December 1930
Appearance
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![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Vycheslav_Molotov_and_Joseph_Stalin_May_1932.jpg/250px-Vycheslav_Molotov_and_Joseph_Stalin_May_1932.jpg)
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The following events occurred inDecember 1930:
Monday,December 1,1930
[edit]- Seventy-five thousand Scottish coal miners went on strike as winter approached.[1]The action coincided with a new British coal mining act taking effect which provided for a flat seven-and-a-half-hour working day unless the owners and the miner's federation agreed to a spreadover of 94 hours per fortnight.[2]
- Born:Joachim Hoffmann,German historian, inKönigsberg,Germany(nowKaliningrad,Russia(d. 2002)
Tuesday,December 2,1930
[edit]- U.S. PresidentHerbert Hoovergave his secondState of the Unionmessage to Congress. Like the previous year, it was delivered as a written message.[3]"In the larger view", Hoover stated, "the major forces of the depression now lie outside the United States, and our recuperation has been retarded by the unwarranted degree of fear and apprehension created by these outside forces." Hoover reviewed what the government had done to cope with the economic crisis over the past year and asked Congress for up to $150 million to provide further employment through public works.[4]
- Born:Gary Becker,U.S. economist and 1992 Nobel Prize laureate; inPottsville, Pennsylvania(d. 2014)
Wednesday,December 3,1930
[edit]- TheMeuse Valley fog,complicated by industrial air pollution, began and caused hundreds of people in the Meuse Valley in Belgium to start experiencing severe respiratory problems. Over 60 people died in the next few days, most of them killed by fluorine gas that had drifted eastward from factories in the municipal village ofEngis.[5]
- German police raided a Nazi-occupied castle nearBreslaualong the Polish border, arresting hundreds of Brownshirts and seizing large quantities of arms and ammunition. The Nazis were organizing a defense force to protect "oppressed" Germans inUpper Silesia.[6]
- The rebuiltAdelphi Theatreopened in London.[7]
- Born:Jean-Luc Godard,French-Swiss film director and pioneer of theFrench New Wavefilm movement; inParis(d. 2022)
Thursday,December 4,1930
[edit]![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/OttoEnder1929.jpg/100px-OttoEnder1929.jpg)
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Andr%C3%A9_Tardieu_1928.jpg/100px-Andr%C3%A9_Tardieu_1928.jpg)
- Otto EnderbecameChancellor of Austria,forming a coalition government afterelectionsfor the 165-memberNational Councildespite the second place finish of hisChristian Social Party.
- French Prime MinisterAndré Tardieuand his cabinet resigned after losing by 8 votes on a Senate motion of no confidence.[8]
- Born:
- Jim Hall,jazz musician, inBuffalo, New York(d. 2013)
- Harvey Kuenn,American baseball player and manager, 1953 American League Rookie of the Year and 1959 AL batting champion; inWest Allis, Wisconsin(d. 1988)
Friday,December 5,1930
[edit]- The filmAll Quiet on the Western Fronthad its German premiere at the Berlin Mozartsaal. Nazis led byJoseph Goebbelsdisrupted the premiere by throwing smoke bombs and sneezing powder, and attacking members of the audience who protested the disturbance.[9][10]
- Died:Raul Brandão,63, Portuguese writer, journalist and military officer
Saturday,December 6,1930
[edit]- TheToronto Balmy Beach Beachersdefeated theRegina Roughriders11 to 6 to win the18th Grey Cupof Canadian football.
- Born:Daniel Lisulo,Prime Minister of Zambia1978 to 1981; inMongu(d. 2000)
Sunday,December 7,1930
[edit]- TheIndustrial Party Trialended in the Soviet Union, with five of the eight defendants sentenced to death and the other three given prison terms of three to ten years.[11]
- Born:Christopher Nicole,British novelist and author ofover 200 fiction and nonfiction books,under his own name and 13 otherpen namesincluding "Alan Sage", "Caroline Gray" and "Andrew York"; inGeorgetown, Guyana(d. 2017)
- Died:
- Noe Ramishvili,49, Georgian independence activist who had briefly served as the first Prime Minister of theDemocratic Republic of Georgiain 1918, and a Menshevik leader who had gone into exile after the Bolshevik triumph, was assassinated inParisby a Georgian exile, Parmen Tchanoukvadzé.
