 3.6% | 33,548 | 3.2% | 53,253 | 3.7% | 71,722 | 4.4% | 78,196 | 4.6% | 110,152 | 4.3% | 118,848 | 4.1% | 126,319 | 4.0% |
Azerbaijanis | 23,428 | 3.0% | 31,141 | 3.3% | 38,224 | 3.6% | 54,403 | 3.8% | 64,514 | 4.0% | 75,463 | 4.2% | 111,656 | 4.3% | 130,919 | 4.5% | 116,907 | 3.7% |
Russians | 98,197 | 12.5% | 132,952 | 14.3% | 213,754 | 20.1% | 209,570 | 14.7% | 189,474 | 11.6% | 165,940 | 9.2% | 120,875 | 4.7% | 104,020 | 3.6% | 102,243 | 3.3% |
Chechens | 21,851 | 2.8% | 26,419 | 2.8% | 12,798 | 1.2% | 39,965 | 2.8% | 49,227 | 3.0% | 57,877 | 3.2% | 87,867 | 3.4% | 93,658 | 3.2% | 99,320 | 3.2% |
Nogais | 26,086 | 3.3% | 4,677 | 0.5% | 14,939 | 1.4% | 21,750 | 1.5% | 24,977 | 1.5% | 28,294 | 1.6% | 38,168 | 1.5% | 40,407 | 1.4% | 36,944 | 1.2% |
Aghuls | 7,653 | 1.0% | 20,408 | 2.2% | 6,378 | 0.6% | 8,644 | 0.6% | 11,459 | 0.7% | 13,791 | 0.8% | 23,314 | 0.9% | 28,054 | 1.0% | 29,253 | 0.9% |
Rutuls | 10,333 | 1.3% | 6,566 | 0.6% | 11,799 | 0.8% | 14,288 | 0.9% | 14,955 | 0.8% | 24,298 | 1.0% | 27,849 | 1.0% | 27,043 | 0.9% | ||
Tsakhurs | 3,531 | 0.4% | 4,278 | 0.4% | 4,309 | 0.3% | 4,560 | 0.3% | 5,194 | 0.3% | 8,168 | 0.3% | 9,771 | 0.3% | 10,320 | 0.3% | ||
Others | 43,861 | 5.6% | 52,031 | 5.6% | 61,495 | 5.8% | 63,787 | 4.5% | 57,892 | 3.6% | 58,113 | 3.2% | 25,835 | 1.0% | 19,646 | 0.7% | 31,752 | 1.0% |
147,805 people were registered from administrative databases, and could not declare an ethnicity. It is estimated that the proportion of ethnicities in this group is the same as that of the declared group.[49] |
Languages
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Northeast_Caucasus_languages_map_en.svg/210px-Northeast_Caucasus_languages_map_en.svg.png)
More than 30 local languages are commonly spoken, most belonging to theNakh-Daghestanianlanguage family. Russian became the principallingua francain Dagestan during the 20th century;[50]Over 20 of Russia's 131endangered languagesas identified by UNESCO can be found in Dagestan. Most of these endangered languages have speakers in the mountainous region on the Dagestan-Georgia border.[51]
Prior to Soviet rule, the literary lingua-franca status to some extent belonged toClassical Arabic.[52]The northernAvardialect ofKhunzakhhas also served as a lingua franca in mountainous Dagestan where Avar-related peoples lived.[53]And throughout centuries theKumyk languagehad beenthe lingua-francafor the bigger part of the Northern Caucasus, from Dagestan toKabarda,until the 1930s.[54][55][56]Kumyk also had been an official language for communication of the Russian Imperial administration with the local peoples.[57]
The first Russian grammar written about a language from present-day Dagestan was for Kumyk.[58]Author Timofey Makarov wrote:
From the peoples speaking Tatar language I liked the most Kumyks, as for their language's distinction and precision, so for their closeness to the European civilization, but most importantly, I take in account that they live on the Left Flank of the Caucasian Front, where we're conducting military actions, and where all the peoples, apart from their own language, speak also Kumyk.
