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Dassault Mirage 5

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Mirage 5
Chilean Air ForceMirage 5MA
Role Attack aircraft
Fighter-bomber
National origin France
Manufacturer Dassault Aviation
First flight 19 May 1967
Status Active
Primary users French Air Force(historical)
Belgian Air Force(historical)
Egyptian Air Force
Pakistan Air Force
Number built 582
Developed from Dassault Mirage III
Variants IAI Nesher
Developed into IAI Kfir

TheDassault Mirage 5is a French supersonicattack aircraft/fighter-bomberdesigned byDassault Aviationduring the 1960s and manufactured in France and other countries. It was derived from Dassault's popularMirage IIIfighter and spawned several variants of its own, including theIAI Kfir.In Pakistan's service, the Mirage 5s are modified and are capable ofnuclear weapons delivery.[1]

Design and development[edit]

Early development[edit]

TheMirage 5grew out of a request to Dassault from theIsraeli Air Force.Since the weather over the Middle East is clear and sunny most of the time, the Israelis suggested removing theair intercept radarand its avionics, normally located behind the cockpit, from the standard Mirage IIIE to reduce cost and maintenance, and replacing them with more fuel storage for attack missions.[2][3]In September 1966, the Israelis placed an order for 50 of the new aircraft. Due to customer preference some variants of the Mirage 5 were radar-equipped.[4]

Mirage 5[edit]

French Air Force Mirage 5F

The first Mirage 5 flew on 19 May 1967.[5]It looked much like the Mirage III, except that it had a long slender nose that extended the aircraft's length by about half a metre. Apitot tubewas distinctively moved from the tip of the nose to below the nose in the majority of Mirage 5 variants. The Mirage 5 retained the IIIE's twin DEFA guns, but added two additional pylons, for a total of seven. Maximum warload was 4,000 kg (8,800 lb). Provision for the SEPR rocket engine was deleted. Rising tensions in the Middle East led French PresidentCharles de Gaulletoembargothe Israeli Mirage 5s on 3 June 1967. The Mirages continued to roll off the production line, even though they were embargoed, and by 1968 the batch was complete and the Israelis had provided final payments.[6]In late1969,the Israelis, who had pilots in France testing the aircraft, requested that the aircraft be transferred toCorsica,in theory to allow them to continue flight training during the winter. The French government became suspicious when the Israelis also tried to obtain long-range fuel tanks and cancelled the move.[citation needed]The Israelis finally gave up trying to acquire the aircraft and accepted a refund.[7]

Israeli Nesher over the Golan Heights during the Yom Kippur War

Some sources claim that cooperation with France resumed outside the public's eye and Israel received 50Mirage 5s in crates from theFrench Air Force,while the French took over the 50 aircraft originally intended for Israel, asMirage 5Fs.[8][9][10]Officially, Israel claimed to have built the aircraft after obtaining complete blueprints, naming themIAI Nesher.[11][12]

Like the Mirage IIIE, the Mirage 5 was popular with export customers, with different export variants fitted with a wide range of different avionics. While the Mirage 5 had been originally oriented to the clear-weather attack role, with some avionic fits it was refocused to the air-combat mission. As electronic systems became more compact and powerful, it was possible to provide the Mirage 5 with increased capability, even though the rear avionics bay had been deleted, therefore in some sub-versions, the result was a "reinvented" Mirage IIIE.

Reconnaissance and two-seat versions of the Mirage 5 were sold, with the designationMirage 5R,andMirage 5Drespectively.

The Mirage 5 was sold toAbu Dhabi,Belgium,Colombia,Egypt,Gabon,Libya,Pakistan,Peru,Venezuela,andZaire,with the usual list of subvariant designations and variations in kit. The Belgian aircraft were fitted with mostly US avionics, and some Egyptian aircraft were fitted with the MS2 attack avionics system from theDassault-Dornier Alpha Jet.