- Jesús Flores Magón,59, Mexican politician, journalist and lawyer
Monday,December 8,1930
[edit]- Three Indian independence activists of theBengal Volunteers(Benoy Basu,Dinesh GuptaandBadal Gupta) entered theWriters' BuildingatDalhousie SquareinCalcutta,and assassinated Colonel N.S. Simpson. Simpson, the Inspector General of the Indian Imperial Police prison system, was infamous for his brutal treatment of Indian prisoners.
- The Soviet Union reduced the five death sentences handed down in the Industrial Party Trial to ten years' imprisonment. An official bulletin explained that the decision was made because the sentenced men had "repented their crimes" and "because soviet power cannot be guided by a mere desire for revenge".[12]
- TheCole Porterstage musicalThe New Yorkersmade its Broadway debut at theBroadway Theatre.[13]
- Black Coffee,the first play written by the crime novelistAgatha Christie,premiered at theEmbassy Theatrein London, withFrancis L. Sullivanin the role of detectiveHercule Poirot.
- Born:
- Maximilian Schell,Austrian-born Swiss film star, 1961 winner of the Academy Award for Best Actor, director and producer; inVienna(d. 2014)
- Stan Richards(stage name for Stanley Richardson), English TV actor (Emmerdale); inBarnsley,South Yorkshire(d. 2005)
Tuesday,December 9,1930
[edit]- Five Italian communists were sentenced to prison terms of three to ten years for spreading propaganda inTurin.[14]
- Born:
- Buck Henry(stage name for Henry Zuckerman), American comedian, writer and director, in New York City (d. 2020)
- Edoardo Sanguineti,Italian poet, writer and academic, inGenoa(d. 2010)
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Rube_Foster_1924.jpg/100px-Rube_Foster_1924.jpg)
- Died:
- Rube Foster,51, African-American baseball pitcher andBaseball Hall of Fameenshrinee known as "The father of Black Baseball" for creating theNegro National Leaguein 1920
- Laura Muntz Lyall,70, Canadian impressionist painter
Wednesday,December 10,1930
[edit]- The 1930Nobel Prizeswere awarded inStockholm.The recipients were SirChandrasekhara Venkata Ramanof India forPhysics,Hans Fischerof Germany (Chemistry),Karl Landsteinerof Austria (Physiology or Medicine),Sinclair Lewisof the United States (Literature), while inOsloNathan Söderblomwas awarded thePeace Prize.[7]
- Brooklynandthe Bronxwere the scenes of massivebank runsas crowds of 20,000 to 25,000 people lined up for hours in desperation to withdraw their money before closing time. Armored cars drove extra cash to besieged branches to meet the demand.[15]
- TheBertolt BrechtplayThe Decisionpremiered.
Thursday,December 11,1930
[edit]- Germany's board of film censors bannedAll Quiet on the Western Frontfrom the country, explaining that the film dwelled too much on Germany's defeat and painted an inaccurate picture of its military. The Nazis, who had disrupted screenings of the film for all six days of its release, hailed the decision as a great victory and a "vindication of German honour."[16]
- TheBank of United Statesand its 59 branches were closed and its assets taken over by the New York State Superintendent of Banks.[17]
- U.S. mobsterBugs Moranwas acquitted of vagrancy charges by a jury in anIllinoiscourt.[18]
- Born:
- Jean-Louis Trintignant,French film actor, screenwriter and director, and 2013César Awardswinner for Best Actor; inPiolenc,Vaucluse(d. 2022)
- James Arthur Williams,U.S. antique dealer and historic preservationist, inGordon, Georgia(d. 1990)
Friday,December 12,1930
[edit]- TheJaca uprising,a military revolution attempting to overthrow the Spanish monarchy, broke out at military garrison in the town ofJacain northeastern Spain.[19]
- TheArthur HoneggeroperettaLes aventures du roi Pausolepremiered at theThéâtre des Bouffes-Parisiensin Paris.[20]
- The surrealist filmL'Age d'Or(The Golden Age)was banned in France.[21]
- Died:Nikolai Pokrovsky,65, the lastForeign Minister of the Russian Empireduring the reign of the Russian Tsars.