Religion
Religion in Dagestan (2012)[59]
According to a 2012 survey which interviewed 56,900 people,[59]83% of the population of Dagestan adheres toIslam,2.4% to theRussian Orthodox Church,2% to Caucasian folk religion and other native faiths, 1% arenon-denominationalChristians.In addition, 9% of the population identify as "spiritual but not religious",2% asatheist,and 0.6% as other and no answer.[59]
Islam
Dagestanis adherents of Islam are largelySunniMuslims of theShafiischool. On the Caspian coast, particularly in and around the port city ofDerbent,the population (primarily made up ofAzerbaijanis) isShia.ASalafiminority is also present, which is sometimes a target of official repression.[60]
The appearance ofSufimysticismin Dagestan dates back to the 14th century. The twoSufi ordersthat are widely spread in theNorth Caucasuswere theNaqshbandiyaand theQadiriya.The mystictariqaspreached tolerance and coexistence between the diverse people in the region. The Communist total intolerance for any religion after theCommunist Revolution of 1917also suppressed the Sufi movements.Shaykh Said Afandi al-Chirkawiwas a prominent scholar, spiritual leader, andmurshid(guide) of Naqshbandi andShadhilitariqahsin Dagestan until his death.[61]
Since the dissolution of the Soviet Union, there has been anIslamic revivalin the region. By 1996, Dagestan had 1,670 registered mosques, nine Islamic universities, 25madrassas,670maktab,and it is estimated that "nearly one in five Dagestanis was involved in Islamic education", while of the 20,000 or so Russian pilgrims for theHajjmore than half were from Dagestan.[62]
Judaism
A relatively large number of nativeTati-speakingJews– the "Mountain Jews"– were[when?]also present in these same coastal areas. However, since 1991 and the collapse of theSoviet Union,many have migrated to Israel and the United States. These[specify]were an extension of much largerAzerbaijani Jewishcommunity across the border in the Azerbaijani districts ofQubaandShamakhi.[63]
Christianity
The number ofChristiansamong the non-Slavic indigenous population is very low, with estimates between 2,000 and 2,500. Most of these arePentecostalChristians from theLakethnicity.[64][65]The largest congregation is Osanna Evangelical Christian Church (Pentecostal) inMakhachkala,with more than 1,000 members.[66]
- Cathedral of the Assumptionis anEastern Orthodoxcathedrallocated in the city ofMakhachkala,the main cathedral of theDiocese of Makhachkala.
- Church of the Holy Equal-to-the-Apostles Prince Vladimiris a Russian Orthodoxcathedralof theDiocese of Makhachkala,located in the city ofMakhachkala.
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Makhachkala Grand Mosque | Cathedral of Our Lady of the SigninKhasavyurt | Church of the Holy All-Savior of Derbent | Derbent Synagogue | TheJuma Mosque of Derbent(built in 733) is the oldest in Russia and one of the oldest in the world. |
Genetics
In 2006, a genetic study of the Dagestan populations, published inHuman Biology,suggested that inhabitants of Dagestan are closely related toAnatolian TurksandCypriot Turks.Yunusbayev et al. pointed out that these findings support the theory that indigenous groups of Dagestan can trace their roots back to ancientAnatolian farming tribeswho introduced early agricultural traditions.[67]
Notable people
- List ofNotable people from Dagestan
Economy
The major industries in Dagestan includeoil production,engineering,chemicals,machine building,textile manufacturing,food processingandtimber.Oil depositsare located in the narrow coastal region. Dagestan's natural gas production goes mostly to satisfy local needs.Agricultureis varied and includes grain-farming,viticultureandwine-making,sheep-farming, anddairying.The engineering andmetalworkingindustries own 20% of the republic's industrial production assets and employ 25% of all industrial workers. Dagestan's hydroelectric power industry is developing rapidly. There are five power plants on theSulak Riverprovidinghydroelectric power.It has been estimated that Dagestan's total potential hydroelectric power resources are 4.4 billion kW. Dagestan has a well-developed transportation system.Railwaysconnect the capitalMakhachkalato Moscow,Astrakhan,and the Azerbaijani capital,Baku.The Moscow-Bakuhighwayalsopasses through Dagestan,and there are air links with major cities.[68][69]