In 1982, PakistanChief of Air StaffACM(Gen.)Anwar Shamimacquired an additional squadron of the Mirage 5 fromFranceto provide effective support to the Navy.[13]

Argentine Air Force Mirage 5PA MARA, November 2005

In 1978 and 1980, Israel sold a total of 35 of theirNeshersplus 4 Nesher trainer aircraft (Nesher Ts) toArgentina,where they were locally known first asDaggersand after their upgrade asFingers.[14]The Argentines lost two Mirage IIIEAs and twelve Daggers during theFalklands Warin 1982.[15]As a measure of solidarity, the Peruvians transferred ten of their Mirage 5Ps to Argentina, under the nameMirage Mara,to help alleviate its losses.[16]

South Africapurchased five Nesher trainers for trials during its ownAtlas Cheetahfighter programme. All the aircraft were eventually upgraded toCheetah Dstandard.[17]

Chileincorporated some Mirage 5s under nameMirage Elkan.[citation needed]

A total of 582 Mirage 5s were built, including 51 Israeli Neshers.

Belgian production[edit]

Mirage 5BR of theBelgian Air Componenttakes off in 1989

In 1968, the Belgian government ordered 106 Mirage 5s from Dassault to re-equip No 3 Wing at Bierset air base. All aircraft but the first one were to be license-built by SABCA in Belgium. Component production at the SABCA Haren plant near Brussels was followed by assembly at the SABCA plant at Gosselies airfield, near Charleroi. The ATAR engines were produced by FN Moteurs at this company's Liège plant.[18] SABCA production included three versions: Mirage 5BA for the ground-attack role, Mirage 5BR for the reconnaissance role and Mirage 5BD for training and conversion.

By the end of the 1980s, a MIRage Safety Improvement Program (MIRSIP) was agreed to by parliament, calling for 20 low-time Mirages (15 Mirage 5BAs and 5 Mirage 5BDs) to be upgraded. Initial plans included a new more powerful engine, but this idea was abandoned to limit cost. The upgrade eventually included a more modern cockpit, a new ejection seat, alaser rangefinder,and canards to improve takeoff performance and overall maneuverability. A new government canceled the MIRSIP but SABCA was allowed to carry out the update, in order to sell the aircraft on the export market.[19]After completion, the Belgian government sold all 20 aircraft to Chile, together with 4 non-upgraded Mirage 5BRs, and one non-upgraded Mirage 5BD.[20]

Mirage 50[edit]

The development and subsequent installation of the new Atar 09K-50 engine led to the next Mirage variant, theMirage 50,during the 1970s. The uprated engine gave the Mirage 50 better takeoff and climb characteristics than its predecessors. The Mirage 50 also incorporated new avionics, such as a Cyrano IV radar system. However, despite these upgrades, it did not prove popular in export sales as the Mirage 5 itself was becoming obsolete.

Chileordered a quantity of Mirage 50s, receiving both new production as well as updated Armée de l'Air Mirage 5s. The Chilean aircraft were later modernised along the lines of theIAI Kfirand were called theENAERPantera. The Pantera incorporates fixedcanardsand other aerodynamic improvements, as well as advancedavionics.These aircraft have an extended nose to accommodate some of the new systems.

In the early 1990s, Dassault upgraded a batch of Venezuelan Mirage IIIEVs and 5s to Mirage 50 standards.

Mirage 5 ROSE[edit]

Main article:Project ROSE

In the 1990s, thePAFlaunched aMid-life update(MLU) program, codenamed asProject ROSE(Retrofit Of Strike Element), to its agingMirage IIIand Mirage 5 aircraft with modernavionicsprovided by French, Italian, and Pakistani software conglomerates. The PAF acquiredblueprintdrawings of the aircraft from France, redeveloping and redesigning it at thePakistan Aeronautical Complex.