Saturday,December 13,1930
[edit]- The Spanish government swiftly crushed the uprising in Jaca.[22]
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Th%C3%A9odore_Steeg.jpg/100px-Th%C3%A9odore_Steeg.jpg)
- Théodore Steegbecame the newPrime Minister of France.[23]
- ArmydefeatedNavy,6 to 0 in theArmy–Navy GameatYankee Stadium.It was the first time the two teams had met in three years; the game had not been played in 1928 or 1929 due to a controversy regarding player eligibility.[24]
- Born:Robert Prosky,American actor, inPhiladelphia(d. 2008)
- Died:Fritz Pregl,Slovenian and Austrian chemist and physician
Sunday,December 14,1930
[edit]- Theglass-bottomedtour boatEureka IIhad an engine room explosion and sank south ofMiami.Three people died but the other 135 on board were rescued.[25]
- Two Spanish army officers were executed by firing squad following adrumhead court-martialfor the Jaca uprising.[26]
- Died:F. Richard Jones,37, American film director and producer, from tuberculosis
Monday,December 15,1930
[edit]- Ramón Franco,the younger brother of future Spanish dictatorFrancisco Franco,launched a revolt against KingAlfonso XIII of Spainas leader of 500 other insurgents. The group started fromCuatro Vientos Airport,sending wireless messages and dropping leaflets from airplanes proclaiming a republic.[27]Spanish troops responded by shelling the airport and the rebellion was broken up, with Ramón Franco escaping the country by plane to Portugal.[7][28]
- Chicago Stadium,an arena used by the National Hockey League's Chicago Blackhawks, hosted the first indoor game inNational Football Leaguehistory. Before an estimated 10,000 fans, theChicago Bearsdefeated the crosstownCardinals,9 to 7.[29]
- Al Capone's 18-year-old sister Mafalda married John J. Mariote, the younger brother ofLegs Diamond.This marriage between relatives of the bosses of two rival gangs contributed to a temporary truce among members of organized crime inChicago.[30][31]
- Born:Edna O'Brien,Irish author, poet and playwright, inTuamgraney,County Clare
*Died:Diane Ellis,American actress (b. 1909)
Tuesday,December 16,1930
[edit]- Eleven banks closed inNorth Carolina.[32]
- The Spanish football teamReal Madrid Castillawas founded.
- Born:Sam Most,jazz flautist and tenor saxophonist; inAtlantic City, New Jersey(d. 2013)
Wednesday,December 17,1930
[edit]- TheCentral Executive Committee of the Soviet Unionpublished a decree forbidding workers to change jobs without government permission.[33]
- Born:Armin Mueller-Stahl,German stage, and East German TV (and after 1980, West German film) actor, painter, writer and musician, inTilsit,East Prussia(nowSovetskinRussia)
- Died:Peter Warlock(stage name for Philip Arnold Heseltine), 36, British composer and music critic, from accidental or intentional carbon monoxide poisoning
Thursday,December 18,1930
[edit]- The Soviet government forcibly closed the Japanese-Korean bank inVladivostokand seized its assets, accusing the bank of violating the Soviet money trading rules.[34]
- TheGeorge Fitzmaurice-directed romantic drama filmThe Devil to Pay!,starringRonald ColmanandLoretta Young,premiered at theGaiety Theatrein New York City.[35]
- Born:Bill Skowron,American baseball first baseman; inChicago(d. 2012)
Friday,December 19,1930
[edit]![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Rykov_-_Time_magazine.jpg/120px-Rykov_-_Time_magazine.jpg)
- Alexei Rykovwas ousted asChairman of the Council of People's Commissars of the Soviet Union(equivalent to the Premier of the U.S.S.R.) after falling out of favor withSoviet Party general secretaryJoseph Stalin,and was replaced byVyacheslav Molotov[36]In 1938, Rykov would beexecuted along with 17 other former Party officialsafter being accused and convicted of treason against Stalin's government.
- TheFinland Steamship Company(Finska Ångfartygs Aktiebolag or FAA) passenger shipsOberonandArcturuscollided in a fog off of the coast ofDenmarknear the port ofLæsø.TheOberonsank with the loss of 42 of the 82 people on board. Coincidentally, the captain of theOberonwas the brother of the captain of theArcturus.[37][38]
- Japan sent a note of protest to the Soviet Union, calling its closure of the Japanese-Korean bank an "unfriendly act".[39]
- Retired French General andWorld War IheroJoseph Joffrehad his right foot amputated in an attempt to save his life as gangrene set in. The operation was kept a secret for eight days.[40]General Joffre died 15 days later on January 3.