Conditions for economic development are favorable in Dagestan, but – as of 2006[update]– the republic's low starting level for a successful transition to market relations, in addition to rampant corruption, has made the region highly dependent on itsunderground economyand the subsidies coming from the central Russian government.[69][70]Corruption in Dagestan is more severe than in other regions of the formerSoviet Unionand is coupled with a flourishing black market and clan-based economic system.[71]
In 2011Rostelecomstarted the implementation ofWDM-based equipment on the backbone network for data transmission in the Republic of Dagestan. Due to WDM introduction, the fiber-optic communication lines bandwidth increased to 2.5 Gbit/s. Rostelecom invested about 48 million rubles in the project.[72]
Culture
Literature
Epic-historical songs about the defeat of the armies of Afshar Turk Nadir Shah and various episodes of the nineteenth-century wars are popular among the Avars. Best-known are the ballads "Khochbar" and "Kamalil Bashir". In the second half of the nineteenth century and the beginning of the twentieth, Avar culture and literature grew significantly. Well-known Avar literary figures include the poets Aligaji of Inkho (who died 1875) and Chanka (1866–1909), the lyric poet Makhmud (1873–1919), the satirist Tsadasa Gamzat (1877–1951), and the celebrated poetRasul Gamzatov(1923–2003). Among his poems was Zhuravli, which became a well-known Russian song.[73]
Music
There is a Dagestani Philharmonic Orchestra and a State Academic Dance Ensemble.Gotfrid Hasanov,who is said to be the first professional composer from Dagestan, wroteKhochbar,the first Dagestani opera, in 1945. Dagestani folk dances include a fast-paced dance called thelezginka.It derives its names from the Lezgin people; nevertheless, Azerbaijanis, Circassians, Abkhazians, Mountain Jews, Caucasian Avars, the Russian Kuban, and Terek Cossacks and many other tribes have their own versions.[74]
Cuisine
Khingal-batis Dagestan's national dish of small dumplings boiled in ram's broth. Depending on the cook's ethnicity, the dumplings can be oval or round, filled with meat or cheese, and served with a garlic or sour cream sauce. Dairy products and meat constitute a large part of the diet in the mountainous regions, while in the valley zones, vegetables and grain flour are eaten in addition to fruits, edible gourds, edible herbs, and wild grasses.[75]
Martial arts
In recent times the region has been recognized for producing some of the world's best athletes in combat sports and produces the most MMA fighters of any region relative to population. Dagestani bornKhabib Nurmagomedovwas a UFC lightweight champion who retired undefeated.[76] [77]His training partner,Islam Makhachev,who is also Dagestani, is the current UFC lightweight champion. Khabib's cousin,Umar Nurmagomedov,is an undefeated fighter in the UFC's bantamweight division. Umar's younger brother,Usman Nurmagomedov,is the current Bellator lightweight champion.Magomed Ankalaev,who also hails from Dagestan, fought for the UFC light heavyweight championship in 2022.Abubakar Nurmagomedovis also a cousin of Khabib's who is Dagestani, he is also a professional MMA fighter with a professional record of 17-4-1.
Dagestan has also historically produced a disproportionate number of Olympic and world champions in freestyle wrestling. Considered by some as the greatest freestyle wrestlers of all timeBuvaisar Saitievwho was a three time Olympic champion andAbdulrashid Sadulaevwho won gold at the 2021 Tokyo Olympics are from Dagestan.
In boxing,Artur Beterbievis a one time World Cup gold medalist, and the current (October 2023) unified IBF, WBO, and WBC light heavyweight champion, winning all of his 20 fights by knockout.
See also
- Former countries in Europe after 1815
- Insurgency in the North Caucasus
- Islamic Djamaat of Dagestan
- List of clashes in the North Caucasus
- Shariat Jamaat
Notes
Citations
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- ^abConstitution, Article 8
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- ^Magomed Gasanov (2001). "On Christianity in Dagestan".Iran & the Caucasus.5:79–84.doi:10.1163/157338401X00080.JSTOR4030847.