In the first phase of the project, the PAF acquired 33 formerRoyal Australian Air ForceMirage IIIfighters which were upgraded and designatedROSE I.The PAF then procured surplus Mirage 5F fighters in the late 1990s from theFrench Air Forcein two batches. Around 20 fighters from the first batch were upgraded with new cockpits,navigation/attack suites,defensive aids systems and aforward-looking infrared (FLIR)sensor under the aircraft's nose/cockpit, being designated ROSE II. The cockpits included new MFDs, HUDs, HOTAS controls, radar altimeters and RWRs.

Additionally, 14 Mirage 5F fighters from the second batch were similarly upgraded but with newer systems and designated ROSE III. The FLIR sensors allow the Mirage 5 ROSE fighters to specialise in the night-time attack role.

Operational history[edit]

Pakistan[edit]

In February 2019,IAFjets violated Pakistani airspace andbombed a wooded areainBalakot. Resultantly, Pakistan launched retaliatory airstrikes (Codenamed "Operation Swift Retort") on military installations atIndian Administered Kashmir.During the airstrikes, two Dassault Mirage-5PAs from theNo. 15 Squadrondropped theirH-4 SOWglide bombs which were guided to their specific targets byWeapon System Officersseated inDassault Mirage-IIIDAsviadata link.The operation was a success and the aircraft returned safely.[21][22][23]

Variants[edit]