Saturday,December 20,1930
[edit]- President Hoover signed a $110 million emergency construction bill and a $45 million drought relief bill as part of a program of federal aid made necessary by the Great Depression.[41]
- Born:Pat Hare,American blues guitarist and singer, inCherry Valley, Arkansas(d. 1980)
Sunday,December 21,1930
[edit]- Soviet dictatorJoseph StalinhadAlexei Rykov,recently ousted as Russia's Premier, expelled from the Politburo of the Soviet Communist Party.[42]
- Born:
- Kalevi Sorsa,three-timePrime Minister of Finlandbetween 1972 and 1987; inKeuruu(d. 2004)
- Adebayo Adedeji,Nigerian economist and Executive Secretary of theUnited Nations Economic Commission for Africa;inIjebu Ode(d. 2018)
- Phil Roman,American television animator and director known for adapting print characters to TV, as inHow the Grinch Stole Christmas!and specials based on thePeanutsandGarfieldcomic strips; inFresno, California
Monday,December 22,1930
[edit]- TheCentral Executive Committee of the Soviet Unionpublished a decree calling for a complete revision the country's food distribution system.[43]
- Died:Charles K. Harris,63, American popular songwriter and best selling sheet music creations, known for hissentimental balladssuch as "Hello Central, Give Me Heaven"
Tuesday,December 23,1930
[edit]- FormerIndianagovernorWarren T. McCraywas granted a pardon by U.S. President Hoover. McCray had served three years in prison for fraud.[44]
Wednesday,December 24,1930
[edit]- In hisChristmas Evemessage,Pope Pius XIwarned against "blind nationalism" and encouraged increased cooperation between nations to secure world peace.[45]
- Born:Mel Triplett,American NFL football player; inIndianola, Mississippi(d. 2002)
Thursday,December 25,1930
[edit]- The German filmStorm over Mont Blancdirected byArnold Fanckand starringLeni Riefenstahlpremiered in Dresden.[46]
- Born:Salah Jahin,Egyptian poet, lyricist, playwright and cartoonist; inCairo(d. 1986)
Friday,December 26,1930
[edit]- Louis II, Prince of Monacosuspended the European principality's Constitution in a surprise move.[47]
- A bout to unify the world flyweight boxing title was held inMadison Square Garden,betweenNational Boxing Association(NBA) championFrankie Genaro,andNew York State Athletic Commission(NYSAC) titleholderMidget Wolgast(ring name for Joseph Loscalzo). The bout ended in a draw and both men kept their titles.[48]
Saturday,December 27,1930
[edit]- Thirty people were killed when a landslide crashed down on a house inAlgierswhere a wedding was being celebrated, following heavy rains in French Algeria.[49]
- Born:Wilfrid Sheed,English-born American novelist; inLondon(d. 2011)
Sunday,December 28,1930
[edit]- German dancerMary Wigmanmade her American debut to a sold-out house atChanin's 46th Street Theatrein New York.[50]
- Born:
- Mariam A. Aleem,Egyptian artist and professor (d. 2010)
- Gladys Ambrose,English film and TV actress; inEverton, Liverpool(d. 1998)
Monday,December 29,1930
[edit]- An article byFilippo Tommaso Marinetti,the ItalianFuturist,was published in theGazzetta del Popolo,in which he called for the abolition ofpastain favour ofFuturist meals.Marinetti explained that pasta was hard to digest and made Italians "skeptical, slow [and] pessimistic", in addition to requiring heavy importation to Italy. Marinetti argued thatrice,on the other hand, would create "lithe, agile peoples who will be victorious" in future wars and that the grain was already being homegrown in vast amounts. Marinetti's manifesto also called for the abolition of the knife and fork.[51][52][53]
- TheEconometric Society,an international society for the advancement of economic theory in its relation to statistics and mathematics, was founded in the U.S. by 16 professional statisticians at the Stalton Hotel in Cleveland.[54]
- Died:Walter L. Cohen,70, African-American politician who had served as the Registrar of the U.S. Land Office for President Theodore Roosevelt and later as U.S. Comptroller of Customs for President Harding.
Tuesday,December 30,1930
[edit]- TheColonial National MonumentinVirginiawas proclaimed by President Hoover.[55]
- TheLouis WeitzenkornplayFive Star Finalpremiered at theCort Theatrein New York City.[56]
Wednesday,December 31,1930
[edit]- Adolphus Busch Orthwein,the 13-year-old grandson ofAnheuser-BuschCEOAugust Anheuser Busch, Sr.,was kidnapped by a masked gunman inHuntleigh, Missouri,and held for ransom.[57][58]The father of the boy's kidnapper rescued the child and returned him to the Orthwein family the next day.[59]His father wasPercy Orthweinand his mother, Clara Busch.[59][60]
- Pope Pius XIpromulgated the encyclicalCasti connubii.