- ^[1]ArchivedAugust 11, 2010, at theWayback Machine
- ^Yunusbayev, Bayazit; Kutuev, Ildus; Khusainova, Rita; Guseinov, Gadzhi; Khusnutdinova, Elza (August 2006)."Genetic structure of Dagestan populations: a study of 11 Alu insertion polymorphisms".Human Biology.78(4): 465–476.doi:10.1353/hub.2006.0059.ISSN0018-7143.PMID17278621.
- ^DagestanMicrosoft Encarta Online Encyclopedia 2008.ArchivedOctober 31, 2009.
- ^abDagestan RepublicArchivedSeptember 6, 2009, at theWayback MachineKommersant March 10, 2004
- ^Dagestan's Economic Crisis: Past, Present and FutureNorth Caucasus Weekly December 31, 2006
- ^Russia's Dagestan: Conflict CausesArchivedMarch 28, 2014, at theWayback Machine.International Crisis GroupEurope Report N°192. June 3, 2008. Access date: April 7, 2014.
- ^Broadband Russia Newslatter
- ^"Makhachkala | Russia".Encyclopedia Britannica.RetrievedJuly 15,2020.
- ^"Lezginka | dance".Encyclopedia Britannica.RetrievedJuly 15,2020.
- ^"Подготовка и защита диссертации Казимагомедовой Айшат Абдулгапуровны".www.naukadgpu.ru.Archived fromthe originalon March 26, 2017.RetrievedJuly 15,2020.
- ^Ponomarev, Text by Sergey (March 18, 2018)."A Wrestling Culture That Helps Keep Boys Away From Fighting".The New York Times.RetrievedNovember 4,2021.
- ^"How Dagestan is raising the next generation of MMA champions in the wrestling room".www.mmafighting.com.April 3, 2020.RetrievedNovember 4,2021.
General and cited references
- В. М. Солнцев; et al., eds. (2000).Письменные языки мира: Российская Федерация. Социолингвистическая энциклопедия.(in Russian). Москва: Российская Академия Наук. Институт языкознания. проект №99-04-16158.
- 10 июля 2003 г. «Конституция Республики Дагестан», в ред. Закона №45 от 7 октября 2008 г.(July 10, 2003Constitution of the Republic of Dagestan,as amended by the Law #45 of October 7, 2008. ).
Further reading
- Catholic Haidak in the Holy Roman Empire(in Russian)
- Kaziev, Shapi.Imam Shamil. "Molodaya Gvardiya" publishers. Moscow, 2001, 2003, 2006, 2010
- Kaziev, Shapi.Akhoulgo.Caucasian Warin the 19th century.The historical novel.Epoch,Publishing house: Makhachkala, 2008.ISBN978-5-98390-047-9
- Kaziev, Shapi.Caucasian Highlanders.Everyday life of the Caucasian highlanders. 19th century (In the co-authorship with I.Karpeev). "Molodaya Gvardiy" publishers. Moscow, 2003.ISBN5-235-02585-7
- Kaziev, Shapi.Crash of tyrant.Nader Shah(Крах тирана).The historical novel about Nader Shah.Epoch,Publishing house: Makhachkala, 2009.ISBN978-5-98390-066-0
- Kropotkin, Peter Alexeivitch;Bealby, John Thomas (1911). .InChisholm, Hugh(ed.).Encyclopædia Britannica.Vol. 7 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 729–730.
External links
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png)
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/40px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png)
- Official governmental website of DagestanArchivedMay 12, 2011, at theWayback Machine(in Russian)
- Egbert Wesselink (1998)."Dagestan (Daghestan): Comprehensive Report".Caspian.net. Archived fromthe originalon October 5, 2001.RetrievedJanuary 15,2012.
- Dagestan in Iranica Encyclopaedia
- History of Islam in Russia
- "The North Caucasus," Russian Analytical Digest No. 22 (5 June 2007)
- BBC Country Report on Dagestan
- University of Texas maps of the Dagestan region
- Radio Free Europe discusses religious tension in Dagestan
- ISN Case Study: The North Caucasus on the Brink (August 2006)ArchivedApril 17, 2021, at theWayback Machine
- Articles on Dagestan, reports from research, photos
- Dagestan in Pictures(in Russian)
- Daghestan's Kaitag Embroideries – and Henri Matisse?
- Dagestan Republic News Portal(in Russian)
- Dagestan
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