  • Mirage 5:Single-seat radarless ground-attack fighter aircraft.
    • Mirage 5AD:Export version of Mirage 5 forAbu Dhabi,UAE;12 built.[24]
    • Mirage 5EAD:Single-seat radar-equipped fighter-bomber version forAbu Dhabi,UAE.14 built.[25]
    • Mirage 5BA:Single-seat version of the Mirage 5 forBelgium,fitted with mainly US avionics; 63 built, 62 under license by SABCA.[24]
    • Mirage 5COA:Export version of the Mirage 5 forColombia.14 built.[24]Remaining aircraft upgraded by IAI with canards and new avionics.[26]
    • Mirage 5D:Export single-seat ground-attack aircraft of the Mirage 5 forLibya;53 built.[24]
    • Mirage 5DE:Single-seat radar-equipped fighter-bomber version forLibya;32 built. 31 survivors upgraded withradar warning receiversstarting in 1975.[27]
    • Mirage 5F:Single-seat ground-attack fighter aircraft for theFrench Air Force.50 ex-Israeli Mirage 5Js.[28]Eight aircraft withdrawn for conversion to Mirage 50C for Chile, with eight new-build 5Fs built as replacements.[29]
    • Mirage 5G:Export version of the Mirage 5 forGabon.Three built.[24]
    • Mirage 5G2:Four aircraft forGabon,with provision for alaser rangefinderunder the nose; two new-build and two undelivered ex-Zaire 5M.[30]
    • Mirage 5J:50 aircraft were ordered byIsrael,but the order was later embargoed by the French government. They were delivered instead to theFrench Air Forceas theMirage 5F.[28]
    • Mirage 5M:Export version of the Mirage 5 forZaire;[24]14 built, of which only 11 delivered owing to funding shortages.[31]
    • Mirage 5MA Elkan:Upgraded Mirage 5BA aircraft sold toChile.
    • Mirage 5P:Export version of the Mirage 5 forPeru;22 built.[32]
    • Mirage 5P Mara:Upgraded Mirage 5P forArgentina;10 aircraft sold by Peru.[16]
    • Mirage 5P3:Upgraded aircraft forPeru,with newLittoninertial navigation system,radio altimeter,and newIFF;10 built.[33]
    • Mirage 5P4:Upgraded aircraft forPeru,with all of the improvements found on the Mirage 5P3, as well as ahead-up display,alaser rangefinder,HOTAScontrols,in-flight refuelingprobe, and capable of usingR.550 Magicmissiles; two new-build plus upgraded older aircraft.[34]
    • Mirage 5PA:Single-seat radarless version of the Mirage 5 forPakistan;28 built.[24]Later modernized with ahead-up displayand aLittoninertial navigation system.[35]
    • Mirage 5PA2:New-build aircraft forPakistan,fitted with the Agave radar; 18 built.[36]
    • Mirage 5PA3:New-build anti-shipping aircraft forPakistan,also fitted with the Agave radar and compatible with theExocetanti-ship missile.12 built.[37]
    • Mirage 5SDE:Single-seat radar-equipped fighter-bomber version forEgypt,equivalent to Mirage IIIE; 54 built.[38]
    • Mirage 5E2:Upgraded radarless attack version forEgypt,with a navigation and attack system identical to the one found on theAlpha Jet MS2.16 built.[39]
    • Mirage 5V:Single-seat ground attack aircraft 5 forVenezuela;six built. 2 survivors rebuilt to Mirage 50EV standard, and 1 to Mirage 50DV.[40]
  • Mirage 5R:Single-seat reconnaissance aircraft.
    • Mirage 5BR:Reconnaissance version of 5BA forBelgium;27 built, 23 in Belgium.[41]
    • Mirage 5COR:Export version of the Mirage 5R forColombia;[41]two built.[42]
    • Mirage 5DR:Export version of the Mirage 5R forLibya;ten built.[43][44]
    • Mirage 5RAD:Export version of the Mirage 5R forAbu Dhabi,UAE;three built.[25]
    • Mirage 5SDR:Export version of the Mirage 5R forEgypt;six built.[38]
  • Mirage 5Dx:Two-seat training version.
    • Mirage 5BD:Two-seat trainer version of 5BA for Belgium; 16 built, 15 built locally.[45]
    • Mirage 5COD:Two-seat trainer for Colombia. Two built.[45]Upgraded with canards and new avionics.[26]
    • Mirage 5DAD:Two-seat trainer for Abu Dhabi, UAE. Three built.[45]
    • Mirage 5DD:Two-seat trainer for Libya; 15 built.[45]
    • Mirage 5DG:Two-seat trainer for Gabon; two delivered in 1978.[30]
    • Mirage 5DG2:Two-seat trainer for Gabon; two built, delivered in 1984 and 1985 respectively.[30]
    • Mirage 5DM:Two-seat trainer for Zaire; three built, all of which were delivered.[46]
    • Mirage 5DP:Two-seat trainer for Peru; four delivered.[32]
    • Mirage 5DP3:Upgraded trainer for Peru, with the same improvements as on the Mirage 5P3; one built.[47]
    • Mirage 5DP4:Upgraded trainer for Peru, with the same improvements as on the Mirage 5P4, except the in-flight refueling probe; one new-build plus upgraded older aircraft.[47]
    • Mirage 5DPA2:Two-seat trainer version for Pakistan; two built.[37]
    • Mirage 5DV:Two-seat trainer for Venezuela; three built. One survivor rebuilt to Mirage 50DV standard.[40]
    • Mirage 5MD Elkan:Upgraded Mirage 5BD aircraft sold to Chile.
    • Mirage 5SDD:Two-seat trainer for Egypt; six built.[38]
  • Mirage 50:multi-role fighter-bomber, ground-attack aircraft, powered by more powerful 49.2 kN (11,055 lbf) dry, 70.6 kN (15,870 lbf) with reheat Atar 9K-50 engine. Available with or without radar.
    • Mirage 50C:New-build radar-equipped Mirage 50 for Chile; six built.[48]
    • Mirage 50FC:Eight re-engined Mirage 5F aircraft sold to Chile.[48]
    • Mirage 50DC:Two-seat training version for Chile. Three built, two with lower powered Atar 9C-3 engine.[48]
    • Mirage 50CN Pantera:Mirage 50C and 50FC aircraft upgraded byENAERwith help from the Israeli companyIAIfor Chile with canards, revised, Kfir style nose and new avionics; 13 50C and FC upgraded plus two 50DC trainers.[49]
    • Mirage 50EV:Single-seat fighter-bomber version for Venezuela. Fitted withcanards,and anin-flight refuelingprobe. New Cyrano IVM3 radar,SAGEMinertial navigation system,andhead-up display.Equipped with a Sherlocradar warning receiver,and an ALE-40chaff/flaredispenser. Capable of using theExocetanti-ship missile.Six new-build, as well as seven upgraded aircraft (two Mirage IIIEV, two Mirage 5V, and three ex-ZairianMirage 5M).[50]
    • Mirage 50DV:Two-seat training version for Venezuela. Similar standard to 50EV, save for the radar, and the refueling probe that can only be used for training (no fuel transfer possible). One new build plus two upgrades (one Mirage 5V and one Mirage 5DV).[50]This variant is also in service with theEcuadorian Air Force.[51]