- Born:
- Jaime Escalante,Bolivian-born U.S. high school mathematics teacher profiled in the 1988 film dramaStand and Deliver;inLa Paz(d. 2010)
- Odetta Holmes,African-American musician, actress and civil rights activist known by her stage name Odetta; inBirmingham, Alabama(d. 2008)
References
[edit]- ^Steele, John (December 2, 1930). "Peace Moves in Scottish Coal Mine Strike Fail".Chicago Daily Tribune.p. 15.
- ^Steele, John (December 31, 1930). "Britain Faces Big New Year Strike of 320,000 Men".Chicago Daily Tribune:4.
- ^Peters, Gerbhard; Woolley, John T."State of the Union Addresses and Messages".The American Presidency Project.RetrievedApril 18,2015.
- ^Peters, Gerbhard; Woolley, John T."Annual Message to Congress on the State of the Union – December 2, 1930".The American Presidency Project.RetrievedApril 18,2015.
- ^"The Meuse Valley fog of 1930: an air pollution disaster"(PDF).Department of Medical History.March 3, 2001.RetrievedApril 18,2015.
- ^"German Police Raid" Fort "on Polish Border".Chicago Daily Tribune.December 4, 1930. p. 13.
- ^abcMercer, Derrik (1989).Chronicle of the 20th Century.London: Chronicle Communications Ltd. p. 399.ISBN978-0-582-03919-3.
- ^Taylor, Edmond (December 5, 1930). "French Cabinet Falls by Eight Votes".Chicago Daily Tribune.p. 1.
- ^"Nazi Propaganda and Censorship".United States Holocaust Memorial Museum.RetrievedApril 18,2015.
- ^"Tageseinträge für 5. Dezember 1930".chroniknet.RetrievedApril 18,2015.
- ^"Order Death for 5 Russian Plotters".Chicago Daily Tribune.December 8, 1930. p. 1.
- ^"Russia Spares Lives of 5 Men Doomed to Die".Chicago Daily Tribune.December 9, 1930. p. 7.
- ^Slide, Anthony (1994).The Encyclopedia of Vaudeville.University Press of Mississippi. p. 149.ISBN978-1-61703-250-9.
- ^"5 Red Propagandists Get Prison Terms in Italy".Chicago Daily Tribune.December 10, 1930. p. 17.
- ^Fuller, Robert Lynn (2014-01-10)."Phantom of Fear": The Banking Panic of 1933.McFarland & Company. p. 19.ISBN978-0-7864-8685-4.
- ^Schultz, Sigrid(December 12, 1930). "Germany Bans War Talkie of Remarque Book".Chicago Daily Tribune.p. 12.
- ^"Bank of U. S. Is Taken Over By Broderick".Brooklyn Daily Eagle.December 11, 1930. p. 1.
- ^"Find Gangster Not Guilty in Vagrancy Case".Chicago Daily Tribune.December 12, 1930. p. 1.
- ^"Revolt in Spain Started by Troops".Chicago Daily Tribune.December 13, 1930. p. 1.
- ^"1930".Music and History.Archived fromthe originalon August 28, 2012.RetrievedApril 18,2015.
- ^"Tageseinträge für 12. Dezember 1930".chroniknet.RetrievedApril 18,2015.
- ^"Rebels in Spain Face Death".Chicago Daily Tribune.December 14, 1930. p. 1.
- ^"Tageseinträge für 13. Dezember 1930".chroniknet.RetrievedApril 18,2015.
- ^"1930–1939".Military.com.RetrievedApril 18,2015.
- ^"Miami Ship Sinks; Save 125".Chicago Daily Tribune.December 15, 1930. p. 1.
- ^"Firing Squads Kill Two Rebel Chiefs in Spain".Chicago Daily Tribune.December 15, 1930. p. 1.
- ^"20 December 1930, Page 2".The Spectator.December 20, 1930.RetrievedApril 18,2015.
- ^"The Revolt in Spain".The Straits Times.Singapore: 13. December 16, 1930.
- ^Rozendaal, Neal (2012).Duke Slater: Pioneering Black NFL Player and Judge.Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland & Company, Inc. p. 131.ISBN978-0-7864-6957-4.
- ^McLaughlin, Kathleen (December 15, 1930). "Capone Sister Wed; Seize 5 Armed Guards".Chicago Daily Tribune.p. 1.
- ^"Tageseinträge für 15. Dezember 1930".chroniknet.RetrievedApril 18,2015.
- ^"11 More Banks Close Doors in North Carolina".Chicago Daily Tribune.December 17, 1930. p. 17.
- ^"Russia Forbids all Workers to Change Jobs".Chicago Daily Tribune.December 18, 1930. p. 1.
- ^"Tageseinträge für 18. Dezember 1930".chroniknet.RetrievedApril 18,2015.
- ^Reid, John Howard (2008).Silent Films & Early Talkies on DVD: A Classic Movie Fan's Guide.Lulu.com.ISBN978-1-4357-1073-3.
- ^"Tageseinträge für 19. Dezember 1930".chroniknet.RetrievedApril 18,2015.
- ^"Christmas Ship Sinks; 40 Lost; 36 Rescued".Chicago Daily Tribune.December 20, 1930. p. 1.
- ^"The Oberon disaster".The Times.No. 45702. London. 22 December 1930. col D, p. 12.
- ^Powell, John (December 20, 1930). "Japan Angry at Russia; Charges Unfriendliness".Chicago Daily Tribune.p. 10.
- ^Wales, Henry (December 28, 1930). "Hero of Marne Fights Death".Chicago Daily Tribune.p. 1.
- ^Crawford, Arthur (December 21, 1930). "Senate Votes 311 Millions".Chicago Daily Tribune.p. 2.
- ^"Russia's Ousted Premier Fired from 2d Post".Chicago Daily Tribune.December 22, 1930. p. 7.
- ^"Russia Orders More Food for Hungry Millions".Chicago Daily Tribune.December 23, 1930. p. 8.
- ^"Hoover Grants Full Pardon to W. T. McCray, Ex-Governor".Chicago Daily Tribune.December 24, 1930. p. 2.
- ^"Tageseinträge für 24. Dezember 1930".chroniknet.RetrievedApril 18,2015.
- ^"Tageseinträge für 25. Dezember 1930".chroniknet.RetrievedApril 18,2015.
- ^"Prince Louis of Monaco Sets up Dictatorship".Chicago Daily Tribune.December 27, 1930. p. 3.
- ^"Frankie Genaro".BoxRec.RetrievedApril 18,2015.
- ^"Landslide Hurls 30 to Death at Arab Wedding".Chicago Daily Tribune.December 28, 1930. p. 4.
- ^Partsch-Bergsohn, Isa (1994).Modern Dance in Germany and the United States: Crosscurrents and Influences.Harwood Academic Publishers. p. 65.ISBN978-3-7186-5557-1.
- ^Boisvert, Raymond D. (2014).I Eat, Therefore I Think: Food and Philosophy.Lanham, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield Publishing Group, Inc. p. 148.ISBN978-1-61147-687-3.
- ^Brickman, Sophie (September 1, 2014)."The Food of the Future".The New Yorker.RetrievedApril 18,2015.
- ^Taylor, Edmond (December 30, 1930). "Ah! Mussolini! Spare Italy this Great Hardship".Chicago Daily Tribune.p. 7.
- ^"History of The Econometric Society"
- ^Butowsky, Harry A."History and Definition of the Names of Historical Units within the National Park System".National Park Service History.RetrievedApril 18,2015.
- ^"Five Star Final".Playbill Vault.RetrievedApril 18,2015.
- ^"Busch Grandson Kidnaped".Chicago Daily Tribune.January 1, 1931. p. 1.
- ^O'Neil, Tim (December 28, 2013)."A Look Back – Busch family heir kidnapped on New Year's Eve in 1930".St. Louis Post-Dispatch.RetrievedApril 18,2015.
- ^abDonnelly, Shannon (November 27, 2013)."Orthwein, Anheuser-Busch heir, dies at 96".Palm Beach Daily News.Palm Beach, Florida.RetrievedOctober 7,2015.
- ^O'Neil, Tim (November 26, 2013)."Adolphus Orthwein, Busch family member, dies at age 96".St. Louis Post-Dispatch.St. Louis, Missouri.RetrievedOctober 7,2015.