Operators[edit]

Current (blue) and former (red) operators of the Mirage 5. Former operators of the closely related IAI Nesher are denoted in orange.
Main article:List of Dassault Mirage III operators

Current[edit]

Former[edit]

Specifications (Mirage 5F)[edit]

Data fromEncyclopedia of World Military Aircraft[63]

General characteristics

  • Crew:1
  • Length:15.55 m (51 ft 0 in)
  • Wingspan:8.22 m (27 ft 0 in)
  • Height:4.5 m (14 ft 9 in)
  • Wing area:35 m2(380 sq ft)
  • Empty weight:7,150 kg (15,763 lb)
  • Max takeoff weight:13,700 kg (30,203 lb)
  • Powerplant:1 ×SNECMA Atar 9Cafterburningturbojet,41.97 kN (9,440 lbf) thrust dry, 60.8 kN (13,700 lbf) with afterburner

Performance

  • Maximum speed:2,350 km/h (1,460 mph, 1,270 kn) at 12,000 m (39,000 ft)
  • Cruise speed:956 km/h (594 mph, 516 kn)
  • Combat range:1,250 km (780 mi, 670 nmi) hi-lo-hi profile with 2x 400 kg (882 lb) bombs and max external fuel
  • Ferry range:4,000 km (2,500 mi, 2,200 nmi)[64]
  • Service ceiling:18,000 m (59,000 ft)
  • Wing loading:391 kg/m2(80 lb/sq ft)

Armament

See also[edit]

Related development

Aircraft of comparable role, configuration, and era

Related lists

References[edit]

Notes[edit]

  1. ^Pakistan's Nuclear Weapons Programme: An AssessmentArchived16 February 2013 at theWayback Machine.
  2. ^Duchateau/Salvador 1990, p. 26.
  3. ^Jackson 1985, pp. 32–34.
  4. ^Jackson 1985, p. 35.
  5. ^Jackson 1985, p. 34.
  6. ^Chenel, Liébert & Moreau 2014,p. 37
  7. ^Chenel, Liébert & Moreau 2014,p. 40
  8. ^"Wing Magazine, Vol. 30/No 4, August 2000, p.48, Swiss Federal Court".Archived fromthe originalon 7 July 2010.Retrieved5 January2007.
  9. ^"Welcome to the Air Combat Information Group".1map.com.Archived fromthe originalon 26 July 2014.
  10. ^Rabinovich, Abraham.The Boats of Cherbourg: The Secret Israeli Operation That Revolutionized Naval WarfareSeaver Books, New YorkISBN978-0-8050-0680-3
  11. ^Cooper. Tom."War of Attrition, 1969–1970".Archived7 July 2010 at theWayback MachineWing Magazineviaacig.org,24 September 2003. Retrieved: 6 December 2010.
  12. ^Baker, Nigel and Tom Cooper."Dassault Mirage III & Mirage 5/Nesher in Israeli Service."Archived26 July 2014 at theWayback MachineWing Magazineviaacig.org,26 September 2003. Retrieved: 6 December 2010.
  13. ^Daily Report: South Asia.Foreign Broadcast Information Service. 1982.Retrieved13 January2018.
  14. ^Chenel, Liébert & Moreau 2014,pp. 243–244
  15. ^Chenel, Liébert & Moreau 2014,p. 248
  16. ^abChenel, Liébert & Moreau 2014,p. 250
  17. ^abcd"Dassault Mirage III & Mirage 5/Nesher in Israeli Service".ACIG. 2003. Archived fromthe originalon 26 July 2014.Retrieved9 August2013.
  18. ^Chenel, Liébert & Moreau 2014,p. 178
  19. ^Chenel, Liébert & Moreau 2014,p. 193
  20. ^Chenel, Liébert & Moreau 2014,p. 350
  21. ^"Operation Swift Retort One Year On".KeyMilitary.com.Alan Warnes. 19 March 2020.Retrieved10 August2022.
  22. ^Etfa Khurshid Mirza (6 November 2019).A Fine Retort(Report). Centre for Aerospace & Security Studies.Retrieved10 August2022.
  23. ^"IAF's Balakot Disaster Two Years On".PAF Falcons.com.Air commodore (Retd) Kaiser Tufail. 26 February 2021.Retrieved10 August2022.
  24. ^abcdefgJacksonWorld Air Power JournalVolume 15, p. 101.
  25. ^abJackson 1985, p.43.
  26. ^abJacksonWorld Air Power JournalVolume 15, pp. 107–108.
  27. ^Chenel, Liébert & Moreau 2014,p. 198
  28. ^abJacksonWorld Air Power JournalVolume 15, p. 100.
  29. ^Jackson 1985, p. 30.
  30. ^abcChenel, Liébert & Moreau 2014,p. 330
  31. ^Delalande, Arnaud (21 November 2017)."Jean Louis M'pele M'pele Flew Congo's Hot-Rod French Fighter".War Is Boring.Retrieved20 December2021.
  32. ^abJacksonWorld Air Power JournalVolume 16, p. 112.
  33. ^Chenel, Liébert & Moreau 2014,p. 167
  34. ^Chenel, Liébert & Moreau 2014,pp. 167–168
  35. ^Chenel, Liébert & Moreau 2014,p. 148
  36. ^Chenel, Liébert & Moreau 2014,p. 150
  37. ^abJacksonWorld Air Power JournalVolume 16, p. 111.
  38. ^abcJacksonWorld Air Power JournalVolume 16, p. 98.
  39. ^Chenel, Liébert & Moreau 2014,p. 315
  40. ^abcChenel, Liébert & Moreau 2014,p. 278
  41. ^abJacksonWorld Air Power JournalVolume 14, p.133.
  42. ^Jackson 1985, p. 51.
  43. ^Jackson 1985, p.53.
  44. ^JacksonWorld Air Power JournalVolume 16, p. 110.
  45. ^abcdJacksonWorld Air Power JournalVolume 14, p. 126.
  46. ^JacksonWorld Air Power JournalVolume 16, p. 119.
  47. ^abChenel, Liébert & Moreau 2014,pp. 166, 168
  48. ^abcJacksonWorld Air Power JournalVolume 15, p. 104.
  49. ^JacksonWorld Air Power JournalVolume 15, p. 116.
  50. ^abChenel, Liébert & Moreau 2014,pp. 278–281
  51. ^abcdefghi"Trade Registers".Armstrade.sipri.org.Archivedfrom the original on 14 April 2010.Retrieved3 December2014.
  52. ^World Air Forces Directory 2022
  53. ^Chenel, Liébert & Moreau 2014,p. 314
  54. ^Cooper, Tom; Bishop, Farzad (2004), Holmes, Tony; Hales-Dutton, Bruce (eds.),Iranian F-14 Tomcat Units in Combat,Osprey Combat Aircraft, vol. 49, Oxford: Osprey Publishing, Appendices: Iranian F-14A Tomcat Victories, p. 87,ISBN1-84176-787-5
  55. ^"World Air Forces 2021".Flight Global.Archivedfrom the original on 17 March 2021.Retrieved2 September2021.
  56. ^Kolodziej, Edward A. "Making and Marketing Arms: The French Experience and Its Implications for the International System."Princeton University Press,2014.ISBN1-40085-877-1.pp 347–350.
  57. ^"Formal farewell for Argentine Malvinas Mirage aircraft, after 40 years service".MercoPress. 17 August 2015.Archivedfrom the original on 19 September 2015.Retrieved7 September2015.
  58. ^Air International,December 1994, p. 322.
  59. ^Chenel, Liébert & Moreau 2014,pp. 340, 350
  60. ^Dassault AviationMirage III
  61. ^"Air Force: Receipt of a Jet Aircraft squadron" Hawker Hunter "Archived31 December 2007 at theWayback Machine".Lebanese Army.Retrieved 9 June 2012.
  62. ^Chenel, Liébert & Moreau 2014,p. 166
  63. ^Donald and Lake 1996, p. 129.
  64. ^Taylor 1976, pp. 48–49.

Bibliography[edit]

  • Atlejees, Leephy.ArmscorFilm by Armscor, SABC and Leephy Atlejees. Public broadcast by SABC Television, 1972, rebroadcast: 1982, 1984.
  • Baker, Nigel and Tom Cooper."Middle East Database: Dassault Mirage III & Mirage 5/Nesher in Israeli Service".www.acig.org,Air Combat Information Group Journal (ACIG), 26 September 2003. Retrieved: 1 March 2009.
  • Breffort, Dominique and Andre Jouineau. "The Mirage III, 5, 50 and derivatives from 1955 to 2000."Planes and Pilots 6.Paris: Histoire et Collections, 2004.ISBN2-913903-92-4.
  • Carbonel, Jean-Christophe.French Secret Projects 1: Post War Fighters.Manchester, UK: Crecy Publishing, 2016.ISBN978-1-91080-900-6
  • "Cheetah: Fighter Technologies".Archimedes 12,June 1987.
  • Chenel, Bernard; Liébert, Michel; Moreau, Eric (2014).Mirage III/5/50 en service à l'étranger.Le Vigen, France: Editions LELA Presse.ISBN978-2-914017-76-3.
  • Cooper, Tom."Middle East Database: War of Attrition, 1969–1970."www.acig.org,Air Combat Information Group Journal (ACIG), 24 September 2003. Retrieved: 1 March 2009.
  • "The Designer of the B-1 Bomber's Airframe".WingsMagazine, Vol. 30/No 4, August 2000, p. 48.
  • Donald, David and Jon Lake, eds.Encyclopedia of World Military Aircraft.London: Aerospace Publishing, 1996.ISBN1-874023-95-6.
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The initial version of this article was based on apublic domainarticle fromGreg Goebel's Vectorsite.

Further reading[edit]

  • Núñez Padin, Jorge Felix; Cicalesi, Juan Carlos; Rivas, Santiago. Núñez Padin, Jorge Felix (ed.).Dagger, Finger & Mara.Serie Fuerza Aérea (in Spanish). Vol. 19. Bahía Blanca, Argentina: Fuerzas Aeronavales. Archived fromthe originalon 29 December 2014.Retrieved24 August2014.
  • Rivas, Santiago; Cicalesi, Juan Carlos (2010).Latin American Mirages - Mirage III/5/F.1/2000 in Service with South American Air Arms.Houston, TX, USA: Harpia Publishing.ISBN978-0-9825539-4-7.
  • Dildy, Douglas; Calcaterra, Pablo (2017).Sea Harrier FRS 1 vs Mirage III/Dagger - South Atlantic 1982.Duel. Vol. 81. Oxford: Osprey Publishing.ISBN978-1-4728-1889-8.
  • Arróspide Rivera, Julio (15 February 2022).Mirages Fuerza Aérea de Chile.Aviones en Colores (in Spanish). Vol. 1. Chile: Aviation Art & History.ISBN9-798798-675364.Retrieved15 August2022.

External links[edit]

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